Protests in South Africa explained

South Africa has been dubbed "the protest capital of the world",^[1] with one of the highest rates of public protests in the world.^[2]

It is often argued that the rate of protests has been escalating since 2004,^[2] but Steven Friedman argues that the current wave of protests stretches back to the 1970s.^[3] The rate of protests "rose dramatically in the first eight months of 2012",^[4] and it was reported that there 540 protests in the province of Gauteng between 1 April and 10 May 2013.^[5] In February 2014 it was reported that there had been "nearly 3,000 protest actions in the last 90 days – more than 30 a day– involving more than a million people".^{[6] [7]}

Since 2008, more than 2 million people have taken to the streets in protest every year.^[8] Njabulo Ndebele argued, "Widespread 'service delivery protests' may soon take on an organisational character that will start off as discrete formations and then coalesce into a full-blown movement".^[9] There has been considerable repression of popular protests.^[10] The most common reasons for protests are grievances around urban land and housing.^{[11] [12]} It has been reported that "Nearly 75% of South Africans aged 20-29 did not vote in the 2011 [local government] elections" and that "South Africans in that age group were more likely to have taken part in violent street protests against the local ANC than to have voted for the ruling party".^[13]

In September 2013 the police reported that they had "made more than 14,000 arrests at protests in the past four years".^[14]

According to The Times "Informal settlements have been at the forefront of service delivery protests as residents demand houses and basic services".^[15]

Escalation of popular protests

During the 2004–05 financial year, about 6,000 protests were officially recorded, an unknown number of protests went unrecorded, and about 1,000 protests were illegally banned. This meant that at least 15 protests were taking place each day in South Africa at this time.^{[16] [17]} However the number of protests has escalated dramatically since then and Business Day reports that "2009 and 2010 together account for about two-thirds of all protests since 2004".^[18] There was a dramatic surge in protests shortly after Jacob Zuma first took office and the number of protests was ten times higher in 2009 than in 2004 and even higher in 2010.^[19] The number of protests reached an all-time high in 2010–2011^[2] and then a further all time post-apartheid peak in July 2012^[20] with more protests occurring in the Western Cape than in any other province^[21] and just under half of all protests occurring in shack settlements.^[22] In early 2013 it was reported that popular protest had reached its highest rate since the end of apartheid in 1994.^[23] In early 2013 it was argued that there have been as many as 3,000 protests in the last four years.^[24]

Between 1997 and 2013 most protests were related to labour issues or crime and were only very rarely disorderly. In 2013 the overall number of protests decreased but the rate of disorderly protests increase dramatically. Notable South African journalist Phillip de Wet estimated that nine out of eleven protests were peaceful.^[25]

In the first five months of 2018 a total of 144 service delivery protests were recorded with the Eastern Cape, followed by Gauteng and the Western Cape provinces having the most protests.^[26]

Rebellion of the Poor/Municipal Revolts/Ring of Fire

There has been a major wave of popular protests since 2004.^{[27] [28]} Just under 40% of all protests take place in shack settlements.^[18] There has been a significant degree of repression of popular protests.^{[29] [30] [31]}

These protests are usually referred to as "service delivery protests" in the media but although there is evidence of growing unhappiness with service delivery,^[32] most analysts argue that this description is overly narrow and misleading.^{[33] [34] [35] [36]} A number of poor people's movements have insisted that their protests should not be referred to as "service delivery protests".^{[37] [38] [39]} But others have termed the rapidly increasing wave of protests since 2004 as a "rebellion of the poor"^{[27] [28]} or a series of "municipal revolts".^[40] Zwelinzima Vavi, COSATU Secretary General, has described the increasing rate of popular protests as a "ring of fire" closing in on major cities that could result in a Tunisia-style revolution.^{[41] [42]}

Some of the most notable protests during this period occurred in Harrismith, Kennedy Road, Durban, Diepsloot, Balfour, Thokoza,^{[43] [44]} Khutsong,^[36] Macassar Village, Lansdowne Road^{[45] [46]} and Mandela Park^{[47] [48]} in Khayelitsha, KwaZakhele, downtown Durban,^[49] Masiphumelele, Ermelo,^[50] Grahamstown^[38] and Thembelihle (Lenasia).^[51]

Protests continue and some analysts take the view that protests are becoming increasingly radical.^[52] Some commentators have concluded that "a large majority of South Africans feel that conventional mechanisms of engaging the state are failing, and that alternatives may be more effective".^[53]

According to Professor Peter Alexander: "As many commentators and activists now accept, service delivery protests are part of a broader Rebellion of the Poor. This rebellion is massive. I have not yet found any other country where there is a similar level of ongoing urban unrest. South Africa can reasonably be described as the 'protest capital of the world'."^[54]

A number of community organisations and movements have emerged from this wave of protests,^{[55] [56]} some of which organise outside party politics.^[57] However, in most cases this wave of protest has not led to sustained organisation.^[58]

Protest by trade unions

The national trade union federation, COSATU, has also organised a number of large protests, most notably against labour broking and highway tolls.^{[59] [60]}

