Bureau of Prohibition explained

Badge:File:Bureau of Prohibition Agent Badge.jpg
Flag:File:Bureau of Prohibition Special Agent Badge.jpg
Formed:January 6, 1920
Preceding1:Agency established
Legalpersonality:Government agency
Country:United States
Legaljuris:opsjuris
Headquarters:Washington, D.C.
Sworntype:Federal agent

The Bureau of Prohibition (or Prohibition Unit) was the United States federal law enforcement agency with the responsibility of investigating the possession, distribution, consumption, and trafficking of alcohol and alcoholic beverages in the United States of America during the Prohibition era.[1] The enumerated enforcement powers of this organization were vested in the Volstead Act. Federal Prohibition Agents of the Bureau were commonly referred to by members of the public and the press of the day as "Prohis," or "Dry Agents."[2] In the sparsely populated areas of the American west, agents were sometimes called "Prohibition Cowboys." At its peak, the Bureau employed 2,300 dry agents.[3]

History

Volstead Act and formation in the Department of the Treasury

Prohibition Unit

The Prohibition Unit was formed to enforce the National Prohibition Act of 1919 (Volstead Act) which enforced the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution regarding the prohibition of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. When it was first established in 1920, it was a unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. [4] The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Daniel C. Roper, strenuously objected to absorbing the responsibilities of managing a prohibition organization, as he believed they were beyond the scope and mandate of his Bureau.

Initially, there were 960 dry agents in the Prohibition Unit.

In the summer of 1925, the 48 state enforcement districts were abolished and replaced with 22 federal prohibition districts, closely aligned with the Federal Judicial districts.[5]

Elevation to Bureau status

On April 1, 1927, the organization was elevated from Unit status to Bureau status, changing its name from the Prohibition Unit to the Bureau of Prohibition.[6]

Transfer to the Department of Justice

On July 1, 1930, the Prohibition Bureau was transferred from the Treasury Department to the Department of Justice (DOJ).[7] [8]

Mission

The Bureau of Prohibition's main function was to stop the sale and consumption of alcohol. Agents would be tasked with eliminating illegal bootlegging rings, and became notorious in cities like New York and Chicago for raiding popular nightclubs.[9]

Agents were often paid low wages, and the Bureau was notorious for allowing many uncertified people to become agents.[10] Doing so strengthened the bureau, as they were able to hire agents in greater numbers.

In 1929, the Increased Penalties Act (Jones Law) increased penalties for violations previously set in the Volstead Act.[11] First time offenders were now expected to serve a maximum of five years and a $10,000 fine as opposed to the previous six months and $1,000 fine. This strengthened animosity toward Prohibition agents, as many of them (such as Major Maurice Campbell, Prohibition administrator of New York City), were already hated for their raids on popular clubs frequented by New York City's elite.

Transfer to the Federal Bureau of Investigation

Early in 1933, with the repeal of Prohibition imminent, as part of the Omnibus Crime Bill, the Bureau was briefly absorbed into the Bureau of Investigation (BOI). The Prohibition Bureau was demoted from Bureau status to Unit status and became the FBI's Alcohol Beverage Unit (ABU). Though part of the FBI on paper, J. Edgar Hoover, who wanted to avoid liquor enforcement and the taint of corruption that was attached to it, continued to operate it as a separate, autonomous agency in practice.[12]

Repeal of Prohibition and dissolution

In December 1933, once repeal became a reality and the only federal laws regarding alcoholic beverages were limited their taxation, the ABU was removed from the FBI and the DOJ and returned to Treasury, where it became the Alcohol Tax Unit, ultimately evolving into the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF).[13]

Leadership and organization

Directors of Prohibition, Internal Revenue

Commissioners

  1. Assistant Commissioner of Prohibition Unit Roy Asa Haynes, assumed office January 6, 1920[14]
  2. Acting Prohibition Commissioner Roy Asa Haynes, left office May 1927
  3. Prohibition Commissioner James M. Doran, assumed office May 1927[15]
  4. Prohibition Commissioner Henry W. Anderson[16]

District headquarters offices[17]

Offices not seen above:

Narcotics Division

With the establishment of the Prohibition Unit in 1919, leadership established a Narcotics Division with the enumerated powers to investigate all violations of the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act.[18] Narcotics Agents in these early days primarily were responsible for investigating medical licenses for the distribution of narcotics, but their duties evolved over the course of the decade. Narcotics Agents overall secured more convictions to federal prison for Harrison Act violations than their Dry Agent counterparts did for Volstead Act violations.

