Northern Nigeria Protectorate Explained

See also: Northern Region, Nigeria.

Conventional Long Name:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
Common Name:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
Status:Protectorate
Empire:British Empire
Government Type:Constitutional monarchy
Year Start:1900
Year End:1914
Date Start:1 January
Date End:1 January
P1:Sokoto Caliphate
Flag P1:Flag of the Sokoto Caliphate.svg
P2:Bornu Empire
Flag P2:Bornu flag.tif
S1:Nigeria Protectorate
Flag S1:Flag of Nigeria (1914–1952).svg
Flag Type:Ensign
Image Map Caption:Northern Nigeria (red)
British possessions in Africa (pink)
1913
Capital:Zungeru
National Anthem:God Save the King
Common Languages:English (official)
Hausa, Arabic, Yoruba, Fula, Kanuri widely spoken
Religion:Islam, Christianity, Yoruba religion, African traditional religion
Currency:Pound sterling (1900–13)
British West African pound (1913–14)
Leader1:Victoria
Year Leader1:1900–1901
Leader2:Edward VII
Year Leader2:1901-1910
Leader3:George V
Year Leader3:1910–1914
Title Leader:Monarch
Representative1:Sir Frederick Lugard
Year Representative1:1900–1906
Representative2:Sir Percy Girouard
Year Representative2:1907–1909
Representative3:Sir Henry Hesketh Bell
Year Representative3:1909–1911
Representative4:Charles Lindsay Temple acting
Year Representative4:1911-1912
Representative5:Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard
Year Representative5:1912–1914
Title Representative:High Commissioner/Governor

Northern Nigeria (Hausa: Arewacin Najeriya) was a British protectorate which lasted from 1900 until 1914, and covered the northern part of what is now Nigeria.

The protectorate spanned 255000mi2 and included the emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate and parts of the former Bornu Empire, conquered in 1902. The first High Commissioner of the protectorate was Frederick Lugard, who suppressed slavery and tribal raiding and created a system of administration built around native authorities.

The Protectorate was ended on 1 January 1914, when its area was unified with the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Lagos Colony, becoming the Northern Province of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.

Foundation

The Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885 provided the area that would become the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to the British. The Royal Niger Company was formed in 1886 with George Taubman Goldie as the vice governor. The Company moved in-land and negotiated trade agreements and political agreements, sometimes coercive, with several local chieftains. In 1897, Frederick Lugard was the appointed head of the West African Frontier Force which was tasked with stopping Fulani resistance and possible French incursions in the northwest area.[1]

On 1 January 1900, the Royal Niger Company's charter was revoked and the British government took control, in a ceremony where Lugard read the proclamation.[2] The Royal Niger Company was paid £865,000 and was given the rights to half of all mining revenue in a large part of the areas for 99 years in exchange for ceding the territory to the British government. Lord Lugard was appointed the High Commissioner of the newly created Northern Nigeria Protectorate. Lokoja was the capital from 1900, but Zungeru became the headquarters for the protectorate in 1902 because it was the most northerly city accessible by river transport.

Military campaign

Military operations began in 1902 and continued for about five years of sporadic fighting. The remnants of the Bornu Empire were conquered in 1902 and the Sokoto Caliphate and was defeated in the Battle of Kano. Fighting continued in 1904 in Bassa. In 1906, a Mahdist rebellion broke out outside the city of Sokoto in the village of Satiru. Elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force were dispatched to suppress the rebellion; upon hearing news of what had transpired, Muhammadu Attahiru II dispatched a mixed force of 300 Sokoto cavalry and infantry led by Mallam Isa to join them. The combined force successfully suppressed the rebellion, which marked the last major instance of armed resistance to British rule in the region.[3] After 1907 there were fewer revolts and use of military force by the British and the focus of the High Commissioner turned toward taxation and administration.

Administration

The British Administration began with Frederick Lugard as the first High Commissioner. In 1907, Lugard left Nigeria for Hong Kong and Percy Girouard became the new High Commissioner. Girouard had a long history of rail construction in Canada and Africa and was tasked with substantial railroad construction in the Protectorate. In 1909, Henry Hesketh Bell, the governor of the Uganda Protectorate was appointed high commissioner. In 1912, it was estimated that the area of Northern Nigeria was approximately 255000mi2 and had a population of about 10 million people. Charles Lindsay Temple became the acting Head Commissioner in 1911 and 1912 and began overseeing, with close collaboration with Lugard, the creation of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.

One defining characteristic of administration in Northern Nigeria Protectorate was the inclusion of chiefs and emirsincluding the emir of Bornuas "native authorities" fitting into British administration[4] (cf. the similar practice with chiefs, rajas, and maharajas in British India). Taxation proved very difficult in the protectorate for the first years of British rule. Lugard's attempts to institute poll taxes were foiled by the Emirates, the need to introduce coin controversy and attempts to tax trade were opposed by powerful merchants. This created a substantial deficit in the budget of the Protectorate and public works projects had to be paid by grants from the British Empire. As a result, the British often had significant shortages of British personnel before 1907. These pragmatic concerns resulted in incorporation of the traditional authorities within the British structure.

These same financial and administrative challenges resulted in discussions led by Lugard for the unification of the Lagos Colony, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, and Northern Nigeria. The disparities between the protectorates was to be corrected by creating a central administration in Lagos, with custom revenues from the south paying for the projects in the north. The unified Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria began in 1914 and had two lieutenant governors with one responsible for the area of the southern province and another responsible for the northern province. The administration in the north remained largely separate and included and deepened the use of native authorities. These divisions have been found to persist in many respects to this day.[5]

See also

External links

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Notes and References

  1. Temple. Charles Lindsay . Charles Lindsay Temple . Northern Nigeria. The Geographical Journal. 1912. 40. 2. 149–163. 10.2307/1778461. 1778461 . 1912GeogJ..40..149T .
  2. The Transfer of Nigeria to the Crown. 8 February 1900 . 7 . 36060.
  3. Book: Falola, Toyin . Historical Dictionary of Nigeria . registration . 2009 . Scarecrow Press . Lanham, Md. 46.
  4. Newbury. Colin. Accounting for Power in Northern Nigeria. The Journal of African History. 2004. 45. 2. 257–277. 10.1017/s0021853704009466.
  5. Web site: State and local governance in Nigeria. Barkan. Barkan. World Bank. 3 November 2016.