Protest by workers organised outside trade unions

The 2012 Marikana miner strike, organised outside the ruling tripartite alliance, resulted in 34 strikers being killed by the police with 78 being wounded on 16 August 2012.^[61]

Curtailment of the right to protest

It has been argued that the state is actively seeking to curtail the right to protest.^[62]

Notable protests

• The Harrismith protests in 2004^{[63] [64]}
• The Kennedy Road road blockade on 19 March 2005^[65]
• The Khutsong protests^[36] during 2006 and 2007
• The N2 Gateway occupations where over 1,000 families occupied unfinished state built houses to protest unfair and corrupt allocation of houses during 2007 and 2008^[66]
• The February 2008 Symphony Way road occupation which lasted over 1 year and 9 months^[67]
• The Balfour protest of 2009^{[27] [68]}
• The Macassar Village Land Occupation in May 2009^[69]
• The Durban proletarian shopping protest in July 2009^[70]
• The Abahlali baseMjondolo march on Jacob Zuma in March 2010. City Manager Mike Sutcliffe tried to ban the shackdwellers from occupying the CBD^{[71] [72]}
• The protests in Ermelo,^[50] Grahamstown,^{[38] [73] [74] [75]} Zandspruit^{[76] [77]} Ficksburg,^{[78] [79]} Makhaza in Khayelitsha,^[80] the Samora Machel squatter camp in Mitchell's Plain, Cape Town, Shaka's Kraal in KwaZulu-Natal,^{[81] [82]} Noordgesig, Soweto^[83] and Themb'elihle,^[84] Johannesburg, all in 2011.
• Protests in the Siyahlala shack settlement in Gugulethu, Cape Town,^[85] the Zakheleni^[86] and Puntan's Hill shack settlements in Durban,^[87] as well as Marrianridge, also in Durban,^[88] Oliphantshoek in the Northern Cape^[89] and Port Elizabeth^[90] in 2012
• The 2012 Marikana miner strike^[91]
• Protests on grape farms in the Western Cape in November 2012 and January 2013^{[92] [93] [94]}
• Protests in Sasolburg against municipal demarcation and the perceived corruption and manipulation of democratic processes in the local and regional ANC in January 2013^{[95] [96]}
• Protests in Protea South, Soweto, in August 2013^[97]
• Abahlali baseMjondolo march on the Durban municipality, 15 September 2013^[98]
• Protests in Bekkersdal, Roodepoort and Bronkhorstspruit in early 2014^[99] and Klipspruit, Soweto, and Langa, Cape Town,^[100] in mid-2014.^[101]
• The FeesMustFall student protests in 2015 and 2016^[102] which called for free education.
• Protests in Zandspruit in March 2016^[103]
• Protests in Westbury, Johannesburg, in September–October 2018 following the death of a bystander caught in crossfire between gangs.^[104]
• 2019 service delivery protests that occurred across the country in the month before the 2019 general election held in May of that year.
• 2021 Jacob Zuma Protests, A series of protests regarding the arrest of ex-president Jacob Zuma
• 2022 Fuel Protests, A national shutdown regarding the high price of fuel in South Africa^{[105] [106]}

Notable post-apartheid protest campaigns

• The Treatment Action Campaign's largely successful struggle for access to AIDS medication
• Operation Khanyisa, protest against electricity disconnection led by the Soweto Electricity Crisis Committee. (The name was later used by ESKOM for a campaign against "electricity theft")^[107]
• The No Land! No House! No Vote! campaign is a popular nationwide protest movement of the Poor People's Alliance boycotting electoral politics.
• The Abahlali baseMjondolo campaign against the Slums Act
• The Right2Know Campaign is an umbrella organisation tackling secrecy legislation, as well as denials of access to information, and access to process
• The COSATU led campaign against labour brokering and electronic road tolls in Gauteng^[59]
• The 2012 Marikana miner strike^[108]
• The Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' Strike^[109]

Zuma Must Fall campaign

From 7 April until 10 April 2017, large crowds protested against President Jacob Zuma's recent cabinet shuffle and the subsequent ratings agencies downgrade to junk status.^[110] The Zuma Must Fall campaign, whose organisers included members of the DA, EFF,^[111] African People's Convention and United Democratic Movement planned further demonstrations in the days leading up to Zuma's birthday.^[112] 50,000 South Africans, many of whom were black, expressed their anger at corruption within the ANC government, unfair trade deals by the government that favoured the powerful Gupta family, and economic problems that had resulted in the downgrading of South Africa's credit rating.^{[113] [114] [115]} More demonstrations occurred from 12 April onwards,^[116] with Julius Malema addressing the crowd in Pretoria before they marched on the Union buildings.^[117]

Reasons for protests

Research has consistently shown urban land and housing to be the most common reasons for protest.^[12] However, there are multiple reasons for protest including:

• Unequal and segregated distribution of land in both rural and urban areas^[11]
• The demand for housing^{[11] [32] [118]}
• Poor service delivery^[119] (especially with regard to water^[120] and sanitation^[121])
• Government corruption (especially at the local level)^{[122] [123] [124] [125]}
• Undemocratic structure of wards and development forums^{[126] [127]}
• Top down selection for party positions within the ANC^{[126] [128] [129] [130] [131]}
• Top down and authoritarian approaches to governance (or a lack of consultation)^{[132] [133] [134] [135] [136]}
• Evictions and forced removals^[137]
• Rampant crime^{[32] [38]}
• Unemployment^[32]
• Police brutality^{[138] [139]}
• Municipal and Provincial border demarcation issues^{[36] [140]}
• Increases in transport prices^[81]
• Electricity disconnections,^{[141] [142]} increases in electricity prices^{[143] [144] [145]} and the failure to provide electricity to shack settlements^[85]
• Over crowding in schools^[145]
• Failure to install traffic calming measures on roads adjacent to shack settlements^[146]
• Low wages^{[92] [108]}

Tactics

See also: Toyi-toyi. The toyi-toyi originally a Zimbabwean dance, has been used for decades in South Africa as a protest tool. Road blockades,^[147] land occupations, the mass appropriation of food^{[49] [148]} and vote strikes^{[149] [150] [151] [152] [153]} are also common tactics. A choreography of dance performing a call and response song, protest performance, is a tactic that is often used to beckon bystanders to a march or demonstration ^[154]

Popular protests and elections

In areas with high rates of popular protests residents tend to boycott elections, to support independent candidates or to support parties other than the ANC.^[155]

Misuse of the criminal justice system to intimidate grassroots activists

It has been argued that the criminal justice system has been misused to intimidate grassroots activists.^[156]

Violence

Violence from the state

A number of people have been killed by the police in these protests over the years^{[50] [157] [158] [159] [160] [161] [162]} including Andries Tatane.^{[163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168] [169] [170]} The number of deaths of protestors after apartheid is currently standing at fifty four. Four people were killed by the police during protests between 2000 and 2004, two in 2006, one in 2008, two in 2009, three in 2010 and eleven in 2011.^[171]

There have also been constant allegations of non-fatal police brutality against protestors.^{[172] [173] [174] [175]} It has been argued that people organizing independently of the ruling African National Congress are more likely to face state repression.^{[10] [176]}

The worst incidence of police violence in post-apartheid South Africa was the Marikana Massacre in August 2012 in which 34 striking miners were killed and 78 were injured. One pistol was recovered from the strikers after the massacre.^[177]

Violence from protesters

Violence on the part of protesters, including attacks on ward councilors and their homes, has been escalating.^{[178] [179]} In two years nine houses belonging to ward councillors in Gauteng were burnt down.^[180]

See also

• Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa
• Abahlali baseMjondolo
• The Anti-Privatisation Forum
• The Landless Peoples Movement
• The Marikana miners' strike
• The Mandela Park Backyarders
• The Poor People's Alliance
• Sikhula Sonke
• The South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement
• The Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign
• The Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' Strike

Further reading

• We are the Third Force, by S'bu Zikode, 2005
• National Trends Around Protest Action by the Freedom of Expression Institute
• , Simon Delaney, Freedom of Expression Institute, May 2007
• In Service of the People's Democracy: An assessment of the South African Police Service, by David Bruce with Gareth Newham & Themba Masuku, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 2007
• Voices of anger. Phumelela and Khutsong: Protest and conflict in two municipalities, Centre for Development Enterprise, 2007
• Burning message to the state in the fire of poor’s rebellion, Richard Pithouse, Business Day, 2009/07/23
• The Elite and Community Protests in South Africa, Shawn Hattingh, 5 August 2009
• People are demanding public service, not service delivery, Steven Friedman, Business Day, 2009
• Service Delivery Protests: Findings from Quick Response Research on Four Hot-Spots’ – Piet Retief, Balfour, Thokoza, Diepsloot, Centre for Sociological Research, 2009
• What are the prospects of real political realignment in South Africa?, Imraan Buccus, Mail & Guardian, 2010
• Political tolerance on the wane in South Africa, Imraan Buccus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, SA Reconciliation Barometer, 2011
• Rebellion of the poor: South Africa’s service delivery protests – a preliminary analysis, by Peter Alexander, 2010
• South Africa: The Enduring Rationality of Revolt, Richard Pithouse, 2010
• Making sense of municipal revolts, by Mandisi Majavu, Foundation for Contemporary Research, 2011
• A State of Deep Crisis in South Africa's Local Government, by Dale T. McKinley, SACSIS, 2011
• Local Government Elections: The Will of the People? , by Jane Duncan, SACSIS, 2011
• Police brutality and service delivery protests, by Mphutlane wa Bofelo, Pambazuka News, 21 April 2011
• Dissent Under Jacob Zuma, Jane Duncan, May 2011
• Dissent Under Thabo Mbeki, Jane Duncan, May 2011
• Rebellions of the poor, by the poor, for the poor, Khadija Patel, The Daily Maverick, May 2011
• Politics of Grieving, by Drucilla Cornell, Social Text, May 2011
• Jobless youth a ‘ticking time bomb’ for SA, Vavi warns, Sam Mkokeli, Business Day, 2011/06/07
• The smoke that calls: Insurgent citizenship, collective violence and the struggle for a place in the new South Africa, Society, Work & Development Institute, 2011
• Ten Thesis on Democracy, Unemployed People's Movement, Amandla Magazine, 2011
• Reclaiming the South African dream, Vishwas Satgar, Red Pepper, December 2011
• Ring of Fire: Not so crazy a picture, Greg Nicholson, The Daily Maverick, 2012
• Protests and Police Statistics: Some Commentary, Peter Alexander, Amandla Magazine, April 2012
• After Kevin Bacon, the Class Struggle, by Chris Rodrigues, Rolling Stone, May 2012
• "We are the people who do not count": Thinking the disruption of the biopolitics of abandonment, Anna Selmeczi, PhD Thesis, 2012
• Cosatu finds a way through the tricky political minefield, Carol Paton, Business Day, 2012
• The Politics of Protest, by Jared Sacks, Mail & Guardian, 21 August 2012
• Media underplaying police, state brutality, Jane Duncan, Sunday Independent, 26 August 2012
• Apolitical truth about civil disobedience, by Jared Sacks, Mail & Guardian, 21 September 2012
• The Road to Marikana: Abuses of Force During Public Order Policing Operations, David Bruce, SACSIS, 12 October 2012
• The day the Cape winelands burned, REBECCA DAVIS & KATE STEGEMANN, The Daily Maverick, 15 November 2012
• Fighting for scraps in the Republic of Sasol(burg), by Stephen Sparks, Mail & Guardian, 21 January 2012
• Uganda Transit Camp, Durban: A report from the frontlines of the struggle for democracy, Jared Sacks, Daily Maverick, 13 February 2013
• The Increasing Use of Collective Violence: The ‘right’ to assert the dignity of the poor, by Thapelo Tselapedi, September 2013
• Bonfires of discontent, in horrifying numbers, ALEX ELISEEV, The Daily Maverick, 2014
• Loss of trust and legitimacy result in ungovernability, Raymond Suttner, Polity, 2014
• A revolution’s dreams betrayed, Malaika wa Azania, Sunday Independent, 30 March 2014
• An Anatomy of Dissent and Repression: The Criminal Justice System and the 2011 Thembelihle Protest", Socio-Economic Rights Institute, 2014