In the single fiscal year of 1920, more than half a million dollars were budgeted for narcotics enforcement.

Deputy Commissioner for Narcotics

Levi Nutt developed the Narcotics Division, and was appointed the position of Assistant Commissioner for Narcotics.[19] His position would absorb the dual capacity as Secretary of the Federal Narcotics Control Board with its establishment in 1922.[20] He was a registered pharmacist, who had worked with Treasury since 1900. He led the Division to arrest of tens of thousands of drug addicts and dealers in the 1920s.

Rothstein Scandal

Nutt's biological son Rolland Nutt and son-in-law L. P. Mattingly were attorneys for racketeer and gangster Arnold Rothstein in tax matters.[21] After an investigation into the relationship in 1929, a grand jury found no criminal impairment of Narcotics Division activities, but Nutt lost his position as chief of the Narcotics Division.

Anslinger

Harry J. Anslinger assumed his duties as the Assistant Commissioner for Narcotics.[22] In 1930, the Narcotics Division would be merged into the newly established Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) under the leadership of Anslinger, the first United States Commissioner of Narcotics. Anslinger remained the Commissioner of Narcotics until his retirement in 1965. The FBN is considered a predecessor to the Drug Enforcement Administration.

Narcotics Field Divisions[23]

The Narcotics Division consisted of 170 Narcotic Agents based out of 15 Field Divisions;

Industrial Alcohol and Chemical Division

In 1925, the Industrial Alcohol and Chemical Division was headed by James M. Doran.[24]

Audit Division

In 1925, the Audit Division was headed by J.M. Young.

Famous agents

The Untouchables

The most famous dry agent of the bureau was undoubtedly the "Untouchable" Eliot Ness. The group of agents that Ness oversaw, "The Untouchables," were by far the most famous group of prohibition agents. Ness was overseen by the northwest district administrator, Malachi Harney, based out of the Chicago Prohibition Office.[25] Their fame resulted from their investigation to capture and arrest the infamous Chicago gangster Al Capone. They earned their nickname after members of the Chicago Outfit repeatedly failed to bribe or intimidate them, proving they were not as easily corrupted as other prohibition agents. Through their efforts, Capone was indicted on 5000 separate counts of conspiracy to violate the National Prohibition Act, though it was ultimately decided not to bring these charges to trial, but rather to concentrate on income tax violations. Nevertheless, the Untouchables gained national acclaim, in particular, Eliot Ness, who ran the group.[26]

Georgia Hopley

The first female prohibition agent was Georgia Hopley.[27] In early 1922, Hopley was sworn in as a general agent, serving under Federal Prohibition Commissioner Roy A. Haynes. Her appointment made news around the country.[28] Her hiring encouraged local law enforcement agencies to hire more women to investigate women bootleggers.[29]

Frank Hamer

Frank Hamer was an American lawman and Texas Ranger who led the 1934 posse that tracked down and killed criminals Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow. His service in the Bureau of Prohibition was brief but eventful while stationed in El Paso, the scene of countless gunfights during the Prohibition era. He participated in numerous raids and shootouts, and he was involved in a gun battle with smugglers on March 21 which resulted in the death of Prohibition Agent Ernest W. Walker.[30] Hamer transferred to Austin in 1921, where he served as Senior Ranger Captain.

Tom Threepersons

Tom Threepersons was an American lawman, who claimed to be the son of a Cherokee chief. He is considered to have been one of the last of gunfighters of the Old West. He invented the "Tom Threepersons holster."[31] In 1916, he joined the U.S. Army, and served under General Jack Pershing in pursuit of Pancho Villa in Mexico. He was later assigned to Fort Bliss on the Texas–New Mexico state line. On June 10, 1922, Threepersons was appointed as a Prohibition Agent for El Paso, where he worked for 90 days.[32]

Two-Gun Hart

Ironically, while Chicago gangster Al Capone was one of the biggest targets of investigation for the dry agents of the Chicago prohibition office and their Untouchables, Capone's eldest biological brother was himself a dry agent, or "prohibition cowboy." Richard James "Two-Gun" Hart, born James Vincenzo Capone, had lost communication with his family at age 16 after fleeing New York City following a gang brawl.[33] Hart kept his familial relationship a secret from most of his coworkers.

