Pro-nuclear movement explained

There are large variations in people's understanding of the issues surrounding nuclear power, including the technology itself, climate change mitigation, and energy security. Proponents of nuclear energy contend that nuclear power is a sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions and increases energy security by decreasing dependence on imported energy sources. Opponents believe that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment. While nuclear power has historically been opposed by many environmentalist organisations, some support it, as do some scientists.

Context

See also: Nuclear power debate.

Nuclear energy is often considered to be a controversial area of public policy.^{[1] [2]} The debate about nuclear power peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, when it "reached an intensity unprecedented in the history of technology controversies", in some countries.^{[3] [4]}

Proponents of nuclear energy point to the fact that nuclear power produces very little conventional air pollution, greenhouse gases, and smog, in contrast to fossil fuel sources of energy.^[5] Proponents also argue that perceived risks of storing waste are exaggerated, and point to an operational safety record in the Western world which is excellent in comparison to the other major kinds of power plants.^[6] Historically, there have been numerous proponents of nuclear energy, including Georges Charpak, Glenn T. Seaborg, Edward Teller, Alvin M. Weinberg, Eugene Wigner, Ted Taylor, and Jeff Eerkens. There are also scientists who write favorably about nuclear energy in terms of the broader energy landscape, including Robert B. Laughlin, Michael McElroy, and Vaclav Smil. In particular, Laughlin writes in "Powering the Future" (2011) that expanded use of nuclear power will be nearly inevitable, either because of a political choice to leave fossil fuels in the ground, or because fossil fuels become depleted.

Lobbying and public relations activities

See main article: List of companies in the nuclear sector.

Globally, there are dozens of companies with an interest in the nuclear industry, including Areva, BHP, Cameco, China National Nuclear Corporation, EDF, Iberdrola, Nuclear Power Corporation of India, Ontario Power Generation, Rosatom, Tokyo Electric Power Company, and Vattenfall. Many of these companies lobby politicians and others about nuclear power expansion, undertake public relation activities, petition government authorities, as well as influence public policy through referendum campaigns and involvement in elections.^{[7] [8] [9] [10] [11]}

The nuclear industry has "tried a variety of strategies to persuade the public to accept nuclear power", including the publication of numerous "fact sheets" that discuss issues of public concern.^[12] Nuclear proponents have worked to boost public support by offering newer, safer, reactor designs. These designs include those that incorporate passive safety and Small Modular Reactors.

Since 2000 the nuclear industry has undertaken an international media and lobbying campaign to promote nuclear power as a solution to the greenhouse effect and climate change. Though reactor operation is free of carbon dioxide emissions, other stages of the nuclear fuel chain – from uranium mining, to reactor decommissioning and radioactive waste management – use fossil fuels and hence emit carbon dioxide.

The Nuclear Energy Institute has formed various sub-groups to promote nuclear power. These include the Washington-based Clean and Safe Energy Coalition, which was formed in 2006 and led by Patrick Moore. Christine Todd Whitman, former head of the USEPA has also been involved. Clean Energy America is another group also sponsored by the NEI.^[13]

In Britain, James Lovelock well known for his Gaia Hypothesis began to support nuclear power in 2004. He is patron of the Supporters of Nuclear Energy. SONE also recognise that there are serious technical challenges associated with an electric grid reliant on intermittent and low density sources of energy. The main nuclear lobby group in Britain is FORATOM.^[13]

As of 2014, the U.S. nuclear industry has begun a new lobbying effort, hiring three former senators — Evan Bayh, a Democrat; Judd Gregg, a Republican; and Spencer Abraham, a Republican — as well as William M. Daley, a former staffer to President Obama. The initiative is called Nuclear Matters, and it has begun a newspaper advertising campaign.^[14]