Other resources

• Service Delivery Protest Map (with media resources), Durham University

Notes and References

1. News: 'Black boers' and other revolutionary songs. Chris . Rodrigues. Thought Leader Mail & Guardian. 5 April 2010.
2. Peter . Alexander. Protests and Police Statistics: Some Commentary. Amandla Magazine. April 2012.
3. Web site: Calm down, the poor are not about to revolt. Steven. Friedman. Business Day. 16 May 2013.
4. http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2012/10/11/the-year-that-anger-boils-over 'The year that anger boils over'
5. News: Public protests: Gauteng’s rising pressure cooker. Khadija. Patelnewspaper=The Daily Maverick. 16 May 2013.
6. http://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/opinion/our-protest-culture-is-far-from-dead-1.1645081#.Uzt8CvmSzY6 Our protest culture is far from dead
7. http://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/opinion/our-protest-culture-is-far-from-dead-1.1645081#.UvoZo2KSx1V Our protest culture is far from dead
8. http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/world-affairs/2012/08/behind-marikana-massacre Behind the Marikana massacre
9. http://www.citypress.co.za/Opinions/Liberation-betrayed-by-bloodshed-20120825 Liberation betrayed by bloodshed
10. http://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/media-underplaying-police-state-brutality-1.1369675#.UDpA2cHibgy Media underplaying police, state brutality
11. http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2012/10/11/service-delivery-protests-getting-uglier---report Service-delivery protests getting uglier – report
12. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-11-24-sahrc-people-need-access-to-land-and-housing/ SAHRC: People need access to land and housing
13. News: Deep Read: 'Born free' voters may not choose ANC. Jon. Herskovits. Mail & Guardian. 29 January 2013.
14. News: Sarah . Evans. Crime stats: Worst violent crime figures in 10 years. Mail & Guardian. 17 September 2013.
15. News: Gauteng under shack attack. Penwell. Dlamini. The Times. 2 April 2014.
16. News: Amandla! Protest in the New South Africa. FXI. 2 October 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20110720213148/http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/83/. 20 July 2011. usurped.
17. http://www.abahlali.org/node/4719 Sekwanele! – Social Movement Struggles for Land and Housing in Post-Apartheid South Africa
18. http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=134756 Are fiery street protests replacing the vote?
19. Municipal Hotspots Monitor research as reported in the City Press newspaper, 20 February 2011
20. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/1388 South African Television's Accumulation by Dispossession
21. http://www.oryxmedia.co.za/places/western-cape-is-protest-capital-of-sa Western Cape is protest capital of SA
22. News: Mangaung ANC 'link' to new wave of protests . Natasha . Marrian . Business Day . 7 August 2012.
23. http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2013/01/17/steep-increase-in-service-protests ‘Steep increase’ in service protests
24. http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/SA-has-a-protest-every-two-days-20130121 http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/SA-has-a-protest-every-two-days-20130121
25. Web site: New stats show that nine out of 11 protests a day are peaceful. Wet. Phillip de. 8 June 2016. The M&G Online. en. 2019-04-22.
26. Web site: 144 service delivery protests recorded in 2018 so far IOL News. Makhafola. Getrude. 11 July 2018. iol.co.za. en. 2019-04-22.
27. http://www.amandlapublishers.co.za/home-menu-item/308-rebellion-of-the-poor-south-africas-service-delivery-protests-a-preliminary-analysis Rebellion of the poor: South Africa’s service delivery protests – a preliminary analysis
28. http://www.thedailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2011-05-06-rebellions-of-the-poor-by-the-poor-for-the-poor Rebellions of the poor, by the poor, for the poor
29. https://www.ru.ac.za/documents/Politics/Duncan_Dissent_Under_Zuma%5B1%5D.doc Dissent Under Jacob Zuma
30. https://www.ru.ac.za/documents/Politics/Duncan_Dissent_Under_Mbeki%5B1%5D.doc Dissent Under Thabo Mbeki
31. Web site: Political tolerance on the wane in South Africa. Imraan. Buccus. University of KwaZulu-Natal. SA Reconciliation Barometer. 2011.
32. Web site: Dismay over service delivery growing, survey shows. Chantelle. Benjamin. Business Day. 13 May 2011.
33. Web site: Burning message to the state in the fire of poor's rebellion. Richard . Pithouse. Business Day. 23 July 2009.
34. http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=77115 People are demanding public service, not service delivery
35. http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/article/496 The Service Delivery Myth
36. http://www.ru.ac.za/politics/events/seminarseries "We are Gauteng People" Challenging the politics of xenophobia in Khutsong, South Africa
37. Web site: Living Learning. 13 April 2017.
