Prince of Lu (Ming dynasty) explained

Prince of Lu (鲁王) is a Ming dynasty princely peerage created in 1370 for Zhu Tan,^[1] Zhu Yuanzhang's tenth son by consort Ning, of the Guo clan.The fief of Prince of Lu was located in Yanzhou prefecture (兖州府) since 1385.^[2]

Generation poem

The generation poem given by the Hongwu Emperor was:

肇泰阳当健观颐寿以弘振举希兼达康庄遇本宁

Zhao Tai Yang Dang Jian, Guan Yi Shou Yi Hong, Zhen Ju Xi Jian Da, Kang Zhuang Yu Ben Ning

The peerage was used until "Hong" generation which was the same generation as that of Tianqi Emperor.

!Generation!Kangxi radical!Wu Xing element

Zhao (肇)	Radical 86 (火)	"fire" (火)
Tai (泰)	Radical 32 (土)	"Earth" (土)
Yang (阳)	Radical 167 (金)	"Metal" (金)
Dang (当)	Radical 85 (水)	"Water" (水)
Jian (健)	Radical 75 (木)	"Tree" (木)
Guan (观)	Radical 86 (火)	"fire" (火)
Yi (颐)	Radical 32 (土), Radical 41 (寸)	"Earth" (土)
Shou (寿)	Radical 167 (金), Radical 112 (石)	"Metal" (金)
Yi (以)	Radical 85 (水)	"Water" (水)
Hong (弘)	Radical 75 (木), Radical 61 (心)	"Tree" (木)
Zhen (振)	Radical 86 (火)	"fire" (火)
Ju (举)	Radical 32 (土)	"Earth" (土)
Xi (希)	Radical 167 (金)	"Metal" (金)
Jian (兼)	Radical 85 (水)	"Water" (水)
Da (达)	Radical 75 (木),	"Tree" (木)
Kang (康)	Radical 86 (火)	"fire" (火)
Zhuang (庄)	Radical 32 (土)	"Earth" (土)
Yu (遇)	Radical 167 (金)	"Metal" (金)
Ben (本)	Radical 85 (水)	"Water" (水)
Ning (宁)	Radical 75 (木),	"Tree" (木)

Princedom of Lu

• Zhu Tan (朱檀; 15 March 1370 – 2 January 1390) (1st), Zhu Yuanzhang's tenth son who held the princedom from 1370 to 1390 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Huang of Lu (鲁慌王)
  • Zhu Zhaohun (朱肇; 15 July 1388 – 25 August 1466) (2nd), Zhu Tan's first son who held the princedom from 1403 to 1466 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Jing of Lu (鲁靖王)^[3]
    • Zhu Taikan (朱泰堪; 29 January 1412 – 14 November 1473) (3rd), Zhu Zhaohun's second son who held the princedom from 1467 to 1473 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Hui of Lu (鲁惠王)^[4]
      • Zhu Yangzhu (朱阳铸; 10 March 1448 – 11 December 1523) (4th), Zhu Taikan's first son who held the princedom from 1476 to 1523 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Zhuang of Lu (鲁庄王)^[5]
        • Zhu Dangcong (朱当漎; 22 September 1473 – 29 October 1505), Zhu Yangzhu's sixth son who held the title of heir apparent from 1483 to 1505 and was posthumously honoured as Hereditary Prince Huaijian of Lu (鲁国怀简世子). Later, his posthumous name was changed to Prince Huai of Lu (鲁怀王)^[6]
          • Zhu Jianyi (朱健杙; 4 November 1494 – 10 October 1520), Zhu Dangcong's second son who held the title of hereditary grandson from 1503 to 1520 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Dao of Lu (鲁悼王)^[7]
            • Zhu Guandian (朱观; 1520–1549) (5th), Zhu Jianyi's first son who held the princedom from 1528 to 1549 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Duan of Lu (鲁端王)^[8]
              • Zhu Yitan (朱颐坦; d. 1594) (6th), Zhu Guandian's first son who held the princedom from 1551 to 1594 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Gong of Lu (鲁恭王)^[9]
                • Zhu Shouzheng (朱寿铮; d. 1600) (7th), Zhu Yitan's sixth son who held the princedom from 1597 to 1600 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Jing of Lu (鲁敬王)^[10]
                • Zhu Shouhong (朱寿鋐; d.1636) (8th), Zhu Yitan's seventh son who held the princedom from 1601 to 1636 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Xian of Lu (鲁宪王)^[11]
                • Zhu Shouyong (朱寿镛; d. 1639) (9th), Zhu Yitan's eighth son who held the princedom from 1636 to 1639 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Su of Lu (鲁肃王)^[12]
                  • Zhu Yipai (朱以派; d. 1642) (10th), Zhu Shouyong's third son who held the princedom from 1640 to 1642 and was posthumously honoured as Prince An of Lu (鲁安王/鲁孝王)^[13]
                  • Zhu Yihai (朱以海; 6 July 1618 – 23 December 1662) (11th), Zhu Shouyong's sixth son who held the princedom from 1644 to 1662 while acting as a regent (监国) from 1645 to 1653.^[14]
                    • Zhu Honghuan (朱弘桓, d. 1683) (12th), Zhu Yihai's eighth son who held the princedom from 1664 to 1683 (鲁王)^[15]

