According to the California Protected Areas Database (CPAD), in the state of California, United States, there are over 14,000 inventoried protected areas administered by public agencies and non-profits. In addition, there are private conservation areas and other easements.[1] They include almost one-third of California's scenic coastline, including coastal wetlands, estuaries, beaches, and dune systems. The California State Parks system alone has 270 units and covers 1.3 million acres (5,300 km2), with over 280 miles (450 km) of coastline, 625 miles (1,006 km) of lake and river frontage, nearly 18,000 campsites, and 3,000 miles (5,000 km) of hiking, biking, and equestrian trails.
Obtaining an accurate total of all protected land in California and elsewhere is a complex task. Many parcels have inholdings, private lands within the protected areas, which may or may not be accounted for when calculating total area. Also, occasionally one parcel of land is included in two or more inventories. Over 90% of Yosemite National Park for example, is listed both as wilderness by the National Wilderness Preservation System, and as national park land by the National Park Service. The Cosumnes River Preserve is an extreme example, owned and managed by a handful of public agencies and private landowners, including the Bureau of Land Management, the County of Sacramento and The Nature Conservancy. Despite the difficulties, the CPAD gives the total area of protected land at 49294000acres, or 47.05% of the state (not including easements); a considerable amount for the most populous state in the country.
See main article: List of areas in the National Park System of the United States, List of National Parks of the United States and List of National Monuments of the United States. The U.S. National Park System controls a large and diverse group of California parks, monuments, recreation areas and other units which in total exceed 6240000acres.[2] The best known is Yosemite National Park, noted for several iconic natural features including Yosemite Falls, El Capitan and Half Dome, which is displayed on the reverse side of the California state quarter. Other prominent parks are the Kings Canyon-Sequoia National Park complex, Redwood National Park, Channel Islands National Park, Joshua Tree National Park and the largest, Death Valley National Park. The NPS also administers the Manzanar National Historic Site in Inyo County.
See main article: National Landscape Conservation System. The Bureau of Land Management’s National Landscape Conservation System (NLCS) includes over 850 federally recognized areas and in California, manages 15500000acres of public lands, nearly 15% of the state's land area.[3] The National Landscape Conservation System is composed of several types of units: national monuments (distinct from the same-named units within the National Park System), national conservation areas, forest reserves, outstanding natural areas, national scenic and historic trails, wilderness, wilderness study areas, and others.
National monuments(administered by the BLM)
| width=20% | National conservation areas
| width=20% | |||
Forest reserves | width=20% | Outstanding natural areas | width=20% | |||
National scenic and historic trails
| width=20% | Wilderness and wilderness study areasTotal BLM-managed wilderness land in California is 3725230acres.[4] | width=20% |
See main article: United States National Marine Sanctuary. The National Marine Sanctuary System is managed by the Office of Marine Sanctuaries, of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
California has four of the thirteen U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries:
See main article: National Wildlife Refuge.
National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is a designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge System is an extensive system of public lands and waters set aside to conserve America's fish, wildlife and plants. Many of the state's refuges are important stops and destinations for millions of migrating birds along the Pacific Flyway corridor. One, the Butte Sink Wildlife Management Area, has the highest density of waterfowl in the world.[6] There are 38 units in the refuge system in California, including both wildlife refuges and wildlife management areas, divided into 9 different regional areas. Combined the areas equal about 440000acres.
Hopper Mountain NWR Complex | width=20% | San Diego NWR Complex
| width=20% | |||
Humboldt Bay NWR Complex | width=20% | San Francisco Bay NWR Complex | width=20% | |||
Kern NWR Complex | width=20% | San Luis NWR Complex | width=20% | |||
Klamath Basin NWR Complex | width=20% | Sonny Bono Salton Sea NWR Complex | width=20% | |||
Sacramento NWR Complex | width=20% | Other refuges | width=20% |
See main article: List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers.
Rivers designated as Wild and Scenic are administered by one of four federal land management agencies: The Bureau of Land Management, The National Park Service, The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or The U.S. Forest Service.[7] There are 22 rivers in California with portions designated as Wild and Scenic, with 23 designations in all (the American River has two separate designations, one for the North Fork, and one for the Lower section).[8] Listed in miles.