38. http://socialistresistance.org/1586/south-african-rebellion-comes-to-grahamstown South African rebellion comes to Grahamstown
39. http://africasacountry.com/2011/02/22/the-uprising/ The Uprising
40. http://abahlali.org/files/DIF_Feb_2011-1.pdf Making sense of municipal revolts
41. http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=145000 Jobless youth a ‘ticking time bomb’ for SA, Vavi warns
42. http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/694.1 Unemployment in South Africa: Feel It, the Ticking Time Bomb Is Here
43. Web site: Police get blame for making protests worse . Business Day.
44. News: Protest violence: cops blamed . News24 . 2 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090906095752/http://www.news24.com/Content/SouthAfrica/News/1059/d86fdae95ff54d0198946eb797d41d96/02-09-2009-11-05/Protest_violence_cops_blamed . 6 September 2009 . dead .
45. Web site: An Urgent Update on AbM-WC Protest . Khayelitsha Struggles . 2 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090910200751/http://www.khayelitshastruggles.com/2009/07/re-urgent-update-on-abm-wc-protest.html . 10 September 2009 . dead .
46. News: Cop fires on Cape Argus team . Cape Argus . 2 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090430180521/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 . 30 April 2009 . dead .
47. Web site: Mandela Park Backyarders to march peacefully on Housing MEC at 9am this morning . Mandela Park Backyarders . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100626204208/http://mpbackyarders.wordpress.com/2009/11/12/hundreds-protested-yesterday-in-mandela-park-after-assault-by-chippa-security-guards-demostrations-to-continue%E2%80%A6/ . 26 June 2010 .
48. News: Hundreds protested yesterday in Mandela Park after assault by Chippa security guards. Demonstrations to continue… . Mandela Park Backyarders.
49. News: 94 arrested for protest thefts at supermarkets . Daily News.
50. http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/mpumalanga/ermelo-residents-see-no-reason-to-vote-1.1029225 Ermelo Residents See No Reason to Vote
51. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-09-07-five-lessons-from-thembelihle Five lessons from Themb'elihle
52. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/599.1 The 'Gatvol' Factor
53. Web site: Delivery protests National problem requires local, tailor-made solutions. Udesh . Pillay. Business Day. 1 April 2011.
54. http://mg.co.za/printformat/single/2012-04-13-a-massive-rebellion-of-the-poor/ A Massive Rebellion of the Poor
55. http://libcom.org/news/elite-community-protests-south-africa-08082009 The elite and community protests in South Africa
56. http://www.zcommunications.org/the-new-anc-and-the-alliance-by-shawn-hattingh The 'new' ANC and the Alliance
57. http://www.peopleofcolororganize.com/analysis/popular-anger-protest-cape-town-control-ordinary-people-political-party-likes/ "Popular Anger and Protest in Cape Town is Under the Control of Ordinary People and No Political Party Likes That"
58. • Whose Liberation? A Forgotten Left Critique of ANC Strategy and Its Contemporary Implications, by Steven Friedman, Journal of Asian & African Studies, February 2012
59. http://www.businessday.co.za/Articles/Content.aspx?id=171836 Cosatu finds a way through the tricky political minefield
60. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17283803 South Africans march in mass protest at toll roads
61. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-23-marikana-what-really-happened-we-may-never-know Marikana: What really happened? We may never know.
62. Web site: Death by a thousand pinpricks – South Africa's ever-vanishing right to protest. Jane Duncan (academic). Jane. Duncan. Andrea Royeppen. The Daily Maverick. 8 March 2013.
63. http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/rights/26321 Harrismith police killing follow-up
64. http://www.teleologie.org/TO/troubles/dossiers/afrique/afr_du_sud/04_afs_2/04_AFS_2.htm A collection of newspaper articles on the Harrismith protest
65. Web site: Struggle Is a School: The Rise of a Shack Dwellers' Movement in Durban, South Africa . Richard . Pithouse. Monthly Review. 2006.
66. http://www.abahlali.org/node/3581 Housing and Evictions at the N2 Gateway Project in Delft
67. Web site: The Cape Town model, state violence and military urbanism. Christopher . McMichael. Open Democracy. 5 January 2012.
68. News: South Africa's Poor Renew a Tradition of Protest. Barry . Bearak. The New York Times. September 2009.
69. http://libcom.org/news/martin-legassick-macassar-village-land-occupation-cape-town-27052009 Martin Legassick on the Macassar Village Land Occupation in Cape Town
70. https://web.archive.org/web/20121103214211/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912479,00.html?xid=rss-fullworld-yahoo South Africa's Outraged Poor Threaten President
71. News: Shack dwellers up in arms . The Sowetan . 27 June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100527193057/http://www.sowetan.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=1125237 . 27 May 2010 . dead .