Organizations supporting nuclear power

In March 2017, a bipartisan group of eight senators, including five Republicans and three Democrats introduced S. 512, the Nuclear Energy Innovation and Modernization Act (NEIMA). The legislation would help to modernize the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), support the advancement of the nation's nuclear industry and develop the regulatory framework to enable the licensing of advanced nuclear reactors, while improving the efficiency of uranium regulation. Letters of support for this legislation were provided by thirty-six organizations, including for profit enterprises, non-profit organizations and educational institutions. The most prominent entities from that group and other well-known organizations actively supporting the continued or expanded use of nuclear power as a solution for providing clean, reliable energy include:

• The Alvin Weinberg Foundation
• American Nuclear Society (ANS)^[15]
• Battelle Memorial Institute^[16]
• Breakthrough Institute
• Canadian Nuclear Society^[17]
• Canadian Nuclear Association^[18]
• Center for Strategic and International Studies^[19]
• ClearPath Foundation
• Earth Institute
• Ecomodernists
• Environmentalists for Nuclear
• Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy Australia
• European Atomic Forum
• Generation Atomic
• International Nuclear Societies Council representing thirty-six national nuclear societies from around the world.
• Long Now Foundation
• The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI is the main lobby group for companies doing nuclear work in the U.S.)
• Nuclear Institute (Formerly the British Nuclear Energy Society (BNES) and the Institution of Nuclear Engineers (INucE), representing nuclear professionals in the U.K.)
• Third Way
• Thorium Energy Alliance is an association studying and advocating for advanced reactor designs.
• The World Nuclear Association,^[20] the global trade body for nuclear energy
• The Vatican,^[21]

The United States generates about 19% of its electricity from nuclear power plants. Nearly 60% of all clean energy generated in the U.S. comes from nuclear power. Studies have shown that closing a nuclear power plant results in greatly increased carbon emissions as only burning coal or natural gas can make up for the massive amount of energy lost from a nuclear power plant. Even though there have long been protests against nuclear power, the effect of long-term scrutiny has elevated safety within the industry, making nuclear power the safest form of energy in operation today, despite the fact that many continue to fear it. Nuclear power plants create thousands of jobs, many in health and safety jobs, and seldom experience protests from area residents, as they bring large amounts of economic activity, attract educated employees and leave the air clear safe, unlike oil, coal or gas plants, which bring disease and environmental damage to their workers and neighbors. Nuclear engineers have traditionally worked, directly or indirectly, in the nuclear power industry, in academia or for national laboratories. More recently, young nuclear engineers have started to innovate and launch new companies, becoming entrepreneurs in order to bring their enthusiasm for using the power of the atom to address the climate crisis. As of June 2015, Third Way released a report identifying 48 nuclear start-ups or projects organized to work on nuclear innovations in what is being called "advanced nuclear" designs.^[22] Current research in the industry is directed at producing economical, proliferation-resistant reactor designs with passive safety features. Although government labs research the same areas as industry, they also study a myriad of other issues such as nuclear fuels and nuclear fuel cycles, advanced reactor designs, and nuclear weapon design and maintenance. A principal pipeline for trained personnel for US reactor facilities is the Navy Nuclear Power Program. The job outlook for nuclear engineering from the year 2012 to the year 2022 is predicted to grow 9% due to many elder nuclear engineers retiring, safety systems needing to be updated in power plants, and the advancements made in nuclear medicine.^[23]

Individuals supporting nuclear power

A pragmatic need for secure energy supply is a leading reason for many to support nuclear energy. Many people, including former opponents of nuclear energy, now say that nuclear energy is necessary for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. They recognize that the threat to humanity from climate change is far worse than any risk associated with nuclear energy. Many nuclear energy supporters, but not all, acknowledge that renewable energy is also important to the effort to eliminate emissions. Early environmentalists who publicly voiced support for nuclear power include James Lovelock, originator of the Gaia hypothesis, Patrick Moore, an early member of Greenpeace and former president of Greenpeace Canada, George Monbiot and Stewart Brand, creator of the Whole Earth Catalog.^{[24] [25]} Lovelock goes further to refute claims about the danger of nuclear energy and its waste products.^[26] In a January 2008 interview, Moore said that "It wasn't until after I'd left Greenpeace and the climate change issue started coming to the forefront that I started rethinking energy policy in general and realized that I had been incorrect in my analysis of nuclear as being some kind of evil plot."^[27] There are increasing numbers of scientists and laymen who are environmentalists with views that depart from the mainstream environmental stance that rejects a role for nuclear power in the climate fight (once labelled "Nuclear Greens,"^[28] some now consider themselves Ecomodernists).