Cadet lines

Prince of Anqiu

• Zhu Taizhu (朱泰坾; 1411–1472), Zhu Zhaohun's eldest son who held the princedom from 1427^[16] to 1472 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Jinggong of Anqiu (安丘靖恭王)^[17]
  • Zhu Yangsui (朱阳鐆; 1431–1467), Zhu Taizhu's first son who held the title of chief son (长子) from 1451^[18] to 1467 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Zhuangjian of Anqiu (安丘庄简王)^[19]
    • Zhu Dangsui (朱当澻; 1 November 1454 – 20 August 1505), Zhu Yangsui's first son who held the princedom from 1476^[20] to 1505 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Rongshun of Anqiu (安丘荣顺王)^[21]
      • Zhu Jianpu (朱健朴; 1477 – 1523), Zhu Dangsui's first son who held the princedom from 1508^[22] to 1523 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Duanhui of Anqiu (安丘端惠王)^[23]
        • Zhu Huanqian (朱欢熑; 1504–1535), Zhu Jianpu's first son who held the princedom from 1525^[24] to 1535 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Rongke of Anqiu (安丘荣恪王)
          • Zhu Yiku (朱颐堀; d. 1599), Zhu Huanqian's first son who held the princedom from 1536^[25] to 1599 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Wenxi of Anqiu (安丘温僖王)
            • Zhu Shouchang (朱寿鏛), Zhu Yiku's first son who was posthumously honoured as Prince Kangyi of Anqiu (安丘康懿王)^[26]
              • Zhu Yihao (朱以浩; d. 1616), Zhu Shouchang's first son who held the princedom from 1605 to 1616 and was not given posthumous name (安丘王)^[27]
                • Zhu Hongjia (朱弘槚), Zhu Yihao's first son who held the princedom since 1616 (安丘王)

Prince of Leling

• Zhu Taiyu (朱泰; 1414–1470), Zhu Zhaohun's third son who held the princedom from 1427^[28] to 1470 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Gonghui of Leling (乐陵恭惠王)^[29]
  • Zhu Yangguan (朱阳錧; 1442–1514), Zhu Taiyu's second son who held the princedom from 1472^[30] to 1514 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Xuanyi of Leling (乐陵宣懿王)^[31]
    • Zhu Dangnai (朱当渿; 1468–1520), Zhu Yangguan's third son who held the princedom in 1520^[32] and was posthumously honoured as Prince Duanjian of Leling (乐陵端简王)^[33]
      • Zhu Jiangai (朱健概; 1485–1553), Zhu Dangnai's first son who held the princedom from 1536 to 1553 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Zhuangkang of Leling (乐陵庄康王)^[34]
        • Zhu Huanfan (朱欢燔; 1502–1572), Zhu Jiangai's first son who held the princedom from 1557^[35] to 1572 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Gongxi of Leling (乐陵恭僖王)^[36]
          • Zhu Yichan (朱颐; d. 1591), Zhu Huanfan's second son who held the princedom from 1590 to 1591 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Yumu of Leling (乐陵裕穆王)^[37]
            • Zhu Shougao (朱寿镐; d. 1620), Zhu Yichan's first son who held the princedom from 1599^[38] to 1620 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Wenke of Leling (乐陵温恪王)^[39]
              • Zhu Yifan (朱以泛; d.1642), Zhu Shougao's first son who held the princedom from 1621^[40] to 1642 (乐陵王)^[41]
                • Zhu Hongsi (朱弘枱; d. 1649), Zhu Yifan's first son who held the princedom from 1642 to 1649 (乐陵王)^[42]

