| Consort: | yes |
| Mathilde Caroline | |
| Succession: | Grand Duchess consort of Hesse and by Rhine |
| Reign: | 5 March 1848 – 25 May 1862 |
| Birth Date: | 30 August 1813 |
| Birth Place: | Augsburg, Kingdom of Bavaria, Confederation of the Rhine |
| Death Place: | Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine, German Confederation |
| House: | Wittelsbach |
| Father: | Ludwig I of Bavaria |
| Mother: | Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen |
Princess Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria (German: Mathilde Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine Charlotte von Bayern) (Augsburg, 30 August 1813 - Darmstadt, 25 May 1862) was the second child and eldest daughter of Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen.
On 26 December 1833 in Munich, Mathilde married Louis of Hesse (1806–1877), eldest son and heir of Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and Wilhelmine of Baden. Ludwig succeeded his father as Grand Duke Ludwig III in 1848. The marriage was childless.
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