| River | Designated Wild | Designated Scenic | Designated Recreational | Total Protected | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amargosa River | align=right | 7.9 | align=right | 12.1 | align=right | 6.3 | align=right | 26.3 | |
| American River (Lower) | align=right | align=right | align=right | 23 | align=right | 23 | |||
| American River (North Fork) | align=right | 38.3 | align=right | align=right | align=right | 38.3 | |||
| Bautista Creek | align=right | align=right | align=right | 9.8 | align=right | 9.8 | |||
| Big Sur | align=right | 19.5 | align=right | align=right | align=right | 19.5 | |||
| Black Butte River | align=right | 17.5 | align=right | 3.5 | align=right | align=right | 21 | ||
| Cottonwood Creek | align=right | 17.4 | align=right | align=right | 4.1 | align=right | 21.5 | ||
| Eel River | align=right | 97 | align=right | 28 | align=right | 273 | align=right | 398 | |
| Feather River | align=right | 32.9 | align=right | 9.7 | align=right | 35 | align=right | 77.6 | |
| Fuller Mill Creek | align=right | align=right | 2.6 | align=right | 0.9 | align=right | 3.5 | ||
| Kern River | align=right | 123.1 | align=right | 7 | align=right | 20.9 | align=right | 151 | |
| Kings River | align=right | 65.5 | align=right | align=right | 15.5 | align=right | 81 | ||
| Klamath River | align=right | 11.7 | align=right | 23.5 | align=right | 250.8 | align=right | 286 | |
| Merced River | align=right | 71 | align=right | 16 | align=right | 35.5 | align=right | 122.5 | |
| Owens River | align=right | 6.3 | align=right | 6.6 | align=right | 6.2 | align=right | 19.1 | |
| Palm Canyon Creek | align=right | 8.1 | align=right | align=right | align=right | 8.1 | |||
| Piru Creek | align=right | 4.3 | align=right | align=right | 3 | align=right | 7.3 | ||
| San Jacinto River (North Fork) | align=right | 7.2 | align=right | 2.3 | align=right | 0.7 | align=right | 10.2 | |
| Sisquoc River | align=right | 33 | align=right | align=right | align=right | 33 | |||
| Smith River | align=right | 78 | align=right | 31 | align=right | 216.4 | align=right | 325.4 | |
| Trinity River | align=right | 44 | align=right | 39 | align=right | 120 | align=right | 203 | |
| Tuolumne River | align=right | 47 | align=right | 23 | align=right | 13 | align=right | 83 |
See main article: National Wilderness Preservation System.
| There are 149 wilderness areas in California totaling just over 15000000acres.[9] The largest is Death Valley Wilderness at 3055413acres, the largest federally designated wilderness in the continental United States, and the smallest is the Rocks and Islands Wilderness at 19acres. The wilderness areas are managed by the US Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, US Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service. Rarely, if ever, are designated wilderness areas stand alone protected areas, and thus their areas are, in all likelihood, already accounted for in the various agencies' inventories. |
California has 17 U.S. National Forests, one special management unit (Lake Tahoe) and parts of 3 other National Forests. Total combined area of the forests is 20061888acres and covers over 19% of the state. The largest forest entirely within the state is Shasta-Trinity National Forest, at 2209832acres, the smallest is Cleveland National Forest at 460000acres. The Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit is not precisely a national forest in the conventional sense. Instead the Forest Service manages the land with particular attention paid to Lake Tahoe and its relationship with the forests surrounding it, with emphasis on erosion control management and watershed restoration, among other more conventional forest management activities. It is the smallest of the Forest Service units in California, with 191000acres in its jurisdiction split between California and Nevada.
| State Forest | Land area (in acres) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Angeles National Forest | align=right | 655,387 | |
| Cleveland National Forest | align=right | 460,000 | |
| Eldorado National Forest | align=right | 596,724 | |
| Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest | align=right | 6,289,821 | |
| Inyo National Forest | align=right | 1,903,381 | |
| Klamath National Forest | align=right | 1,737,774 | |
| Lassen National Forest | align=right | 1,070,344 | |
| Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit | align=right | 150,000 | |
| Los Padres National Forest | align=right | 1,950,000 | |
| Mendocino National Forest | align=right | 913,306 | |
| Modoc National Forest | align=right | 1,654,392 | |
| Plumas National Forest | align=right | 1,146,000 | |
| San Bernardino National Forest | align=right | 823,816 | |
| Sequoia National Forest | align=right | 1,193,315 | |
| Shasta–Trinity National Forest | align=right | 2,209,832 | |
| Sierra National Forest | align=right | 1,300,000 | |
| Six Rivers National Forest | align=right | 957,590 | |
| Stanislaus National Forest | align=right | 898,099 |
See main article: List of California state forests.
