Socialist Party of Minnesota explained

Headquarters:	Minneapolis
Newspaper:	New Times
Membership Year:	1914
Membership:	5,600^[1]
Position:	Left-wing
National:	Social Democratic Party of America Socialist Party of America Socialist Party USA
Colors:	Dark red
State:	Minnesota

The Socialist Party of Minnesota (from 1899 to 1902 the Social Democratic Party of Minnesota; from 1903 to 1913 the Public Ownership Party of Minnesota) was the state affiliate of the Springfield faction of the Social Democratic Party of America, the Socialist Party of America, and finally the Socialist Party USA in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

History

The state organization was established in 1899, when the Kangaroo faction bolted from the Socialist Labor Party of America in support of the American Federation of Labor and opposition to the internal regime of the SLP under Daniel DeLeon. Its initial electoral appearances were unimpressive, but it began to grow rapidly after 1905, and eventually became, together with the organizations in Wisconsin, Oklahoma, Oregon, North Dakota, Washington, New York, etc., one of the Socialist Party's stronger state organizations—even to the point where, in 1912, half of all of the counties carried by Eugene V. Debs were in Minnesota. But, in spite—or perhaps because—of its rapid growth, the Socialist Party of Minnesota soon also became a heavily contested battlefield for factional disputes within the SPA. This culminated in the period of 1914 though 1919, in which the Socialist Party of Minnesota was decimated by conflicts rooted first in differences of opinion regarding the United States' entry into World War I, and later disagreements over the Bolshevism question following the Russian Revolution. In addition to tearing itself apart, the party was also affected by shifts in public opinion during the First Red Scare, which made it increasingly difficult for the Socialist Party to access an audience.

The Socialist Party of Minnesota continued to exist after 1920, but in a severely weakened state. Many of its former members, such as William Mahoney, Thomas E. Latimer, and Thomas Van Lear, became active in the Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota, which the former Van Lear faction of the Socialist Party helped to solidify after Van Lear was expelled from the Socialist Party. The Socialist Party of Minnesota itself participated in the Farmer-Labor Party's electoral coalition in state politics from the early 1920s into the mid 1930s. Meanwhile, the state organization continued to achieve ballot access for Norman Thomas in 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, and 1948, although it was not able to secure ballot access for Darlington Hoopes in 1952 and 1956.

The Minnesota organization continued to send delegates to the national conventions of the Socialist Party through the 1960s, until the Social Democrats, USA were formed in 1972. Afterward, the Socialist Party of Minnesota reorganized as a part of the Socialist Party USA, sending delegates to the SPUSA's reorganizing convention in 1973. As a unit of the SPUSA, the Socialist Party of Minnesota was able to secure presidential ballot access in Minnesota for Frank Zeidler in 1976 and again for David McReynolds in 1980; however, the organization essentially disappeared at some point prior to 1988.

Nominees for public office

Presidential tickets

Year	Results		Candidates		Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%	for President	for Vice President
1900	3,065	0.97	Eugene V. Debs (IN)	Job Harriman (CA)	^[2] ^[3]
1904	11,692	3.99		Benjamin Hanford (NY)	^[4] ^[5]
1908	14,527	4.38			^[6] ^[7]
1912	27,505	8.23		Emil Seidel (WI)	^[8] ^[9]
1916	20,117	5.19	Allan L. Benson (NY)	George Ross Kirkpatrick (NJ)	^[10] ^[11]
1920	56,106	7.62	Eugene V. Debs (IN)	Seymour Stedman (IL)	^[12] ^[13]
1924	339,192	41.26	Robert M. La Follette (WI)	Burton K. Wheeler (MT)	^[14] ^[15]
1928	6,774	0.70	Norman Thomas (NY)	James H. Maurer (PA)	^[16]
1932	25,476	2.54			^[17]
1936	2,872	0.25		George A. Nelson (WI)	^[18]
1940	5,454	0.44		Maynard C. Krueger (IL)	^[19]
1944	5,073	0.45		Darlington Hoopes (PA)	^[20]
1948	4,646	0.38		Tucker P. Smith (MI)	^[21]
1976	354	0.02	Frank Zeidler (WI)	J. Quinn Brisben (IL)	^[22]
1980	536	0.03	David McReynolds (NY)	Diane Drufenbrock (IN)	^[23]