Izzy and Moe

The two-agent team of Isidor "Izzy" Einstein and Moe Smith, working out of the New York City office, compiled the best arrest record in the history of the agency.[34] Izzy and Moe, as they would later be called, had 4,932 arrests while confiscating over five million bottles of alcohol. The duo would disguise themselves as street vendors, fishermen and many other undercover roles.[35] Both investigators were also able to speak multiple languages, and this skill was also helpful when they were working undercover. In late 1925, Izzy and Moe were laid off in a reorganization of the bureau of enforcement.[36] A report in Time magazine suggested they had attracted more publicity than wanted by the new political appointee heading the bureau, although the press and public loved the team.

Other famous lawmen who, at some point, carried a Prohi badge include James L. "Lone Wolf" Asher,[37] Chicagoan Pat Roche,[38] and Hannah Brigham.[39]

Corruption and public opinion

Despite their mandate to stop consumption of alcohol, many prohibition agents reportedly accepted bribes in exchange for ignoring illegal trade in liquor, which has been ascribed, in part, to their relatively low wages. It was rumored that many agents imbibed the alcohol which they were responsible for confiscating.[40] The public perception of Bureau agents was not favorable. Some prohibition agents became notorious for killing innocent civilians and harassing minor bootleggers, while ignoring gangsters and their rich customers.

In popular culture

Fallen Officers

The first Prohibition Agent to lose his life in the line of duty was Charles Wood, fatally shot in the back in El Paso, Texas.

Prohibition Unit, Bureau of Internal Revenue, Department of the Treasury[41]

PosititionNameDateCause of Death
Prohibition AgentWilliam Daniel DorseyJune 13, 1920Gunfire
Prohibition AgentFrank MatuskowitzJune 30, 1920Train accident
Prohibition AgentStanton E. WeissAugust 28, 1920Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJames Holland RoseOctober 25, 1920Gunfire
Prohibition AgentKirby FransNovember 20, 1920Gunfire
Warehouse AgentWiliam B. AndersonDecember 2, 1920Gunfire
Prohibition AgentRichard D. GriffinDecember 6, 1920Gunfire
Prohibition AgentRichard W. JacksonDecember 16, 1920Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJames Francis McGuinessDecember 24, 1920Gunfire
Prohibition AgentErnest Walter WalkerMarch 5, 1921Gunfire
Prohibition AgentStafford E. BeckettMarch 21, 1921Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJacob F. GreenApril 1, 1921Gunfire
Prohibition AgentIrby U. ScruggsApril 30, 1921Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJohn WatsonMay 2, 1921Gunfire
Prohibition AgentCharles Edward HowellJuly 17, 1921Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJohn Harvey ReynoldsAugust 26, 1921Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJohn T. FoleyOctober 26, 1921Gunfire (Inadvertent)
Prohibition AgentJesse R. JohnsonNovember 21, 1921Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJohn O'TooleFebruary 17, 1922Assault
Prohibition AgentJoseph William "Joe"May 17, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentCharles O. SternerJune 25, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentHowell J. LynchJuly 6, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentHoward Henry FisherJuly 22, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentCary Dorsey FreemanJuly 22, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentErnest George WigginsAugust 6, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentGrover C. ToddSeptember 3, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentGlenn Henry PriceSeptember 3, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJoseph OwenSeptember 6, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJohn Van WatersOctober 4, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentRobert E. Duff, Sr.December 9, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentElmer Guy ColeDecember 15, 1922Gunfire
Prohibition AgentAtha "Nick" CarterDecember 24, 1922Gunfire
Storekeeper-GaugerBurdette M. HuffakerJanuary 12, 1923Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJesse Leroy YoumansApril 3, 1923Gunfire
Warehouse AgentRobert G. AndersonApril 16, 1923Gunfire
Prohibition AgentGeorge H. StewartNovember 11, 1923Gunfire
Prohibition AgentWilliam B. SaylorFebruary 24, 1924Gunfire
Prohibition AgentBert R. McMichaelMay 23, 1924Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentHoratio J. StetsonJune 29, 1924Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentDaniel S. ClevelandJuly 10, 1924Gunfire
Prohibition AgentTheodore Harrison ChunnNovember 19, 1924Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentWilliam Paul SpigenerDecember 9, 1924Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentMalcolm Malachi DayFebruary 14, 1925Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJames Edmund BowdoinFebruary 16, 1925Gunfire
Prohibition AgentWilliam Edwin CollinsMarch 6, 1925Gunfire
Prohibition AgentHarold Vincent MooringApril 1, 1925Gunfire
Prohibition AgentClyde L. TaylorMay 11, 1925Heart attack
Prohibition AgentWilliam Frank PorterJune 20, 1925Gunfire (Inadvertent)
Prohibition AgentJohn M. MulcahySeptember 3, 1925Gunfire
Prohibition AgentMurdock E. MurrayOctober 20, 1925Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentDallas Adelbert RobertsJanuary 20, 1926Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentRemus W. BucknerMay 12, 1926Gunfire
Prohibition AgentThomas Bright LankfordMay 26, 1926Gunfire
Prohibition AgentVaughn Eccles GrantJune 1, 1926Gunfire
Prohibition AgentGeorge Hamilton WentworthNovember 24, 1926Gunfire
Prohibition AgentJacob P. BrandtDecember 9, 1926Gunfire
Prohibition AgentWalter Chapman MobrayDecember 9, 1926Gunfire
Prohibition AgentHorace ThorwaldsonDecember 19, 1926Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentGeorge W. DykemanJanuary 14, 1927Gunfire (Inadvertent)