72. News: Sutcliffe Continues His War on the Poor . Abahlali.
73. Web site: %%sitename%. 13 April 2017.
74. http://libcom.org/news/flames-phaphamani-21022011 The Flames of Phaphamani
75. http://www.grocotts.co.za/node/9970 Bullets fly as township erupts
76. Web site: Protests in Zandspruit. abahlali.org. 31 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110429193630/http://abahlali.org/taxonomy/term/2998. 29 April 2011. dead.
77. http://www.eyewitnessnews.co.za/articleprog.aspx?id=64627 Police fire rubber bullets in Zandspruit
78. http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/africa/news/article_1632891.php/South-Africa-rocked-by-footage-of-protester-s-death South Africa rocked by footage of protester's death
79. News: Ficksburg protesters torch buildings. Miranda . Andrew. Mail & Guardian. 14 April 2011.
80. http://www.thenewage.co.za/16724-1011-53-Hall_torched_in_housing_protest Hall torched in housing protest
81. http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/fatal-turn-in-taxi-fare-protest-1.1080198 Fatal turn in taxi fare protest
82. http://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/army-dispatched-to-hot-spot-1.1068599 Army dispatched to ‘hot spot’
83. News: 'Police fired rubber bullets without provocation'. Adam . Sege. 10 June 2011. The Star.
84. Web site: Themb'elihle: Arresting a protest. Phillip. de Wet. The Daily Maverick. 15 September 2011.
85. http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=173453 Western Cape hit hardest by service-delivery protests
86. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-06-25-service-failure-next-step-silence-the-dissent Service failure: next step, silence the dissent
87. http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/kzn-to-build-homes-after-fatal-protest-1.1341254#.UBjSFmHVWFc KZN to build homes after fatal protest
88. News: Residents protest over lack of housing. Kamcilla . Pillay. Daily News. 24 July 2012.
89. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/protesters-held-in-northern-cape-1.1323697#.T-gDixfkA7V Protesters held in Northern Cape
90. http://www.peherald.com/news/article/7185 Premier Noxolo Kiviet slams protest violence, Zandile Mbabela and Luyolo Mkentane,The Herald, 6 July 2012
91. http://truth-out.org/news/item/11237-the-marikana-massacre-a-turning-point-for-south-africa The Marikana Massacre: A Turning Point for South Africa?
92. Web site: Western Cape's grapes of wrath. Mandy. de Waal. The Daily Maverick. 8 November 2012.
93. Web site: Neither ANC nor DA seems popular with farm workers, who just want a better deal. Carol. Paton. Business Day. 15 November 2012.
94. Web site: Farmworkers' strike may be over – but everyone's a loser. Daily Maverick. Rebecca . Davis. 23 January 2012.
95. Web site: Blood, smoke and tears: Zamdela's burning. G . Marinovich. T Lekgowa. The Daily Maverick. 23 January 2013.
96. News: Fighting for scraps in the Republic of Sasol(burg). Stephen. Sparks. Mail & Guardian. 25 January 2013.
97. Web site: Protea South protests, from the inside. Bheki C.. Simelane. The Daily Maverick. 12 August 2013.
98. Web site: Shack dwellers take the fight to eThekwini – and the ANC takes note. Khadija . Patel. Daily Maverick. 16 September 2013.
99. Web site: Bonfires of discontent, in horrifying numbers. Alex. Eliseev. The Daily Maverick. 2014.
100. Web site: Langa residents take to streets, 20 people arrested in protests over basic needs. Paul. Vecchiatto. Business Day. 10 July 2014.
101. Web site: Klipspruit, Soweto: Blackout meets violence. Bheki . Simelane. The Daily Maverick. 4 July 2014.
102. Web site: Book provides in depth analysis of #FeesMustFall movement. 702. en. 6 September 2019.
103. Web site: Protests flare up in Zandspruit. Eyewitness News. Govan. Whittles. 13 April 2017.
104. News:
     1. WestburyProtest: Bus station torched overnight as anger continues to boil IOL News
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105. Web site: South Africa: Nationwide strikes and protests possible in response to fuel hikes through June . 2022-06-10 . South Africa: Nationwide strikes and protests possible in response to fuel hikes through June Crisis24 . en.
106. Web site: Mahlakoana . Theto . NATJoints on high alert following threats of national shutdown on Friday . 2022-06-10 . ewn.co.za . en-US.
107. Web site: SAHA – South African History Archive – Electricity & energy. 13 April 2017.
108. News: Lydia. Polgreen. 16 August 2012. Mine Strike Mayhem Stuns South Africa as Police Open Fire. The New York Times. 17 August 2012.
109. Web site: The Farm Workers' Strike: It's Far From Over. Anna. Majavu. SACSIS. 15 November 2012.
110. Web site:
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111. Web site: High spirits in Pretoria as protesters prepare for anti-Zuma march. Kyle. Cowan. 12 April 2017. 13 April 2017.
112. Web site: Protest action planned on Zuma's 75th birthday. 13 April 2017.
113. Web site: What Does South Africa's Jacob Zuma Really Want for His Birthday?. 13 April 2017.