Prince of Juye

• Zhu Taideng (朱泰墱;25 June 1416 – 7 February 1467), Zhu Zhaohun's fourth son who held the princedom from 1427 to 1467 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Xishun of Juye (钜野僖顺王)^[43]
  • Zhu Yangying (朱阳蓥; 1435–1505), Zhu Taideng's first son who held the princedom from 1469^[43] to 1505 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Gongding of Juye (钜野恭定王)^[44]
    • Zhu Danghan (朱当涵; 1460–1529), Zhu Yangying's first son who held the princedom from 1508^[45] to 1529 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Zhuangxian of Juye (钜野庄宪王)^[46]
      • Zhu Jianqian (朱健杄; 1495–1555), Zhu Danghan's second son who held the princedom from 1531^[47] to 1555 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Duansu of Juye (钜野端肃王)
        • Zhu Huanxun (朱欢燖; 1530–1572), Zhu Jianqian's second son who held the princedom from 1557 to 1572 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Huirong of Juye (钜野惠荣王). The peerage was abolished after his childless death^[48]
        • Zhu Huanguang (朱欢光; 28 June 1535 – 24 August 1607), Zhu Jianqian's third son who held the title of defender general^[49] and acted as principality manager (管理府事) from 1572 to 1607^[50]
          • Zhu Yiyu (朱颐堣), Zhu Huanguang's first son who held the title of bulwark general and acted as principality manager from 1607.^[49]
            • Zhu Shougou (朱寿钩; d. 1646), Zhu Yiyu's successor who held the princedom from 1645 to 1646.

Prince of Dong'e

• Zhu Taiye (朱泰壄; 1417–1495), Zhu Zhaohun's fifth son who held the princedom from 1437^[51] to 1495 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Duanyi of Dong'e (东阿端懿王)
  • Zhu Yangtan (朱阳镡; 1440–1483), Zhu Taiye's first son who held the title of heir son from 1465 to 1483 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Daohe of Dong'e (东阿悼和王)^[33]
  • Zhu Yangbiao (朱阳镖; 1449–1511), Zhu Taiye's second son who held the princedom from 1498^[52] to 1511 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Rongjing of Dong'e (东阿荣靖王)^[53]
    • Zhu Dangjiang (朱当滰; 1495–1564), Zhu Yangbiao's first son who held the princedom from 1514^[54] to 1564 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Kanghui of Dong'e (东阿康惠王)^[55]
  • Zhu Yangjuan (朱阳鋑), Zhu Taiye's fourth son who held the title of defender general (镇国将军)^[56]
    • Zhu Dangbo (朱当渤), Zhu Yangjuan's first son who held the title of bulwark general (辅国将军)^[57]
      • Zhu Jiangeng (朱健梗; 24 July 1500 – 15 September 1569), Zhu Dangbo's first son who managed the princedom until 1569^[58] and held the title of state general (奉国将军)^[59]

