| Psalm 114 | |
| Subtitle: | "When Israel went out of Egypt" |
| Image Upright: | 0.8 |
| Other Name: |
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| Language: | Hebrew (original) |
Psalm 114 is the 114th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "When Israel went out of Egypt". In the slightly different numbering system in the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate version of the Bible, this psalm forms the first part of Psalm 113, verses 1–8.[1] In Latin, it is known as "In exitu Israel de Aegypto".[2]
Psalm 114 is used as a regular part of Jewish, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and various Protestant liturgies. It has often been set to music, such as a setting in German by Heinrich Schütz for three four-part choirs of voices and instruments, and Bach's early wedding cantata German: [[Der Herr denket an uns, BWV 196|''Der Herr denket an uns'', BWV 196]]|italic=unset. During the Romantic period, Felix Mendelssohn set the psalm in German, Gustav Holst in English, and Albert Kellermann in Hebrew.
The following table shows the Hebrew text[3] [4] of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain).
| Verse | Hebrew | English translation (JPS 1917) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When Israel came forth out of Egypt, The house of Jacob from a people of strange language; | ||
| 2 | Judah became His sanctuary, Israel His dominion. | ||
| 3 | The sea saw it, and fled; The Jordan turned backward. | ||
| 4 | The mountains skipped like rams, The hills like young sheep. | ||
| 5 | What aileth thee, O thou sea, that thou fleest? Thou Jordan, that thou turnest backward? | ||
| 6 | Ye mountains, that ye skip like rams; Ye hills, like young sheep? | ||
| 7 | Tremble, thou earth, at the presence of the Lord, At the presence of the God of Jacob; | ||
| 8 | Who turned the rock into a pool of water, The flint into a fountain of waters. |
At eight verses, this psalm is comparatively concise. It is composed of four stanzas of two lines, which the word Jacob envelops. The two central stanzas evoke with images full of life the miracle of the Red Sea and the passage of the Jordan. God is evoked only at the end of the Psalm, doubtless to arouse the expectation.
Psalm 114 begins with the Hebrew 'בְּצֵאת יִשְׂרָאֵל, מִמִּצְרָיִם; בֵּית יַעֲקֹב, מֵעַם לֹעֵז'. It is one of the so-called Egyptian Hallel prayers, although it is sometimes ascribed to King David.
When Israel went out of Egypt,
The house of Jacob from a people of strange language,
Judah became His sanctuary,
And Israel His dominion.[5] This first stanza recalls that the Hebrew people are born in the Exodus from Egypt. The words "sanctuary" and "dominion" ("domain" in the New Catholic Bible) designate the entire Holy Land, the inheritance of God, not only in the geographical sense but also in a spiritual sense. The miracles that allow Israel to cross the Red Sea and cross the Jordan River are poetically enhanced by the process of hyperbole and by images evoking a life of natural elements, water and mountains. It is a means of manifesting all creation with Israel and actively participating in its march towards the Promised Land.
Since the sixth century, the psalm has been used as a reading at Christian burial services, and also in ministry to those who are dying. It has also been read at Easter Day services, as Israel's deliverance from slavery is seen as a metaphor for deliverance from sin.
In the Revised Common Lectionary, the Psalm appears in Year A on the seventeenth Sunday after Pentecost.
In Slavic and Greek Orthodox churches, it is sung as an antiphon for the feast of Theophany, for the following Sunday and for Palm Sunday.
St. Benedict of Nursia chose this psalm as one of the psalms sung for the offices of Vespers. Since the early Middle Ages, Psalm 114 has been performed at the office of Vespers on Monday, according to the Rule of St. Benedict (AD 530).[8] [9]
In the Liturgy of the Hours today, the first part of Psalm 114 is sung or recited on Vespers Sunday. It is the only psalm traditionally chanted using Tonus peregrinus.
In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, this psalm is appointed to be read on the evening of the twenty-third day of the month,[10] as well as at Evensong on Easter Day.[11]
Heinrich Schütz composed a metred paraphrase of Psalm 115 in German, "Nicht uns, nicht uns, Herr, lieber Gott", SWV 213, for the Becker Psalter, published first in 1628.
Gilles Binchois, wrote a motet In exitu Israel (date unknown)
Antoine-Esprit Blanchard wrote a grand motet, In exitu Israel, in 1749.
Jean-Joseph Cassanéa de Mondonville wrote a grand motet, In exitu Israel, in 1755.
François Giroust wrote a grand motet, In exitu Israel in 1783.
Antonio Vivaldi set the psalm as a motet, In exitu Israel, RV 604.
Samuel Wesley wrote a motet, In exitu Israel, for mixed chorus and organ.
Jan Dismas Zelenka composed two settings, ZWV 83 and ZWV 84, both scored for SATB soloists and chorus, two oboes, strings and continuo (1725 and 1728).
In Mandaeism, Qulasta prayer 75 has many parallels with Psalm 114.[13] [14] [15]