Congressional nominees

Year	Results		Candidate	Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%
1910	556	2.01	D. A. Thayer	^[25] ^[26]
1912	1,479	5.05	John R. Hollister	^[27]
1914	1,326	3.88		^[28] ^[29]

Year	Results		Candidate	Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%
1906	1,544	5.14	Adolph Lando	^[30] ^[31]
1908	1,784	4.96	Ernest W. Woodrich	^[32]
1910	1,953	5.87	Charles H. Stratton	^[33]
1912	6,021	14.32	Albert Rosenquist	^[34]
1914	2,221	7.21	William Mahoney	^[35]
1916	1,854	4.83	Hermon W. Phillips	^[36]
1919	424	1.55	C. R. Carlgren	^[37]

Year	Results		Candidate	Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%
1900	725	1.74	Adolph Hirshfield	^[38]
1902	215	0.56	Spencer M. Holman	^[39] ^[40]
1904	3,184	7.44	Adolph Hirshfield	^[41]
1906	1,386	3.24	Charles Fremont Dight	^[42]
1908	1,816	4.56		^[43]
1910	2,323	6.66	Frederick F. Lindsay	^[44]
1912	6,929	17.17	Thomas E. Latimer	^[45]
1914	10,312	33.34	Thomas Van Lear	^[46]
1916	7,526	16.69	Thomas E. Latimer	^[47]
1934	317	0.27	George Riedel	^[48]

Year	Results		Candidate	Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%
1912	2,839	8.34	A. W. Uhl	^[49]
1914	3,769	11.64	Otto M. Thomason	^[50]

Year	Results		Candidate	Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%
1902	538	2.24	Vincent C. Koneczny	^[51]
1904	314	1.08	J. Adam O'Malley	^[52]
1906	6,025	24.43	George F. Peterson	^[53]
1908	6,298	18.43	Alexander Halliday	^[54]
1910	4,354	13.74	O. S. Watkins	^[55]
1912	7,398	18.31	Morris Kaplan	^[56]
1914	4,179	14.89	William E. Towne	^[57]
1916	9,034	26.25	Juls J. Anderson	^[58]

Year	Results		Candidate	Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%
1906	5,490	19.87	Haldor Erickson Boen	^[59]
1908	2,985	8.30	T. T. Braaten	^[60]
1910	8,421	25.52	David Sanders	^[61]
1912	11,190	33.28	Michael A. Brattland	^[62]
1914	7,489	23.65		^[63]
1916	4,347	11.41	T. A. Thompson	^[64]

Nominees for state executive offices

Year	Results		Candidate	Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%
1900	3,546	1.13	Thomas H. Lucas	^[67]
1902	2,521	0.93	Jay E. Nash	^[68]
1904	5,810	1.91		^[69]
1906	4,646	1.68	O. E. Lofthus	^[70]
1908	6,516	1.94	Beecher Moore	^[71]
1910	11,173	3.79	George E. Barrett	^[72]
1912	25,769	8.09	David Morgan	^[73]
1914	17,225	5.02	Thomas J. Lewis	^[74]
1916	26,306	6.73	Jacob O. Bentall	^[75]
1918	7,794	2.11	L. P. Berot	^[76] ^[77]
1920	5,124	0.65	Peter J. Sampson	^[78]

Year	Results		Candidate	Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%
1902	5,143	1.95	Michael A. Brattland
1904	8,657	3.02	O. E. Lofthus
1910	18,363	6.64	Lewis M. Ayer
1912	31,479	10.73	D. M. Robertson
1914	28,649	8.86	Andrew Hanson
1916	33,628	8.93
1920	10,629	1.41	Lillian Friedman

Year	Results		Candidate	Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%
1902	5,303	2.01	Bertram F. Morledge
1904	10,235	3.57	J. Ed Carlson
1908	10,939	3.64	John LaFevre
1910	17,369	6.25	Torkel Hoiland
1912	32,602	10.90	John Alvin Johnson
1920	18,965	2.58	J. H. Hirt
1936	3,722	0.34	Vincent R. Dunne	^[79]