Other academics and professionals, alarmed by the exaggerated impact media coverage of nuclear accidents have formed a group called Scientists for Accurate Radiation Information (SARI).^[29] This was formed after a tsunami in Japan in 2011 caused an accidental release at Fukushima Daiichi, local people were unnecessarily relocated and psychologically stressed by false fears. This evacuation is estimated to have produced increased mortality rates equivalent to 2,313 deaths.^[30] This effective suffering is known as the ‘nocebo’ effect, and describes a situation where a negative outcome occurs due to a belief that an intervention will cause harm.

Others who have spoken publicly on the benefits of nuclear power include:

Scientists

• Hans Blix, Director General Emeritus of the IAEA
• Ian Fells^[31]
• Ben Britton, deputy director of the Centre for Nuclear Engineering, Imperial College London
• Ken Caldeira, Stanford University
• Georges Charpak, Polish-born French physicist^[32]
• Stephen Chu, former U.S. Secretary of Energy, former Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
• Kerry Emanuel, Professor of Atmospheric Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Martin Freer, Head of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Director of the Birmingham Energy Institute (BEI)
• Richard Garwin, American physicist
• James Hansen^[33] Director of Climate Science, Awareness, and Solutions Program and the Earth Institute, Columbia University
• David Keith
• James Lovelock^[34]
• David J. C. MacKay^{[35] [36]} (also an author and former DECC chief scientific advisor; died 2016)
• Michael McElroy
• Richard Muller, Professor of Physics, UC Berkeley, co-founder, Berkeley Earth
• Ernest Moniz, former U.S. Secretary of Energy
• Peter H. Raven, President Emeritus, Missouri Botanical Garden. Winner of the National Medal of Science, 2001
• Carlo Rubbia, Nobel Laureate in Physics
• Tom Wigley, Climate scientist at the University of Adelaide