Bureau of Prohibition, Department of the Treasury[42]

PosititionNameDateCause of Death
Prohibition AgentCharles BintliffMay 13, 1927Gunfire
Prohibition AgentCharles C. RouseJune 12, 1927Gunfire
Prohibition AgentWilliam Thomas LewisJuly 15, 1927Gunfire
Prohibition AgentMajor A. HartJuly 16, 1927Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentGeorge Nantz, JrJuly 20, 1927Gunfire
Prohibition AgentHunter Rizer StotlerJuly 26, 1927Gunfire
Prohibition AgentThomas J. CorridanNovember 14, 1927Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentWesley Allen FraserJanuary 2, 1928Gunfire
Prohibition AgentWalter Red TolbertFebruary 22, 1928Gunfire
Prohibition AgentOscar C. HansonMarch 28, 1928Struck by train
Prohibition AgentJoseph Allen PurvisMarch 30, 1928Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentJames C. CapenMay 10, 1928Gunfire
Prohibition AgentWarren C. FrahmJune 18, 1928Vehicle pursuit
Prohibition AgentIrving WashburnJuly 13, 1928Gunfire
Prohibition AgentLudwig P. JohnsenJuly 28, 1928Gunfire (Inadvertent)
Prohibition AgentJohn NicolaOctober 4, 1928Vehicle pursuit
Storekeeper-GaugerFrancis Joseph SearsOctober 28, 1928Explosion
Prohibition AgentPatrick Cleburne SharpDecember 5, 1928Exposure to toxins
Prohibition AgentCharles F. AlexanderJanuary 2, 1929Heart attack
Prohibition AgentDano M. JackleyMay 14, 1929Vehicle pursuit
Prohibition AgentLawrence A. MommerJune 27, 1929Vehicle pursuit
Prohibition AgentGeorge A. DrozJuly 12, 1929Accidental
Prohibition AgentCharles Foster Cooley, JrJuly 30, 1929Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentRichard J. SandlandsAugust 2, 1929Assault
Prohibition AgentArthur Alvin ZimmermanAugust 11, 1929Struck by vehicle
Prohibition AgentCharles F. StevensSeptember 25, 1929Gunfire
Prohibition AgentCarl Louis RehmOctober 16, 1929Automobile crash
Prohibition AgentOtto P. ButlerDecember 10, 1929Gunfire
Prohibition AgentLouis McClymonds Davies, JrJanuary 14, 1930Gunfire
Prohibition AgentRobert Knox MoncureJanuary 18, 1930Gunfire
Prohibition AgentFranklin R. PattersonJanuary 18, 1930Gunfire
Prohibition AgentRobert D. FreemanFebruary 8, 1930Gunfire
Prohibition AgentLamar Watson YorkApril 12, 1930Gunfire
Prohibition AgentAlbert Lewis BrownJune 9, 1930Gunfire
Prohibition AgentPosie Lester FlinchumJune 17, 1930Gunfire
Prohibition AgentRoy Walter ShaferJune 30, 1930Automobile crash

Bureau of Prohibition, Department of Justice[43]

