Proto-Karelian language explained

Proto-Karelian,[1] [2] [3] also known as Old Karelian[4] [5] was a language once spoken on the western shore of Lake Ladoga in Karelia, from which the dialects of the Karelian language (White, Southern and Livvi), Ludic, the Ingrian language,[6] as well as the South Karelian and Savonian dialects of the Finnish language have developed.[7] It was spoken around the 12th and 13th centuries, and the language was likely quite uniform with little regional variance.[8] The Eastern Finnish dialects developed from Proto-Karelian when the language of the inhabitants who had moved to the area around present-day Mikkeli mixed with western, likely Tavastian, speakers of Finnish. The Livvi-Karelian dialect and Ludic developed from the mixture of the old Vepsian language spoken by the Vepsians of the Olonets Isthmus and Proto-Karelian.[9] [10] [11] [12]

Innovations in Proto-Karelian include: the disappearance of *d and *g between vowels, the plural stem *-lOi-, the labialization of *e in post-syllables before labial consonants and the use of "männä" (with ä instead of e) for the word "mennä" (to go).[13] [14] The Old-Karelian language had already been in contact with Old Russian speakers within its early stages.[15]

Notes and References

  1. Book: Stolz . Thomas . Areal Linguistics within the Phonological Atlas of Europe: Loan Phonemes and their Distribution . Levkovych . Nataliya . 2021-08-23 . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG . 978-3-11-067273-2 . en . Proto-Karelian had only a single sibilant *s..
  2. Book: Land, Isaac . Lake Ladoga: The Coastal History of the Greatest Lake in Europe . 2023-06-16 . Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura . 978-951-858-630-5 . en . Karelian language, the eastern dialects of Finnish, the Ludic language spoken on the western shore of Lake Onega, and the Ingrian language spoken in Ingermanland, presumably all derive from a language called proto-Karelian, which may.
  3. Book: Dahl . Östen . The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact . Koptjevskaja-Tamm . Maria . 2001-01-01 . John Benjamins Publishing . 978-90-272-3057-7 . en . Proto-Karelian (the protolanguage of Karelian, Ingrian and Eastern Finnish dialects).
  4. Book: Abondolo . Daniel . The Uralic Languages . Valijärvi . Riitta-Liisa . 2023-03-31 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-317-23097-7 . en .
  5. Book: Kehayov, Petar . The Fate of Mood and Modality in Language Death: Evidence from Minor Finnic . 2017-07-24 . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG . 978-3-11-052199-3 . en.
  6. Book: Strazny, Philipp . Encyclopedia of Linguistics . 2013-02-01 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-135-45523-1 . en . Proto-Karelian made up the basis for Ingrian, but Karelian itself has developed in close contact with Veps..
  7. Book: Abondolo . Daniel . The Uralic Languages . Valijärvi . Riitta-Liisa . 2023-03-31 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-317-23097-7 . en.
  8. Web site: Lehti . Noora . KARJALAN KULTTUURI Matka soivaan, runolliseen ja ajattomaan Karjalaan .
  9. Web site: 8 January 2021 . 5 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211005221444/http://sokl.uef.fi/aineistot/Aidinkieli/murteet/selityks.html#Muinais-Karjala . Selityksiä ja lisätietoja: Muinais-Karjala .
  10. Web site: 20 November 2021 . 27 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201027121301/https://www.karjal.fi/verkolehti/2015/07/karjalan-kielesta-on-olemassa-tietoa-%CB%97-ei-kannata-levitella-luulopuheita/ . Karjalan kielestä on olemassa tietoa ˗ ei kannata levitellä luulopuheita . Arkistoitu versio 27.10.2020 palvelussa Archive.org.
  11. Kallio . Petri . 2017-10-27 . Äännehistoriaa suomen kielen erilliskehityksen alkutaipaleilta . Sananjalka . fi . 59 . 59 . 7–24 . 10.30673/sja.66609 . 2489-6470. free .
  12. Web site: Karjala – kieli, murre ja paikka . 2024-09-08 . Kotimaisten kielten keskus . fi.
  13. Web site: 8 January 2021 . Muinaiskarjalaista dialektologiaa .
  14. Web site: Muinaiskarjalan uralilainen tausta . January 2018 . Kallio . Petri .
  15. Koivisto . Vesa . 2022-03-14 . Karjalan jälkiä suomessa: Konsonanttiyhtymä tsk suomen murteissa . Virittäjä . fi . 126 . 1 . 10.23982/vir.97362 . 2242-8828.

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