Non-scientists

• Ansel Adams^[37] (Photographer, former Sierra Club director; died 1984)
• John Barrasso^[38] (U.S. Senator (R) from Wyoming)
• Michael Bloomberg (Former Mayor of New York City, co-author with Carl Pope of "Climate of Hope")}
• Cory Booker^[38] (U.S. Senator (D) from New Jersey)
• Stewart Brand^[39] (Writer, speaker, founder of the Whole Earth Catalog)
• Carol Browner^{[40] [41]} (Former EPA administrator and ECCP (White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy) director in the Obama administration, author of "Comments on Proposed Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada," Leadership Council, Nuclear Matters)
• Robert Bryce (Writer)}
• Shelley Moore Capito^[38] (U.S. Senator (R) from West Virginia)
• Jimmy Carter (Former President of the United States, peace ambassador)}
• Mike Crapo^[38] (U.S. Senator (R) from Idaho)}
• Gwyneth Cravens^[42] (Journalist, author of "Power to Save the World")
• Leslie Dewan^[43] (Nuclear engineer and entrepreneur)
• Martin Ferguson}
• Deb Fischer^[38] (U.S. Senator (R) from Nebraska)
• Bill Gates (Founder of Microsoft Corporation, philanthropist, investor)}
• Chris Goodall^[44] (Author)
• Malcolm Grimston (Author of "The Paralysis in Energy Decision Making," Honorary Research Fellow, Imperial College London)}
• Steven F. Hayward (Senior Resident Scholar, Institute of Governmental Studies University of California, Berkeley)
• Ben Heard^[45] (executive director, Bright New World)
• Paul Howes}
• Vincent Ialenti^[46] (Cultural anthropologist)
• Jim Inhofe^[38] (U.S. Senator (R) from Oklahoma)
• John G. Kemeny}
• John Kerry (former U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Senator (D) from Massachusetts)^[47]
• Ro Khanna (U.S. Representative (D) from CA-17)
• Steve Kirsch (Silicon Valley entrepreneur, CEO Token)}
• Bob Latta^[48] (U.S. Representative (R) for Ohio's fifth congressional district)
• John Lavine (Medill Dean Emeritus Northwestern University)}
• Zion Lights (Author, activist, founder of Nuclear For Net Zero^[49])
• Bjørn Lomborg^[50] (Researcher, author)
• Mark Lynas^[51] (Journalist, activist, author The God Species, Six Degrees)
• Joe Manchin^[38] (U.S. Senator (D) from West Virginia)
• Haydon Manning}
• John McCain 2008 United States presidential debates
• Steve McCormick (Former CEO, The Nature Conservancy)
• Jerry McNerney^[52] (U.S. Representative (D) for California's 9th congressional district)
• Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India}
• George Monbiot^[53] (Journalist)
• Hugh Montefiore^[54] (Priest, former Friends of the Earth trustee; died 2005)
• Patrick Moore^[55] (co-founder of Greenpeace, and former president of Greenpeace Canada)
• Lauri Muranen^[56] (executive director, World Energy Council Finland)
• Lisa Murkowski^[57] (U.S. Senator (R) for Alaska)
• Ted Nordhaus^[58] (Author, chairman of the Breakthrough Institute)
• Fred Pearce^[59] (Journalist, author)
• Steven Pinker (Harvard University, author of The Better Angels of Our Nature)}
• Richard Rhodes^[60] (Pulitzer Prize winning journalist, author of "Nuclear Renewal" and The Making of the Atomic Bomb)
• Jeffrey Sachs^[61] (Economist, director of The Earth Institute)
• Peter Schwartz (Author of "Art of the Long View")}
• Michael Shellenberger (Author, co-founder of the Breakthrough Institute, President of Environmental Progress)
• Robert Stone^[62] (Director; his film Pandora's Promise^[63] features pro-nuclear environmentalists)
• Nobuo Tanaka (Chairman, Sasakawa Peace Foundation, former executive director, International Energy Agency)
• Frank Thelen^[64] (Businessman, investor)
• Stephen Tindale^[65] (Chief Executive of the Alvin Weinberg Foundation and former executive director Greenpeace UK)
• Sheldon Whitehouse^[38] (U.S. Senator (D) from Rhode Island)
• Bryony Worthington^[66] (Environmental campaigner, UK House of Lords member)
• Tim Yeo (Chair, New Nuclear Watch Europe, former chair Energy and Climate Change Parliamentary Select Committee)}
• Jiang Zemin (Former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party)}
• Xi Jinping (Current General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party)}
• Elon Musk (Billionaire entrepreneur)^[67]

Open letter signatories

The following is a list of people that signed the open letter:^[68]

• Ken Caldeira
• Kerry Emanuel
• James Hansen
• Tom Wigley
• Barry Brook (co-author)
• Corey J. A. Bradshaw (co-author)
• Andrew Balmford
• Daniel T. Blumstein
• Scott Carroll
• F. Stuart Chapin III
• Richard Hobbs
• Ove Hoegh-Guldberg^[69]
• William F. Laurance
• Thomas Lovejoy
• Robert May (also a UK House of Lords member)
• Hugh Possingham
• Peter H. Raven
• Richard Shine
• Chris D. Thomas

Future prospects

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, located in France, is the world's largest and most advanced experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor project. A collaboration between the European Union (EU), India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and the United States, the project aims to make a transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to electricity-producing fusion power plants. However, the World Nuclear Association says that nuclear fusion "presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering challenges".^[70] Construction of the ITER facility began in 2007, but the project has run into many delays and budget overruns. The facility is now not expected to begin operations until the year 2027 – 11 years after initially anticipated.^[71]