114. Web site: Anti-Zuma protests in South Africa as economic woes mount – KDRTV. The standard. media. 9 April 2017. 13 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170410214143/http://www.kdrtv.com/anti-zuma-protests-in-south-africa-as-economic-woes-mount/. 10 April 2017. dead.
115. Web site: Thousands protest in South Africa against President Zouma. 13 April 2017.
116. Web site: Opposition parties take their call to Union Buildings. Weekly. Xposé. 12 April 2017. 13 April 2017.
117. Web site: Malema warned his marchers to behave. Weekly. Xposé. 12 April 2017. 13 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170413234807/https://weeklyxpose.co.za/2017/04/12/malema-warned-marchers-behave/. 13 April 2017. dead.
118. Web site: The broken vows and blocked roads of Kya Sands. Greg. Nicholson. The Daily Maverick. 22 March 2011.
119. http://www.tnsresearchsurveys.co.za/news-centre/pdf/2011/ServiceDeliveryend2010-4March2011.pdf Expect more flash-points – half of SA's metro residents are still not satisfied with service delivery a year later
120. http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2013/09/17/flood-of-water-protests Flood of water protests, The Times, SCHALK MOUTON, 17 September, 2013
121. http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/opinion/how-poo-became-a-political-issue-1.1541126#.UdaTg_kwfUU How poo became a political issue
122. http://www.abahlali.org/node/7852 Ayikho impunga yehlathi (There is no place to hide in the world)
123. http://www.opendemocracy.net/moeletsi-mbeki/corruption-and-dependence-south-africa%E2%80%99s-road-to-ruin-or-salvation Corruption and Dependence: South Africa’s road to ruin or salvation?
124. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/641.1 Mucking out the Durban City Hall
125. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-02-13-uganda-transit-camp-durban-a-report-from-the-frontlines-of-the-struggle-for-democracy/ Uganda Transit Camp, Durban: A report from the frontlines of the struggle for democracy
126. http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=141624 ANC’s tinkering won’t make democracy work
127. http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2014/03/26/the-poor-should-also-have-a-voice-on-corruption The poor should also have a voice on corruption
128. http://www.citypress.co.za/SouthAfrica/News/ANC-faces-fury-over-candidate-selection-20110219 ANC faces fury over candidate selection
129. http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=138386 Turmoil in party shows limitations of ‘democratic centralism’
130. http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2011/03/31/anc-list-sparks-fury ANC List Sparks Fury
131. http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/features/85518 ANC lacks internal democracy
132. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/328.1 What the State's Response to the Anger of Protesting Communities Is Not Telling Us
133. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-01-31-zamdela-a-failure-of-the-public-consultation-process Zamdela: A failure of the public consultation process
134. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-02-07-free-state-of-municipal-chaos-and-lip-service-delivery/ Free State of municipal chaos and lip service delivery
135. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/1564 Cities Need to Plan with the Poor, Not for the Poor
136. http://mg.co.za/article/2013-02-15-00-blacklisted-farmworker-urges-politicians-to-listen 'Blacklisted' farmworker urges politicians to listen
137. Web site: A self-written history of Mandela Park: Kwanele! Enough Is Genoeg!. Mandela Park Backyarders. 13 April 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110816150421/http://mpbackyarders.org.za/2011/02/15/a-self-written-history-of-mandela-park-kwanele-enough-is-genoeg/. 16 August 2011.
138. http://abahlali.org/node/983 March on the Sydenham Police Station: Press Release & Memorandum
139. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/ficksburg-killing-sparks-riot-1.1057117 Ficksburg killing sparks riot
140. http://www.moneyweb.co.za/moneyweb-south-africa/87-arrested-during-protests-in-sasolburg?sn=2009%20Detail 87 Arrested during protests in Sasolburg
141. http://allafrica.com/stories/201109161082.html Protest Sparked By Attempt to Cut Illegal Electricity Connections
142. http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/we-are-being-deprived-1.1109041 ‘We are being deprived’
143. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-09-20-tembisa-protests-and-the-shadow-of-things-to-come Tembisa protests and the shadow of things to come
144. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-03-23-power-to-the-people-still-a-pipe-dream/ Why SA is burning: Power to the people still a pipe dream
145. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-03-20-ratanda-residents-rekindle-heidelberg-protests Ratanda residents rekindle Heidelberg protests
146. http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2012/08/01/dead-kid-sparks-riot Dead kid sparks riot
