Pseudopestalotiopsis Explained

Pseudopestalotiopsis is a genus of plant pathogens in the family Sporocadaceae.[1]

The genus was published by Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous in Studies in Mycology vol. 79 on page 135 in 2014.The type species is Pseudopestalotiopsis theae .

It was named after its morphological similarity to Pestalotiopsis.

Pseudopestalotiopsis species are widely distributed as saprobes or pathogens, mainly occurring on leaves (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014b, 2016a).[2] They have conidia with concolorous (or uniform in colour), brown to dark brown or olivaceous (olive-green colour) median pigmented cells (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014b).[3] They also have knobbed apical appendages.

It was originally placed in family Pestalotiopsidaceae before that was absorbed into the family Sporocadaceae. Jaklitsch et al. (2016),[4] synonymised Bartaliniaceae, Discosiaceae, Pestalotiopsidaceae and Robillardaceae, and then revived the older family name of Sporocadaceae to accommodate them (Crous et al. 2015).[5] Pestalotiopsidaceae is still sometimes used.[6] [7] [8]

Some Pseudopestalotiopsis fungal species are well known for their capability to produce medicinal compounds that could have medicinal, agricultural and industrial applications.[9]

DNA research in 2020 into 172 specimens (collected worldwide) of various species of Pestalotiopsis and related genera, including Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis eventually revealed that Yunnan or Jiangxi (in China) was a possible centre of origin for the genus, and that genera Pseudopestalotiopsis and Neopestalotiopsis could have originally derived from genera Pestalotiopsis.[10]

Molecular diagnosis is increasingly being used to identify rare species of pathogenic fungi.[9]

Despite being a common pathogen in plants, fungal infections in humans and animals is extremely rare. There had previously been no reports of Pseudopestalotiopsis infections in humans. A single report of Pestalotiopsis clavispora keratitis was reported from Japan in a gardener after sweeping up leaves and twigs.[11] Then in 2019 in a rural part of India, a 55 year old woman was treated in hospital for Pseudopestalotiopsis keratitis (a fungal infection within the cornea of the eye) causing pain, redness, and decreased vision in the right eye. It was discovered using DNA sequencing to be Pseudopestalotiopsis theae. Scarring on the cornea meant the patient never regained full sight but recovered enough to leave hospital.[12]

Hosts

Pestalotiopsis and related genera, including Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis have damaged many plants for many decades.[13]

In 2018, in Taiwan, during a fungal study it was found that species Pseudopestalotiopsis ixorae and Pseudopestalotiopsis taiwanensis caused leaf spots on species of Ixora, which is one of the largest genera in the family Rubiaceae and a popular garden plant in Taiwan.[9]

In 2021, it was found that fungal pathogens, Pseudopestalotiopsis gilvanii sp. nov. and Neopestalotiopsis formicarum both cause spots on the leaves of the guarana plant (cupana var. sorbilis) in the Amazon forest of Brazil. Pseudopestalotiopsis gilvanii was also pathogenic to açaí palms (Euterpe oleracea and Euterpe precatoria), and the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), but not to banana (Musa paradisiaca var. pacovan) and rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis).[14]

Two coelomycetous fungal strains with appendage-bearing conidia were collected from diseased leaves of Celtis sinensis (Urticales, Ulmaceae family) and also Indocalamus tessellatus (Poales, Poaceae family) in Yunnan and Hainan provinces of southern China. Both fungal strains produced 4-septate conidia with concolorous median cells, which were similar to Pestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis. But later morphological comparison and DNA testing revealed that they were new to science and then labelled as Pseudopestalotiopsis celtidis and Pseudopestalotiopsis indocalami.[15]