The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) operates eight Demonstration State Forests totaling 71,000 acres. The forests represent the most common forest types in the state. The State Forests grow approximately 75 million board feet of timber annually and harvest an average of 30 million board feet each year, enough to build 3,000 single-family homes. Revenue from these harvests fund the management of the State Forests. In addition, the forests provide research and demonstration opportunities for natural resource management, while providing public recreation opportunities, fish and wildlife habitat, and watershed protection. Activities include: experimental timber harvesting techniques, watershed restoration, mushroom collecting, hunting, firewood gathering, cone collecting for seed, a variety of university research projects, horseback riding, camping, mountain biking, and hiking.[10]
| State Forest | Land area (in acres) | County | City | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boggs Mountain Demonstration State Forest | align=right | 3,493 | Lake | Cobb | |
| Ellen Pickett State Forest | align=right | 160 | Trinity | ||
| Jackson Demonstration State Forest | align=right | 50,195 | Mendocino | Fort Bragg | |
| Las Posadas State Forest | align=right | 796 | Napa | Angwin | |
| LaTour Demonstration State Forest | align=right | 9,003 | Shasta | Redding | |
| Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest | align=right | 4,807 | Tulare | Springville | |
| Mount Zion Demonstration State Forest | align=right | 164 | Amador | ||
| Soquel Demonstration State Forest | align=right | 2,681 | Santa Cruz | Soquel |
See main article: List of California state parks.
| The California Department of Parks and Recreation maintains over 270 protected areas, which include almost one-third of California's scenic coastline, including coastal wetlands, estuaries, beaches, and dune systems. The state parks system covers 1.3 million acres (5,300 km2), with over 280 miles (450 km) of coastline, 625 miles (1,006 km) of lake and river frontage, nearly 18,000 campsites; and 3,000 miles (5,000 km) of hiking, biking, and equestrian trails.[11] The largest is Anza-Borrego State Park at 600000acres, making it one of the largest state parks in the country. The smallest, Watts Towers, owned by the State Park system but managed by the Los Angeles Cultural Affairs Department,[12] is a mere 0.1acres. |
Additionally, 386000acres of Anza-Borrego State Park have been designated as wilderness.[14] |
See main article: List of California Department of Fish and Wildlife protected areas.
| The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (DFW), through its seven regional divisions,[15] manages more than 700 protected areas statewide, totaling 1177180acres.[16] They are broadly categorized as: |
See main article: Urban park.
| Most cities and counties in California, as in elsewhere, own and operate open spaces of various types, the most recognizable being the city and county park. By far the largest inventory of protected land held by a municipal agency belongs to the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, with just over 400000acres in its jurisdiction.[19] The largest city park in the state is Mission Trails Regional Park in San Diego at 5800acres, although there are several county and regional parks that are larger. Total land owned by municipal agencies is roughly 1500000acres acres. |
See also: List of parks in Los Angeles County, California, List of parks in Los Angeles, List of parks in San Francisco, List of parks in San Diego and List of parks in Oakland, California.
| In addition to the many public lands are about 550000acres of privately owned preserves. The Wildlands Conservancy is the largest owner of protected lands with 180686acres. The Nature Conservancy has been involved in over 100 projects in the state since 1958.[20] Many are eventually transferred to public agencies, but the Conservancy still owns and maintains several substantial preserves, including the Gray Davis/Dye Creek Preserve, Vina Plains Preserve, McCloud River Preserve, Cosumnes River Preserve, Santa Cruz Island, Irvine Ranch Wildlands and the Santa Rosa Plateau Ecological Reserve. The largest private preserve is the 93000acres Wind Wolves Preserve owned by the aforementioned Wildlands Conservancy.[21] In total, there are many dozens of land trust and conservation organizations active in California, with thousands of acres preserved on public and private lands through their efforts.[22] A few that operate entirely or substantially in the state are the Peninsula Open Space Trust, the Northern Sierra Partnership, the Sempervirens Fund, the Sacramento Valley Conservancy and the Wilderness Land Trust. |
The 20 largest landholders, according to the CPAD 2018a Statistics Report:
| Agency | Total lands owned (in acres)* | |
| U.S. Forest Service U.S. Bureau of Land Management U.S. National Park Service California Department of Parks and Recreation California Department of Fish and Wildlife California State Lands Commission City of Los Angeles - Dept. of Water and Power U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Bureau of Reclamation The Wildlands Conservancy The Nature Conservancy Imperial Irrigation District East Bay Regional Park District California Department of Water Resources The Conservation Fund - California California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection City of San Diego U.S. Army Corps of Engineers City and County of San Francisco Public Utilities Commission County of Orange | 20,758,417 14,991,556 7,600,268 1,391,104 676,763 575,354 400,019 323,487 243,675 145,936 136,553 103,369 102,186 88,953 74,372 72,645 68,986 68,725 62,520 59,197 | |
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