Another nuclear power program is the Energy Impact Center's OPEN100 project. OPEN100 was launched in 2020 and has published open-source blueprints for a nuclear power plant with a 100-megawatt pressurized water reactor.^[72] The project aims to minimize the costs and duration of construction to increase nuclear power supply and potentially reverse the effects of climate change.^[73]

See also

• Atoms for Peace
• Bright green environmentalism (aka Ecomodernism)
• Ecomodernist movement; environmentalist ideology supportive of nuclear power
• Energy development
• Energy security
• Environmental impact of nuclear power
• Generation IV reactor (future design concepts)
• High-voltage direct current
• List of anti-nuclear advocates in the United States
• Next Generation Nuclear Plant
• Nuclear power debate
• Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
• Nuclear renaissance
• Small modular reactor
• Super grid
• United States energy independence
• Terra Praxis
• Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack
• World Association of Nuclear Operators
• World Nuclear Association
• 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference

Further reading

• Roger-Maurice Bonnet and Lodewijk Woltjer, Surviving 1,000 Centuries Can We Do It? (2008), Springer-Praxis Books
• Robert Bryce (writer), Power Hungry: The Myth of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future (2011)
• President Jimmy Carter, Nuclear Power Policy Statement on Decision Reached Following a Review, April 7, 1977
• Center for Strategic and International Studies, Restoring U.S. Leadership in Nuclear Energy: A National Security Imperative, (2013)
  • Gwyneth Cravens, (2007). Power to Save the World: The Truth about Nuclear Energy 10.1021/es405282z . Going beyond the Nuclear Controversy . 2014 . Diaz-Maurin . François . Environmental Science & Technology . 48 . 1 . 25–26 . 24364822. 2014EnST...48...25D .
• 10.1038/467391a . A US nuclear future? . 2010 . Ferguson . Charles D. . Marburger . Lindsey E. . Farmer . J. Doyne . Makhijani . Arjun . Nature . 467 . 7314 . 391–3 . 20864972. 2010Natur.467..391F . 4427192 . free .
• Jeff Eerkens, The Nuclear Imperative: A Critical Look at the Approaching Energy Crisis (More Physics for Presidents), (2010, 2012)
• Michael H. Fox, Why We Need Nuclear Power: The Environmental Case (2014)
• Richard Garwin and Georges Charpak, Megawatts and Megatons: The Future of Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons, (2002)
• Gabrielle Hecht, The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity After World War II, (2009)
• Andrew C. Kadak, A future for nuclear energy: pebble bed reactors, International Journal of Critical Infrastructure (2005)
• Robert B. Laughlin, Powering the Future: How We Will (Eventually) Solve the Energy Crisis and Fuel the Civilization of Tomorrow (2011)
• Kaz Makabe, Buying Time: Environmental Collapse and the Future of Energy, (2017)
• Michael McElroy (scientist), Energy and Climate: Vision for the Future (2016)
• Richard A. Muller, Physics for Future Presidents, (2008)
• Reese Palley, The Answer: Why Only Mini Nuclear Power Plants Can Save Our World, (2011)
• Rauli Partanen and Janne M. Korhonen, Climate Gamble: Is Anti-Nuclear Activism Endangering Our Future? (2015)
• Joseph M. Shuster, Beyond Fossil Fools: The Roadmap to Energy Independence by 2040 (2008)
• Charles E. Till and Yoon Il Chang, Plentiful Energy: The Story of the Integral Fast Reactor, (2011)
• Ialenti. Vincent. Alter-Ecologies: Envisioning Papal & Ecomodernist Nuclear Energy Policy Futures. Laudato Si': Reflections on the Legal, Political and Moral Authority of Catholic Social Thought in an Era of Climate Crisis (Eds Frank Pasquale & Michael Perry). Forthcoming. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2869323. 2016-11-14.
• Schneider, Mycle, Steve Thomas, Antony Froggatt, Doug Koplow (2016). The World Nuclear Industry Status Report: World Nuclear Industry Status as of 1 January 2016.
• Ted Taylor (physicist) and Charles C. Humpstone, The Restoration of the Earth (1973)
• J. Samuel Walker (2004). Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective
• Alan E. Waltar, "America the Powerless: Facing Our Nuclear Energy Dilemma" (1995) Cogito Books
• Alvin M. Weinberg, The Second Nuclear Era: A New Start for Nuclear Power, (1985)
• Jiang Zemin, Research on Energy Issues in China (2008), Elsevier