On Camellia sinensis (the tea tree), species from three genera (Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis, Neopestalotiopsis clavispora and Pestalotiopsis camelliae) have been associated with gray blight symptoms (Chen et al. 2018).[16] Species Pseudopestalotiopsis theae is also known to cause Gray Tea Blight on tea tree plants.[10] It damages production and alters the quality of the tea produced. It mainly infects mature and old plant foliage and can also infect young shoots. Under conditions of high temperature and high humidity it can lead to defoliation of the plants. It was first found in 1973 in Kagoshima, Japan and was originally called 'zonate leaf spot' (Takaya 1978).[17] and published as Pestalotiopsis theae. When the genus Pseudopestalotiopsis was created in 2014, it was transferred to the genus as well. Pseudopestalotiopsis theae is also found in India and China, while a similar blight causing fungus Pestalotiopsis longiseta (within the same family) is only found in Japan.[18] In Taiwan, species Pseudopestalotiopsis annellata, Pseudopestalotiopsis chinensis, Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis, Pestalotiopsis camelliae, Pestalotiopsis yanglingensis and Pestalotiopsis trachicarpicola have been found causing Gray blight disease on Camellia sinensis plants.[19]

Distribution

It has a scattered distribution,[3] found in Central America, South America (including Brazil,[14]), Europe (including Turkey and France,[10]) Africa, Asia, (including Thailand,[13] India, Myanmar, Taiwan,[9] [19] and China,[18]) Australia and New Zealand.[20]

Species

The genus Pseudopestalotiopsis comprised only seven species in 2017: Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae, Pseudopestalotiopsis cocos, Pseudopestalotiopsis ignota, Pseudopestalotiopsis indica, Pseudopestalotiopsis kubahensis, Pseudopestalotiopsis simitheae, and Pseudopestalotiopsis theae. Pseudopestalotiopsis kubahensis had been found in 2015 in Malaysia.[21] While surveying Pseudopestalotiopsis fungi in Vietnam during 2013 and then in Myanmar during 2015, 2 new species were found and published. They were then named as Pseudopestalotiopsis myanmarina and Pseudopestalotiopsis vietnamensis.[22] Species Pseudopestalotiopsis dawaina and Pseudopestalotiopsis kawthaungina were found in 2018 in Myanmar within a tropical forest.[23]

Up to 2022, 15 taxa of Pseudopestalotiopsis were known.[3] But more have been added since. Below is species list as accepted by Species Fungorum;[24]