Year	Results		Candidate	Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%
1902	10,129	3.91	J. Ed Carlson
1914	30,291	9.55	T. A. Thompson

Year	Results		Candidate	Ref.	Notes
	Votes	%
1906	11,291	4.42	John Kolu
1908	12,404	4.16
1912	36,424	12.65	Jay E. Nash
1914	28,486	8.96
1920	22,454	3.07	P. H. Phelps

Officeholders

State senators

• Andrew Olaf Devold of Minneapolis, District 32 (1919–40)^{[80] [81]}
• Michael Boylan of Virginia, District 61 (1919–27)^{[80] [82]}

• George H. Gardner of Brainerd, District 53 (1915–19)^{[80] [83]}
• Richard Jones of Duluth, District 58 (1915–19)^{[84] [85]}

State representatives

• John H. Boyd of Crookston, District 66 (1915–17; 1919–21)^{[80] [86]}
• Andrew Olaf Devold of Minneapolis, District 32 (1915–19)^{[80] [81]}
• Nels S. Hillman of Two Harbors, District 51 (1911–15)^{[80] [87]}

• Ernest G. Strand of Two Harbors, District 57 (1917–23)^{[80] [88]}
• James W. Woodfill of Two Harbors, District 57 (1915–17)^{[80] [89]}

Mayors

• Michael Boylan, Mayor of Virginia (1914–18)^{[80] [82]}
• J. C. Dahl, Mayor of St. Hilaire (1911–13)^[80]
• William Jackson, Mayor of Dawson (1919–24)^[80]
• H. L. Larson, Mayor of Crookston (1912–14)^[80]
• Fred Mahlzan, Mayor of Bemidji (1912–14)^[80]

• Adolf Evensen Ousdahl, Mayor of Brainerd (1909–11; 1913–15)^[80]
• Ernest G. Strand, Mayor of Two Harbors (1916–17)^{[80] [88]}
• James Sturdevant, Mayor of Tenstrike (1911–13)^[80]
• Thomas Van Lear, Mayor of Minneapolis (1917–19)^[80]

Aldermen/City Councilors

• A. G. Anderson (1911–13)^[80]
• N. W. Olsen (1911–13)^[80]
• R. A. Rennings (1911–13)^[80]

• Frank Yetka (1911–19)^[80]

• P. J. Phillips (1912–14)^[80]

• Albert Bastis (1915–47)^[80]
• Lewis Beneke (1921–25)^[80]
• Charles Fremont Dight (1915–19)^[80]
• A. R. Gisslen (1919–39)^[80]
• Theodore Jenson (1917–25)^[80]
• Charles Johnson (1913–17)^[80]
• Peter J. Pryts (1919–27)^[80]
• Charles Rudsdil (1919–27)^[80]
• Irving G. Scott (1919–27; 1931–37)^[80]
• Alfred Voelker (1913–25)^[80]

• Ernest G. Strand (1911–16; City Council President 1914–16)^{[80] [88]}

• Michael Boylan (1908–14)^{[80] [82]}

Other officeholders

• Isaac Biteman, Swanville City Assessor (1912–14)^[80]
• Charles M. Floathe, Lake County Register of Deeds (1905–07)^[80]
• John Pearson, Lake County Coroner (1905–07)^[80]

• W. A. Swanstrom, St. Louis County Commissioner (1917–19)^[80]
• Theodore Welte, Clearwater County Commissioner (1912–14)^[80]

