Proborhyaena Explained

Proborhyaena is an extinct genus of proborhyaenid sparassodont that lived during the Oligocene of what is now South America. It is considered to be the largest of the sparassodonts.

Description

Proborhyaena was very large in size, with the skull alone reaching up to 60cm (20inches),^[1] and the whole animal may have been as large as a present-day spectacled bear.^[2] Sorkin (2008) speculated that that Proborhyaena gigantea may have weighed up to,^[3] but subsequent studies consider this an overestimate and argue that it would have weighed up to 90-.^{[4] [2] [5]}

Proborhyaena was a massive animal, with a robust and powerful body. Its skull was equipped with a short, high snout, and its caniniform teeth were saber-shaped, although not as developed as those of the later Thylacosmilus. The canines, in contrast to those of Thylacosmilus which had an "almond-shaped" section and a sharp margin, were ovoid in cross-section and thus must have been much more robust. Like the thylacosmilids, Proborhyaena possessed only one pair of lower incisors.^[6]

Classification

Proborhyaena was first described by Florentino Ameghino in 1897, based on fossils found in Patagonia in deposits dating to the Late Oligocene (Deseadan). Subsequently, more fossils ascribed to this species were found from the Salla Formation of Bolivia,^[7] and the Fray Bentos Formation of Uruguay,^[8] which suggests a wide distribution and success of this sparassodont.^[9] In addition, fossils assigned to Proborhyaena have been found in the Agua de la Piedra Formation of Mendoza Province, Argentina.^[10]

Proborhyaena is the eponymous genus of the family Proborhyaenidae, also including smaller forms such as Callistoe and Arminiheringia these animals belonged to the sparassodonts, a group of metatherian mammals akin to marsupials that in South America occupied the ecological niches typical of other carnivorous mammal groups on other continents. Proborhyaena may be the largest carnivorous metatherians that ever lived.

Paleobiology

This animal must have been a fearsome marauder that certainly did not chase prey for long; it probably fed on large, slow-moving prey, such as Pyrotherium. Both Proborhyaena and numerous large ungulates became extinct during the Oligocene, and it is likely that this predator-prey ratio was influenced by climate change.^[11]

Notes and References

1. Shockey, B. J.. 1999. Postcranial osteology and functional morphology of the Litopterna of Salla, Bolivia (Late Oligocene). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19. 2. 383–390. 10.1080/02724634.1999.10011149. 1999JVPal..19..383S .
2. Book: Prevosti. Francisco J.. Forasiepi. Analía M.. 2018. South American Endemic Mammalian Predators (Order Sparassodonta). Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies. 67. Springer Geology. 10.1007/978-3-319-03701-1. 2018esam.book.....P . 978-3-319-03700-4 . 134939823 .
3. 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x. A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators. Lethaia. 41. 4. 333–347. 2008. Sorkin. Boris. 2008Letha..41..333S .
4. A. M. Forasiepi. M. Judith Babot. N. Zimicz. 2014. Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13. 6. 503–525. 10.1080/14772019.2014.926403. 2015JSPal..13..503F . 11336/59430. free.
5. Tarquini, S. D.. Ladevèze, S.. Prevosti, F. J.. 2022. The multicausal twilight of South American native mammalian predators (Metatheria, Sparassodonta). Scientific Reports. 12. 1. 1224 . 10.1038/s41598-022-05266-z. free. 35075186 . 8786871. 2022NatSR..12.1224T .
6. Muizon . Christian de . 1999-01-01 . Marsupial skulls from the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Bolivia and phylogenetic analysis of the Borhyaenoidea (Marsupialia, Mammalia) . Geobios . en . 32 . 3 . 483–509 . 10.1016/S0016-6995(99)80022-9 . 1999Geobi..32..483M . 0016-6995.
7. Patterson . Bryan . Marshall . Larry G. . 1978 . The Deseadan, early Oligocene, Marsupialia of South America . Fieldiana. 42. 2. 1–100.
8. Mones . A. . Ubilla . M. . 1978 . La Edad Deseadense (Oligoceno inferior) de la Formación Fray Bentos y su contenido paleontológico, con especial referencia a la presencia de Proborhyaena cf. gigantea Ameghino (Marsupialia: Borhyaenidae) en el Uruguay. Nota preliminar. . Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo . 7 . 1 . 151–158.
9. Ameghino . Florentino . Florentino Ameghino . 1897 . Mammiféres crétacés de l'Argentine (Deuxième contribution à la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches à Pyrotherium) [Cretaceous mammals of Argentina (second contribution to the knowledge of the mammalian fauna of the Pyrotherium Beds)]. . . 18 . 4–9 . 406–521.
10. Cerdeño . E. . 2011-12-30 . Quebrada Fiera (Mendoza), un importante centro paleobiogeográfico en el Oligoceno tardío de América del Sur . Estudios Geológicos . es . 67 . 2 . 375–384 . 10.3989/egeol.40519.194 . 1988-3250. free.
11. Sorkin . Boris . 2008-11-24 . A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators . Lethaia . en . 41 . 4 . 333–347 . 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x. 2008Letha..41..333S .