Notes and References

  1. 6 . Wijayawardene . Nalin . Hyde . Kevin . Laith Khalil Tawfeeq . Al-Ani . Somayeh . Dolatabadi . Stadler . Marc . Haelewaters . Danny . Tsurykau . Andrei . Mesic . Armin . Navathe . Sudhir . Papp . Viktor . Oliveira Fiuza . Patrícia . Vázquez . Víctor . Gautam . Ajay . Becerra . Alejandra G. . Ekanayaka . Anusha . K. C. . Rajeshkumar . Bezerra . Jadson . Matočec . Neven . Maharachchikumbura . Sajeewa . Suetrong . Satinee . 2020 . Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa . Mycosphere . 11 . 1060–1456 . 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . free.
  2. Maharachchikumbura. Sajeewa S. N.. Hyde. Kevin D.. Jones. E. B. Gareth . McKenzie . E. H. C.. Bhat . Jayarama D.. Dayarathne. Monika C.. Huang. Shi-Ke. Norphanphoun. Chada. Senanayake. Indunil C. . 2016-06-03. Families of Sordariomycetes. Fungal Diversity. en. 79. 1. 1–317. 10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6. 256070646 . 1560-2745.
  3. Web site: Chethana . Thilini . Pseudopestalotiopsis - Facesoffungi number: FoF 01579 . Faces Of Fungi . 2 March 2023 . 14 November 2022.
  4. Jaklitsch . W.M. . Gardiennet . A. . Voglmayr . H. . Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: Acrocordiella, Basiseptospora, Blogiascospora, Clypeosphaeria, Hymenopleella, Lepteutypa, Pseudapiospora, Requienella, Seiridium and Strickeria. . Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi . 2016 . 37 . 82‑105 . 10.3767/003158516X690475. 28100927 . 5238940 . 22028314 .
  5. Crous . Pedro W. . Carris . Lori M. . Giraldo . Alejandra . Groenewald . Johannes Z. . Hawksworth . David L. . Hemández-Restrepo . Margarita . Jaklitsch . Walter M. . Lebrun . Marc-Henri . Schumacher . René K. . Stielow . J. Benjamin . Linde . Elna J. van der . Vilcāne . Jūlija . Voglmayr . Hermann . Wood . Alan R. . The Genera of Fungi - fixing the application of the type species of generic names - G 2: Allantophomopsis, Latorua, Macrodiplodiopsis, Macrohilum, Milospium, Protostegia, Pyricularia, Robillarda, Rotula, Septoriella, Torula, and Wojnowicia . IMA Fungus . 2015 . 6 . 1 . 163–198 . 10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.11. 26203422 . 4500082 .
  6. Prasannath . Kandeeparoopan . Shivas . Roger G. . Galea . Victor J. . Akinsanmi . Olufemi A. . Neopestalotiopsis Species Associated with Flower Diseases of Macadamia integrifolia in Australia . J Fungi (Basel) . 17 September 2021 . 7 . 9 . 771 . 10.3390/jof7090771. 34575809 . 8471233 . free .
  7. S.F. . Ran . Maharachchikumbura . S.S.N. . Ren . Y.L. . Liu . H. . Chen . K.R. . Wang . Y.X. . Wang . Y. . Two new records in Pestalotiopsidaceae associated with Orchidaceae disease in Guangxi Province, China. . Mycosphere . 2017 . 8 . 121‑130 . 10.5943/mycosphere/8/1/11.
  8. Dubey . Rashmi . Neopestalotiopsis eucalypticola (Pestalotiopsidaceae, Ascomycota): A new record to Indian mycoflora . Journal of Mycopathological Research . December 2022 . 60 . 4 . 599–602 . 10.57023/JMycR.60.4.2022.599. 254348355 .
  9. Tsai . Ichen . Maharachchikumbura . Sajeewa S. N. . Hyde . Kevin D. . Ariyawansa . Hiran A. . Molecular phylogeny, morphology and pathogenicity of Pseudopestalotiopsis species on Ixora in Taiwan . Mycological Progress . May 2018 . 17 . 8 . 941–952 . 10.1007/s11557-018-1404-7. 255313328 .
  10. Chen . Lijiao . Li . Hongye . Jiao . Wengweng . Tao . Mei . Lv . Caiyou . Zhao . Ming . Wang . Miao . Genetic variation and demographic history analysis of Pestalotiopsis, Pseudopestalotiopsis, and Neopestalotiopsis fungi associated with tea (Camellia sinensis) inferred from the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA . Plant Pathology . April 2021 . 70 . 3 . 699–711 . 10.1111/ppa.13315. 228905469 .
  11. Monden . Y. . Yamamoto . S. . Yamakawa . R. . Sunada . A. . Asari . S. . Makimura . K. . First case of fungal keratitis caused by Pestalotiopsis clavispora . Clin. Ophthalmol. . 2013 . 7 . 2261–4. 10.2147/OPTH.S48732 . 24348013 . 3848927 . free .