Other prominent members

• Clarence Hathaway, labor activist; prominent in the Left wing section, Hathaway was certified by State Secretary Dirba as a delegate to the 1919 Emergency National Convention, but became a founding member of the Communist Labor Party of America when the Regulars refused to seat him; later served as an advisory delegate of the Workers Party of America to the Comintern, and eventually a long-time member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party USA
• Algernon Lee, politician, journalist and educator; prominent member of the Kangaroo faction of the SLP, editor of The Tocsin, and one of the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Minnesota; moved to New York City shortly thereafter, running for numerous public offices there
• Anna A. Maley, political activist, journalist and educator; inaugural Secretary of Local Minneapolis; later went on to run for the office of Governor of Washington (becoming the first woman ever to run in a gubernatorial election in Washington), hold office as Chairwoman of the Woman's National Committee, become just the third woman ever to hold a seat on the National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America, and serve as an assistant to Minneapolis Mayor Thomas Van Lear
• Yrjö Sirola, Finnish expatriate; served as Finnish Socialist Federation's Work People's College in Smithville from 1910 to 1913; antagonized factional disputes in the Finnish Socialist Federation, which tended to spill over into the Party itself; later returned to Finland where he was a founding member of the Communist Party of Finland
• Carl Skoglund, who was prominent in the Left Section, a founding member of the Communist Party, embraced the views of Leon Trotsky, returned to the SPA after the Trotskyists were driven out of the Communist Party, and eventually became a founding member of the Socialist Workers Party

State Secretaries (incomplete)

• ?–1904: Spencer M. Holman
• 1904–1912: Jay E. Nash
• 1912–1914: Thomas E. Latimer
• 1914–1915: Fred Miller
• 1915–1919: Abraham L. Sugarman
• 1919: Charles Dirba
• 1919–?: Samuel L. Friedman
• ?–?: Lillian Friedman

See also

• Social Democratic Party of America
• Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin
• Socialist Party of America
• Socialist Party USA
• Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party
• National Party (United States)
• Communist Party USA
  • Communist Party of America
  • Communist Labor Party of America
  • Workers Party of America