PosititionNameDateCause of Death
Special AgentDale F. KearneyJuly 6, 1930Gunfire
Special AgentZaccheus Raymond SuttonAugust 28, 1930Gunfire
Special AgentJohn G. FinielloSeptember 19, 1930Gunfire
Special AgentMack Carroll ParsonsSeptember 20, 1930Vehicle pursuit
Special AgentAsa HawkinsDecember 20, 1930Gunfire
Special AgentHolmer L. EverettMay 2, 1931Gunfire
Special AgentCurtis C. BurksJuly 22, 1931Gunfire
Special AgentJohn Irwin WilsonJuly 22, 1931Gunfire
Special AgentWalter M. GilbertJuly 22, 1931Gunfire
Special AgentRaymond L. EzzellJuly 27, 1931Gunfire
Special AgentWalter T. CrevistonJuly 30, 1931Heatstroke
Special AgentGeorge V. TrabingAugust 19, 1931Gunfire (Inadvertent)
Special AgentLindsly P. BulnesJanuary 23, 1932Automobile crash
Special AgentRobert Mansfield BuckFebruary 1, 1932Gunfire
Special AgentEugene Joseph PearceFebruary 9, 1932Gunfire (Inadvertent)
Prohibition AgentHenry Harrison JacksonApril 17, 1932Gunfire
Special AgentJack Elmer KenfordJune 14, 1932Explosion
Special AgentEugene JacksonJuly 31, 1932Gunfire
Special AgentJames G. HarneySeptember 23, 1932Gunfire
Special AgentBallard White TurnerSeptember 29, 1932Gunfire
Prohibition AgentBrooke OurslerOctober 12, 1932Gunfire
Special AgentErnest B. VlasichOctober 14, 1932Gunfire
Special AgentFrank Allen MatherOctober 15, 1932Gunfire (Inadvertent)
Special AgentChester Arthur MasonNovember 12, 1932Gunfire
Special AgentWilliam Theodore "Teddie" BaldingNovember 16, 1932Automobile crash
Special AgentArthur James SandersonDecember 29, 1932Automobile crash
Special AgentLevi Gladstone TrexlerMarch 31, 1933Vehicle pursuit
Special AgentWilliam Smith GrubbMarch 31, 1933Vehicular assault
Special AgentLeonard Agnew WeltyApril 13, 1933Fall
Special AgentLeroy Richard WoodApril 16, 1933Gunfire
Special AgentHarry Hampton ElliottJune 22, 1933Gunfire
Special AgentPaul Albro ReadJuly 21, 1933Gunfire
Special AgentHerman Sutton BarbreyJanuary 5, 1934Gunfire
Special AgentParker Hittinger HallFebruary 3, 1934Automobile crash
Special AgentHerbert R. JohnsonMay 21, 1934Fall