External links

• Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues — Annotated Bibliography on Nuclear Power
• Briefing Papers from the Australian EnergyScience Coalition
• British Energy — Understanding Nuclear Energy / Nuclear Power

Notes and References

1. Sustainable Development Commission. Is Nuclear the Answer? p. 12.
2. [Sustainable Development Commission]
3. Herbert P. Kitschelt . 1986 . Political Opportunity and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies . British Journal of Political Science . 16 . 1 . 57 . 10.1017/s000712340000380x. 154479502 .
4. Book: Falk, Jim . 1982. Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power . registration . Melbourne . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-554315-5.
5. News: Patterson . Thom . 2013-11-03 . Climate change warriors: It's time to go nuclear . CNN.
6. Book: Bernard L. Cohen . 1990 . The Nuclear Energy Option: An Alternative for the 90s . New York . Plenum Press . 978-0-306-43567-6 . registration .
7. Web site: Nuclear lobbyists wined and dined senior civil servants, documents show . Leo Hickman . 28 November 2012 . The Guardian .
8. Web site: The Campaign to Sell Nuclear . Diane Farseta . September 1, 2008 . 64 . 4 . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 38–56 .
9. Jonathan Leake. "The Nuclear Charm Offensive" New Statesman, 23 May 2005.
10. Union of Concerned Scientists. Nuclear Industry Spent Hundreds of Millions of Dollars Over the Last Decade to Sell Public, Congress on New Reactors, New Investigation Finds News Center, February 1, 2010.
11. https://web.archive.org/web/20100415084551/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9EHS0580.htm Nuclear group spent $460,000 lobbying in 4Q
12. Web site: Nuclear power and the public . M.V. Ramana . July 2011 . 67 . 4 . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 46 . M.V. Ramana .
13. [Sharon Beder]
14. Web site: Nuclear Industry Gains Carbon-Focused Allies in Push to Save Reactors . Matthew Wald . April 27, 2014 . New York Times .
15. Web site: About the American Nuclear Society -- ANS . American Nuclear Society -- ANS . 7 August 2024 . 15 August 2024.
16. Web site: History . Anniversary Site . 3 October 1929 . 15 August 2024.
17. Web site: Canadian Nuclear Society . Canadian Nuclear Society - CNS - . 25 November 2021 . 16 August 2024.
18. Web site: Canadian Nuclear Association . Canadian Nuclear Association . 4 February 2022 . 16 August 2024.
19. Web site: Horschig . Doreen . International Security Program . CSIS . 16 August 2024.
20. Web site: World Nuclear Association joins UN movement dedicated to delivering 24/7 carbon-free energy - World Nuclear Association . 2023-01-11 . world-nuclear.org.
21. Web site: Holy See calls for boosting peaceful use of nuclear energy . www.vaticannews.va. 17 September 2019 .
22. Web site: The Advanced Nuclear Industry: 2016 Update. Third Way. en. 2017-07-14.
23. http://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/nuclear-engineers.htm#tab-6 "Nuclear Engineers – Job Outlook"
24. http://www.technologyreview.com/article/16398/ Environmental Heresies
25. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/27/science/earth/27tier.html?ex=1330405200&en=e561a6494b06049d&ei=5124&partner=digg&exprod=digg An Early Environmentalist, Embracing New ‘Heresies’
26. http://www.ecolo.org/lovelock/ James Lovelock
27. Web site: Technology News.
28. Web site: Rise of the Nuclear Greens. Robert Bryce. City Journal. Winter 2013. 5 November 2013. Robert Bryce (writer).