147. Pithouse, Richard (21 October 2010), "The Enduring Rationality of Revolt", libcom.org.
148. http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global[_id The Witness]=25560 No mercy, no grants, says Mkhize
149. News: Richard. Pithouse. The Thoroughly Democratic Logic of Refusing to Vote . SACSIS . 2 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140222225825/http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/258.1 . 22 February 2014 . dead . .
150. Tabensky, Pedro Alexis (March 2011), The revolt of South Africa’s untouchables, Pambazuka.
151. [Fred Khumalo]
152. De Waal, Mandy (17 October 2012), "The self-limiting politics of the SA people", The Daily Maverick.
153. Daneel Knoetze (17 February 2014), "Enkanini: there’ll be no voting here", Cape Argus,
154. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Phiwokazi-Qoza/publication/343095259_Choreographies_of_Protest_Performance_as_Recruitment_to_Activism/links/5f18271b299bf1720d58ef37/Choreographies-of-Protest-Performance-as-Recruitment-to-Activism.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail Qoza, Phiwokazi (2020)
155. http://www.citypress.co.za/SouthAfrica/News/Tatane-effect-voters-dump-ANC-20110423 Hotspot voters dump ANC
156. http://www.seri-sa.org/index.php/38--news/285-research-report-seri-launches-an-anatomy-of-dissent-and-repression-the-criminal-justice-system-and-the-2011-thembelihle-protest-16-september-2014 An Anatomy of Dissent and Repression: The Criminal Justice System and the 2011 Thembelihle Protest"
157. http://www.citypress.co.za/SouthAfrica/News/Tatanes-death-opens-old-wounds-for-family-20110422 Tatane’s death opens old wounds for family
158. http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/citypress/2005/06/05/C1/2/03.html Charge three senior cops with murder -- ICD
159. http://abahlali.org/node/888 Dissent Can Still Get You Killed
160. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/may2000/saf-m24.shtml Two student protesters killed by police in Durban, South Africa
161. http://www.habitants.org/news/inhabitants_of_africa/south_africa_independent_report_into_political_violence_against_landless_people_s_movement Independent Report into Political Violence Against Landless People's Movement
162. http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article950807.ece/Most-feel-let-down-by-their-municipality Most feel let down by their municipality
163. http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article1019802.ece/SAPS-SABC-under-fire-after-Ficksburg-killing SAPS, SABC under fire after Ficksburg killing
164. http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/columnists/2011/04/19/tatane-s-death-underlines-need-for-government-to-deliver Tatane's Death Underlines Need for Government to Deliver
165. http://www.timeslive.co.za/opinion/columnists/article1035758.ece/Only-police-chiefs-can-end-it Only police chiefs can end it
166. http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=140782 Police violence in Ficksburg is not anything new
167. http://www.anarkismo.net/article/19359 Murdered by the Ruling Classes
168. http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/features/72780 Police brutality and service delivery protests
169. http://democraticleft.za.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=90:we-condemn-the-murder-of-andries-tatane-and-the-securitisation-of-south-african-politics&catid=34:articles&Itemid=59 We condemn the murder of Andries Tatane and the securitisation of South African politics
170. http://mg.co.za/article/2011-04-15-protesters-death-not-an-isolated-case/ Protester's death not an isolated case
171. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/1455 The Road to Marikana: Abuses of Force During Public Order Policing Operations
172. Web site: A collection of articles and statements on police brutality. abahlali.org. 20 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110317004035/http://www.abahlali.org/taxonomy/term/842. 17 March 2011. dead.
173. http://libcom.org/news/flames-phaphamani-21022011 The Flames of Phaphamani
174. http://www.abahlali.org/node/7829 Profile of a town on fire
175. http://str8talkchronicle.com/?p=8526 Worries emerge over freedom of expression in South Africa
176. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-23-activists-decry-talk-of-third-force-at-marikana/ Activists decry talk of 'third force' at Marikana
177. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-30-the-murder-fields-of-marikana-the-cold-murder-fields-of-marikana The murder fields of Marikana. The cold murder fields of Marikana
178. http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=174750 Engage citizens to stem rise in violent protests
179. http://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/a-revolution-s-dreams-betrayed-1.1668254#.UzjvlfmSzY4 A revolution’s dreams betrayed
180. http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2012/06/25/our-councillors-are-vulnerable---anc Our councillors are vulnerable – ANC