  12. Sane . Sayali . Sharma . Savitri . Konduri . Ranjith . Fernandes . Merle . Emerging corneal pathogens First report of Pseudopestalotiopsis theae keratitis . Indian Journal of Ophthalmology . January 2019 . 67 . 1 . 150–152 . 10.4103/ijo.IJO_791_18. 30574929 . 6324099 . free .
  13. Darapanit . Angwara . Boonyuen . Nattawut . Leesutthiphonchai . Wiphawee . Nuankaew . Salilaporn . Piasai . Onuma . Identification, pathogenicity and effects of plant extracts on Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis causing fruit diseases . Scientific Reports . 2021 . 11 . 1 . 22606 . 10.1038/s41598-021-02113-5. 34799650 . 8604934 . 2021NatSR..1122606D .
  14. Gualberto . Gilvana F. . Catarino . Aricléia . Fernandes . Thiago . Chagas da Cruz . Jeferson . Hanada . Rogério Eiji . Caniato . Fernanda . Silva . Gilvan F. . Pseudopestalotiopsis gilvanii sp. nov. And Neopestalotiopsis formicarum leaves spot pathogens from guarana plant: a new threat to global tropical hosts . Phytotaxa . March 2021 . 489 . 2 . 121–139 . 10.11646/phytotaxa.489.2.2. 233826941 .
  15. Yang . Qi . He . Yu-Ke . Yuan . Jun . Wang . Yong . Two new Pseudopestalotiopsis species isolated from Celtis sinensis and Indocalamus tessellatus plants in southern China . Phytotaxa . April 2022 . 543 . 5 . 274–282 . 10.11646/phytotaxa.543.5.2. 248354281 .
  16. Chen . Y. . Zeng . L. . Shu . N. . Jiang . M. . Wang . H. . Huang . Y. . Tong . H. . Pestalotiopsis-like species causing gray blight disease on Camellia sinensis in China. . Plant Disease . 2018 . 102 . 1 . 98–106 . 10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0642-RE. 30673469 .
  17. Takaya, S. 1978. New diseases of tea plant. JARQ 12:138-140
  18. Zheng . Shiqin . Chen . Ruiqi . Wang . Zhe . Liu . Juan . Cai . Yan . Peng . Minghui . Zhang . Tian . Li . Yunxi . Wang . Baohua . Bao . Jiandong . Zhang . Dongmei . Wang . Zonghua . Hu . Hongli . High-Quality Genome Assembly of Pathogenic Pseudopestalotiopsis theae, the Pathogenic Fungus Causing Tea Gray Blight . Plant Disease . 2021 . 105 . 11 . 3723–3726 . 10.1094/PDIS-02-21-0318-A. 33978433 . 234472685 .
  19. Tsai . Ichen . Chung . Chia-Lin . Lin . Shiou-Ruei . Hung . Ting-Hsuan . Shen . Tang-Long . Hu . Chih-Yi . Hozzein . Wael N. . Ariyawansa . Hiran A. . Cryptic Diversity, Molecular Systematics, and Pathogenicity of Genus Pestalotiopsis and Allied Genera Causing Gray Blight Disease of Tea in Taiwan, With a Description of a New Pseudopestalotiopsis Species . Plant Dis. . February 2021 . 105 . 2 . 425–443 . 10.1094/PDIS-05-20-1134-RE. 32720884 . 220841364 .
  20. Web site: Pseudopestalotiopsis Maharachch., K.D.Hyde & Crous, 2014 . www.gbif.org . 2 March 2023 . en.
  21. Lateef . A. A. . Sepiah . M. . Bolhassan . M. H. . Description of Pseudopestalotiopsis kubahensis sp. nov., a new species of microfungi from Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. . Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology. 2015 . 5 . 4 . 376–381 . 10.5943/cream/5/4/8.
  22. Nozawa . Shunsuke . Yamaguchi . Kaoru . Yen . Le Thi Hoang . Hop . Duong Van . Phay . Nyunt . Ando . Katsuhiko . Watanabe . Kyoko . Identification of two new species and a sexual morph from the genus Pseudopestalotiopsis . Mycoscience . September 2017 . 58 . 5 . 328–337 . 10.1016/j.myc.2017.02.008.
  23. Nozawa . Shunsuke . Ando . Katsuhiko . Phay . Nyunt . Watanabe . Kyoko . Pseudopestalotiopsis dawaina sp. nov. and Ps. kawthaungina sp. nov.: two new species from Myanmar . Mycological Progress . April 2018 . 17 . 7 . 865–870. 10.1007/s11557-018-1398-1 . 255306651 .
  24. Web site: Neopestalotiopsis - Search Page . www.speciesfungorum.org . Species Fungorum . 24 February 2023.

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