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: How was Prohibition enforced? Britannica . 2024-08-18 . www.britannica.com . en.
  2. Web site: 18th Amendment 1919 (National Prohibition Act) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives . 2024-08-15 . www.atf.gov.
  3. Web site: January 1, 2020 . The Early Years . Drug Enforcement Administration.
  4. Web site: TIME . 1924-12-08 . PROHIBITION: The Unit . 2024-08-18 . TIME . en.
  5. Web site: Prohibition Reorganization Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives . 2024-08-19 . www.atf.gov.
  6. Web site: Treasury Department Reorganization Plan of 1927 - P.L. 69-751 . 44 Stat. 1381 ~ House Bill 10729 . March 3, 1927 . Legis★Works . January 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151121024853/http://legisworks.org/congress/69/publaw-751.pdf . November 21, 2015 . dead .
  7. Web site: Prohibition Reorganization Act of 1930 - P.L. 71-273 . 46 Stat. 427 ~ House Bill 85741 . May 27, 1930 . Legis★Works . January 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151120230726/http://legisworks.org/congress/71/publaw-273.pdf . November 20, 2015 . dead .
  8. Web site: Herbert Hoover: "The President's News Conference," May 27, 1930 . Peters, Gerhard . Woolley, John T . University of California - Santa Barbara . The American Presidency Project . January 22, 2018 . January 23, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072459/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=22208 . dead .
  9. Web site: The Masters of Disguise: Prohibition agents “Izzy” Einstein and Moe Smith . 2024-08-18 . Prohibition: An Interactive History . en-US.
  10. Book: Lerner, Michael A . Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City . Harvard University Press . 2008 . 978-0674030572 . Cambridge, Massachusetts . 1–351.
  11. Web site: Jones Act . 2024-08-18 . LII / Legal Information Institute . en.
  12. Web site: The Bureau and the Great Experiment .
  13. Web site: Prohibition Reorganization Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives . 2024-08-18 . www.atf.gov.
  14. News: 1940-10-21 . ROY HAYNES DIES; AIDE OF HARDING, 58; Prohibition Commissioner Was Appointed in 1921 and Also Served Under Coolidge EDITOR FROM 1900 TO 1920 On the Staff of The Hillsboro Dispatch-Was Active in Banking and Insurance . 2024-08-19 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  15. Web site: TIME . 1927-09-19 . PROHIBITION: New Sponge . 2024-08-19 . TIME . en.
  16. Web site: Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure . 2024-08-19 . www.cato.org.
  17. Book: Laurence F. Schmeckebier . The Bureau Of Prohibition Its History, Activities And Organization . 1929.
  18. Web site: February 10, 2022 . Opium Order Form . August 18, 2024 . DEA Museum.
  19. Book: Pietrusza, David . Rothstein: The Life, Times, and Murder of the Criminal Genius Who Fixed the 1919 World Series . Carroll & Graf . 2003 . New York.
  20. Book: Laurence F. Schmeckebier . The Bureau Of Prohibition Its History, Activities And Organization . 1929 . 136-137.
  21. Book: Mabry, Donald J. . The Latin American Narcotics Trade and U.S. National Security . Greenwood Press . 1989.
  22. Web site: January 1, 2020 . The Roaring Twenties . DEA Museum.
  23. Book: Laurence F. Schmeckebier . The Bureau Of Prohibition Its History, Activities And Organization . 1929 . 171-172.
  24. Book: United States. Official Register of the United States 1925 . 1925 . Superintendent of Government Documents . Internet Archive . 18 . English.
  25. Book: Valentine, Douglas . The Strength of the Wolf, The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs . 22.
  26. Book: Collins . Max Allan . Scarface and the Untouchable: Al Capone, Eliot Ness, and the Battle for Chicago . Schwartz . A. Brad . 2018 . William Morrow . 978-0-06-244194-2 . 1st . New York.
  27. Web site: Prohibition Agent Georgia Hopley Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives . www.atf.gov . en.
  28. e.g. Albuquerque Morning Journal (Albuquerque, New Mexico), February 16, 1922; The Lake County Times (Hammond, Indiana), February 27, 1922, The Capital Journal (Salem, Oregon), February 2, 1922
  29. Book: Minnick, Fred . Whiskey Women: The Untold Story of how Women Saved Bourbon, Scotch, and Irish Whiskey . . 2013 . 978-1-61234-565-9 . 32–33.
  30. Dolan, Samuel K. Cowboys and Gangsters: Stories of an Untamed Southwest (TwoDot Books, 2016)
  31. Web site: Arganbright . Bob . Handgun Leather . December 25, 2016 . americanhandgunner.com . American Handgunner.
  32. Web site: Tom Threepersons Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives . 2024-08-18 . www.atf.gov.
  33. Web site: Lauterborn . David . 2011-12-01 . ‘Two-Gun’ Hart: The Prohibition Cowboy . 2024-08-18 . HistoryNet . en-US.
  34. http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/izzy_moe/izzy_moe.html Jenis, Albert. "Izzy and Moe"
  35. Book: Asbury, Herbert . Players . 2002 . Thunder's Mouth Press . 9781560253808 . Hyde . Stephen . New York . The Merry Antics of Izzy and Moe . Zanetti . Geno.
  36. November 23, 1925 . "PROHIBITION: Izzy and Moe" . dead . Time . https://web.archive.org/web/20080508200914/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,928717,00.html#ixzz1JF576LbS . May 8, 2008 . 2011-04-11.
  37. News: 1925-10-27 . Lone Wolf [Agent James L. Asher] Praised Enforcement Hero ]. 2024-08-18 . The Buffalo News . 16.
  38. News: 1929-08-27 . Roche Predicts New Clashes in Beer Gang War :reference 27 . 2024-08-18 . Chicago Tribune . 13.
  39. Web site: Prohibition Agent Hannah Brigham Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives . 2024-08-18 . www.atf.gov.
  40. Web site: Unintended Consequences . 2024-08-18 . Prohibition Ken Burns PBS . en.
  41. Web site: United States Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service - Prohibition Unit, US . 2024-08-19 . The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  42. Web site: United States Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service - Bureau of Prohibition, US . 2024-08-17 . The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
  43. Web site: United States Department of Justice - Bureau of Prohibition, US . 2024-08-17 . The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).