Notes

1. News: 11 March 1916 . State Convention Passes Upon Many Important Questions: Finnish Difficulties Satisfactorily Settled—Many Constitutional Changes . Georgian . Alexis . New Times . English . 6 . 20 . Minneapolis . The New Times Publishing Company . 1, 3 .
2. Book: 1901 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1900-11-06-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1901 . English . 427–551 .
3. Web site: 1900 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
4. Book: 1907 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1904-11-08-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1905 . English . 382–531 .
5. Web site: 1904 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
6. Book: 1909 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1908-11-03-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1909 . English . 394–555 .
7. Web site: 1908 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
8. Book: 1913 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1912-11-05-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1913 . English . 364–524 .
9. Web site: 1912 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
10. Book: 1917 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1916-11-07-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1917 . English . 352–522 .
11. Web site: 1916 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
12. Book: 1921 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1920-11-02-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1921 . English . 364–535 .
13. Web site: 1920 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
14. Web site: 1924 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
15. Book: Salvatore, Nick . Nick Salvatore . Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist . 1982 . registration . English . University of Illinois Press . 1982 . 335 . 0252011481 .
16. Web site: 1928 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
17. Web site: 1932 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
18. Web site: 1936 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
19. Web site: 1940 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
20. Web site: 1944 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
21. Web site: 1948 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
22. Web site: 1976 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
23. Web site: 1980 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota. 26 November 2016 . US Election Atlas.org.
24. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN US Senate Race - Nov 06, 1934. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
25. Book: 1911 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1910-11-08-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1911 . English . 340–504 .
26. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 02 Race - Nov 08, 1910. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
27. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 02 Race - Nov 05, 1912. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
28. Book: 1915 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1914-11-03-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1915 . English . 384–556 .
29. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 02 Race - Nov 03, 1914. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
30. Book: 1907 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1906-11-06-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1907 . English . 358–503 .
31. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 04 Race - Nov 06, 1906. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
32. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 04 Race - Nov 03, 1908. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
33. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 04 Race - Nov 08, 1910. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
34. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 04 Race - Nov 05, 1912. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
35. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 04 Race - Nov 03, 1914. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
36. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 04 Race - Nov 07, 1916. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
37. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN District 4 - Special Election Race - Jul 01, 1919. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
38. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 05 Race - Nov 06, 1900. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
39. Book: 1903 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1902-11-04-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1903 . English . 404–528 .
40. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 05 Race - Nov 04, 1902. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
41. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 05 Race - Nov 08, 1904. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
42. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 05 Race - Nov 06, 1906. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
43. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 05 Race - Nov 03, 1908. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
44. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 05 Race - Nov 08, 1910. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
45. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 05 Race - Nov 05, 1912. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
46. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 05 Race - Nov 03, 1914. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
47. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 05 Race - Nov 07, 1916. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
48. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 05 Race - Nov 06, 1934. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
49. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 06 Race - Nov 05, 1912. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
50. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 06 Race - Nov 03, 1914. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
51. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 08 Race - Nov 04, 1902. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
52. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 08 Race - Nov 08, 1904. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
53. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 08 Race - Nov 06, 1906. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
54. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 08 Race - Nov 03, 1908. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
55. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 08 Race - Nov 08, 1910. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
56. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 08 Race - Nov 05, 1912. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
57. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 08 Race - Nov 03, 1914. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
58. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 08 Race - Nov 07, 1916. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
59. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 09 Race - Nov 06, 1906. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
60. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 09 Race - Nov 03, 1908. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
61. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 09 Race - Nov 08, 1910. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
62. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 09 Race - Nov 05, 1912. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
63. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 09 Race - Nov 03, 1914. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
64. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 09 Race - Nov 07, 1916. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
65. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN - District 10 Race - Nov 07, 1916. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
66. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN At-Large Race - Nov 05, 1912. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
67. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN Governor Race - Nov 06, 1900. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
68. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN Governor Race - Nov 04, 1902. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
69. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN Governor Race - Nov 08, 1904. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
70. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN Governor Race - Nov 06, 1906. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
71. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN Governor Race - Nov 03, 1908. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
72. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN Governor Race - Nov 08, 1910. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
73. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN Governor Race - Nov 05, 1912. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
74. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN Governor Race - Nov 03, 1914. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
75. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN Governor Race - Nov 07, 1916. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
76. Book: 1919 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1918-11-06-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1919 . English . 514–682 .
77. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN Governor Race - Nov 05, 1918. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
78. Web site: Our Campaigns - MN Governor Race - Nov 02, 1920. 27 November 2016 . Our Campaigns.
79. Book: 1937 . Election Returns . http://www.leg.state.mn.us/archive/sessions/electionresults/1936-11-03-g-man.pdf . The Legislative Manual of the State of Minnesota Compiled for the Legislature of 1937 . English . 208–394 .
80. Book: Ross, Jack . Appendix B . The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History . 15 April 2015 . https://books.google.com/books?id=MnflBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA617 . English . illustrated . U of Nebraska Press . 2015 . 617–619 . 978-1612344911 .
81. Web site: Devold, Andrew Olaf "A.O., Andy". Legislators Past & Present. Minnesota Legislative Reference Library. 3 December 2016.
82. Web site: Boylan, Michael "Mike". Legislators Past & Present. Minnesota Legislative Reference Library. 3 December 2016.
83. Web site: Gardner, George H.. Legislators Past & Present. Minnesota Legislative Reference Library. 3 December 2016.
84. Book: Hudelson . Richard . Ross . Carl . Chapter Three: Class Struggle and Ethnic Conflict . By the Ore Docks: A Working People's History of Duluth . University of Minnesota Press . Minneapolis . 2006 . 74–75 . ... Indeed, by October 1914 the central committee of the St. Louis County Socialist Party, now firmly under the control of the left-wing Finns and Scandinavians, recommended that Richard Jones, elected to the Minnesota Legislature from Duluth as a Socialist, be expelled from the party for pandering to non-Socialist votes ... . 978-0-8166-4637-1 .
85. Web site: Jones, Richard. Legislators Past & Present. Minnesota Legislative Reference Library. 4 December 2016.
86. Web site: Boyd, John H.. Legislators Past & Present. Minnesota Legislative Reference Library. 3 December 2016.
87. Web site: Hillman, Nels S. "N.S.". Legislators Past & Present. Minnesota Legislative Reference Library. 3 December 2016.
88. Web site: Strand, Ernest G.. Legislators Past & Present. Minnesota Legislative Reference Library. 3 December 2016.
89. Web site: Woodfill, James W.. Legislators Past & Present. Minnesota Legislative Reference Library. 3 December 2016.