29. Web site: Radiation Effects Effects of Radiation explained by the Scientists for Accurate Radiation Information . 2022-05-30 . en-US.
30. Web site: What was the death toll from Chernobyl and Fukushima? . 2023-05-14 . Our World in Data.
31. Web site: McCusker . Peter . 2016-02-10 . Newcastle company at forefront of technology for small nuclear reactors . 2022-05-30 . ChronicleLive . en.
32. 10.1038/4671048a . Georges Charpak (1924–2010) . 2010 . Giomataris . Ioannis . Nature . 467 . 7319 . 1048 . 20981084 . 4410681 . free . 2010Natur.467.1048G .
33. Web site: James Hansen. Nuclear power paves the only viable path forward on climate change . 3 December 2015. The Guardian. 8 June 2016.
34. Web site: James Lovelock. Nuclear power is the only green solution. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011045309/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/james-lovelock-nuclear-power-is-the-only-green-solution-6169341.html. dead. October 11, 2012. 24 May 2004. The Independent. 12 December 2014.
35. A reality check on renewables . David MacKay . March 2012 . 12 October 2012.
36. Book: Mackay, David . Sustainable Energy: Without the Hot Air . UIT Cambridge . 2009 . 978-0-9544529-3-3 .
37. Web site: A candid conversation with America's "photographer laureate" and environmentalist about art, natural beauty and the unnatural acts of Interior Secretary James Watt. . David Sheff . March 1983 . . 22 October 2014. David Sheff .
38. Web site: Bipartisan Group of Senators Introduce Nuclear Energy Innovation and Modernization Act . 2 March 2017 . . 13 July 2017.
39. Web site: Nuclear power's time has come. CNN. 22 February 2010. 15 October 2013.
40. Web site: If You're Concerned About Climate Change, You Should Support Nuclear Power. Forbes. Carol Browner. 5 May 2014. 2 June 2014.
41. Web site: To Carol Browner, Nuclear More Than Just Matters – It's Essential. Breakthrough Institute. 27 May 2014. 5 June 2014.
42. Book: Cravens, Gwyneth. Power to Save the World. 2007. First Vintage Books. New York.
43. Web site: 2015 Emerging Explorers » Leslie Dewan, Nuclear Engineer . https://web.archive.org/web/20150612084236/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/2015/leslie-dewan . dead . June 12, 2015 . . 14 June 2015 . At the most fundamental level I'm an environmentalist. I'm doing this because I think nuclear power is the best way of producing large amounts of carbon-free electricity. I think the world needs nuclear power, alongside solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal, if we want to have any hope of reducing fossil fuel emissions and preventing global climate change..
44. Web site: The green movement must learn to love nuclear power. Chris Goodall. The Independent. 23 February 2009. 15 October 2013.
45. Web site: Environmentalist argues in favour of nuclear power . Babs McHugh . 20 Jun 2014 . . 17 April 2015.
46. Learning to think long-term Deep Time Reckoning: How Future Thinking Can Help Earth Now Vincent Ialenti MIT Press, 2020. 208 pp . 10.1126/science.abf2843 . Science . 27 November 2020 . 370 . 6520 . 1043 . Hamblin . Jacob Darwin . 227171422 .
47. Web site: Speaking At MIT, Secretary Of State John Kerry Urges Action On Climate Change . 9 Jan 2017 . . 14 May 2018.
48. Web site: NRC Reform for a strong, safe nuclear power industry . Jerry McNerney and Robert E. Latta . 17 May 2016 . . 13 July 2017.
49. News: Hume . Holly . 'Protest' beach party uses inflatable bananas in support of nuclear energy . 18 September 2020 . East Anglian Daily Times . 18 September 2020 . en.
50. Web site: Bjørn Lomborg: The resilient environmentalist . Keith Kloor . 21 Oct 2013 . . 3 February 2015 . Keith Kloor . https://web.archive.org/web/20150203132744/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth-sciences/bj%c3%b8rn-lomborg-resilient-environmentalist . 3 February 2015 . dead .
51. Web site: Nuclear power support from former sceptic Mark Lynas . 8 October 2013 . . 15 October 2013.
52. Web site: NRC Reform for a strong, safe nuclear power industry . Jerry McNerney and Robert E. Lata . 17 May 2016 . . 13 July 2017.
53. Web site: Why Fukushima made me stop worrying and love nuclear power . George Monbiot . 21 March 2011 . . 15 October 2013.
54. Web site: We need nuclear power to save the planet from looming catastrophe . Hugh Montefiore . https://archive.today/20130420222715/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/hugh-montefiore-we-need-nuclear-power-to-save-the--planet-from-looming-catastrophe-544571.html . dead . April 20, 2013 . . 22 October 2004 . 15 October 2013. Note, an expanded version of the same essay was printed the next day: Web site: The Tablet. Why the planet needs nuclear energy. Hugh Montefiore. 23 October 2004. 21 October 2013.
55. News: Patrick Moore. Going Nuclear. 16 April 2006. The Washington Post. 15 October 2013.
56. Web site: Jonathan Miller. Lund debate focuses on nuclear power, climate change. 12 May 2016. 12 May 2016.
57. Web site: Press Release: Our Nation Must Lead on Nuclear Energy . Lisa Murkowski . 17 May 2016 . . 13 July 2017.
58. Web site: Breakthrough! Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger of the Breakthrough Institute Discuss "Climate McCarthyism" And Why They Now Support Nuclear Power . 20 November 2009. 15 October 2013 . Energy Tribune.
59. Web site: theguardian.com. Vicious words mark the war between pro and anti-nuclear environmentalists. John Vidal. 10 April 2012. 20 October 2013.
60. News: Jogalekar. Ashutosh. Richard Rhodes on the Need for Nuclear Power. Scientific American. July 23, 2013.
61. Web site: Nuclear power is only solution to climate change, says Jeffrey Sachs . Fiona Harvey . 3 May 2012 . . 17 February 2015.
62. Rolling Stone. Environmentalists Go Pro-Nuclear in 'Pandora's Promise' Trailer. Kate Breimann. 30 April 2013. 20 October 2013.
63. . Specifically credited are Brand, Cravens, Lynas, Rhodes, and Shellenberger.
64. Web site: Ist unser Planet noch zu retten?. Thelen. Frank. 2019-09-25. LinkedIn. de. Can we still save the planet?.
65. Web site: The Independent. Nuclear power? Yes please... . Steve Connor. 23 February 2009. 20 October 2013.
66. Web site: Why thorium nuclear power shouldn't be written off . Bryony Worthington . . 4 July 2011 . 15 October 2013.
67. Web site: Elon Musk: It's possible to make 'extremely safe' nuclear plants . CNBC . 22 July 2021 . 23 July 2021.
68. as of the most recent access date, Brook and Bradshaw's letter had an additional 75 signatories; only those with biographical Wikipedia articles are displayed here however.
69. Web site: Let's go nuclear, for the reef's sake . Ove Hoegh-Guldberg . Eric McFarland . amp. 30 June 2014 . . 11 November 2014.
70. Web site: Nuclear Fusion Power . World Nuclear Association . 2005 . 2016-07-24 . 2009-06-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090624123428/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf66.htm . dead .
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72. News: Proctor. Darrell. Tech Guru's Plan—Fight Climate Change with Nuclear Power. Power Magazine. February 25, 2020 . October 18, 2021.
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