Prince of Zouping

• Zhu Taicheng (朱泰塍; 1419–1463), Zhu Zhaohun's sixth son who held the princedom from 1437^[60] to 1463 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Zhuangjing of Zouping (邹平庄靖王)^[61]
  • Zhu Yangtang (朱阳鎕; 1447–1509), Zhu Taicheng's second son who held the princedom from 1467^[62] to 1509 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Gongyi of Zouping (邹平恭懿王)^[63]
    • Zhu Dangyi (朱当潩;1469–1539), Zhu Yangtang's first son who held the princedom from 1514^[54] to 1539 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Zhuangding of Zouping (邹平庄定王)^[23]
      • Zhu Jiandang (朱健档;1492–1533), Zhu Dangyi's second son who held the title of defender general from 1512 to 1533^[64] and was posthumously honoured as Prince Rong'an of Zouping (邹平荣安王)^[65]
        • Zhu Huanlan (朱欢爁;1516–1563), Zhu Jiandang's first son who held the princedom from 1542^[66] to 1563 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Gongjing of Zouping (邹平恭靖王)^[67]
          • Zhu Yizai (朱颐在; d. 22 February 1602), Zhu Huanlan's first son who held the princedom from 1568^[68] to 1602 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Kangshun of Zouping (邹平康顺王)^[69]
            • Zhu Shouyin (朱寿碒; d. 1646), Zhu Yizai's first son who held the princedom from 1605 to 1646 and was not given any posthumous name (邹平王)^[27]

Prince of Ziyang

• Zhu Dangzi (朱当渍; 1467–1539), Zhu Yangzhu's first son who held the princedom from 1478 ^[70] to 1539 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Rongzhuang of Ziyang (滋阳荣庄王)^[48]
  • Zhu Jiandi (朱健樀; 1486–1517), Zhu Dangzi's first son who held the title of defender general from 1496^[71] to 1517 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Huaiyi of Ziyang (滋阳怀懿王)^[64]
    • Zhu Huanwei (朱欢炜; 1505–1564), Zhu Jiandi's first son who held the princedom from 1543^[72] to 1564 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Gongyu of Ziyang (滋阳恭裕王)^[73]
      • Zhu Yini (朱颐堄; 1532-17 August 1555), Zhu Huanwei's first son who held the title of chief son from 1544 to 1555 and was not given posthumous name (滋阳长子)^[74]
        • Zhu Shoufu (朱寿鍑; d. 1611), Zhu Yini's first son who held the princedom from 1570^[75] to 1611 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Zhaoshun of Ziyang (滋阳昭顺王)^[76]
          • Zhu Yizheng (朱以塣), Zhu Shoufu's first son who held the title of chief son
          • Zhu Yiying (朱以渶), Zhu Shoufu's second son who held the princedom since 1511 and was not given posthumpus name (滋阳王)^[77]
            • Zhu Hongmao (朱弘懋; d. 25 February 1650), Zhu Yiying's first son who held the princedom until 1650 when he was killed in Huizhou (滋阳王)^[78]

Prince of Yangxin

• Zhu Dangze (朱当㳻;1468–1525), Zhu Yangzhu's 4th son who held the princedom from 1478^[70] to 1525 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Anxi of Yangxin (阳信安僖王)^[79]
  • Zhu Jiansi (朱健杫;1488–1544), Zhu Dangze's first son who held the princedom from 1528 to 1544 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Anyi of Yangxin (阳信安懿王)^[80]
    • Zhu Huanran (朱欢燃; 1504–1548), Zhu Jiansi's first son who held the princedom in 1548 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Rongkang of Yangxin (阳信荣康王)^[81]
      • Zhu Yibu (朱颐埔; 1530–1558), Zhu Huanran's 2nd son who held the princedom from 1552 to 1558 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Gongjian of Yangxin (阳信恭简王)^[82]
        • Zhu Shouchao (朱寿钞; d. 1601), Zhu Yibu's first son who held the princedom from 1569^[83] to 1601 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Duanshun of Yangxin (阳信端顺王)^[84]
          • Zhu Yishu (朱以澍; 31 January 1580 – 15 June 1635), Zhu Shouchao's first son who held the princedom from 1606^[85] to 1635 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Zhaoding of Yangxin (阳信昭定王)^[86]
            • Zhu Hongbi (朱弘楅;d.1650), Zhu Yishu's first son who held the princedom from 1638 to 1650 and was not given posthumous name (阳信王)^[87]

Prince of Gaomi

• Zhu Dangmei (朱当湄; 25 May 1474 – 1 December 1509), Zhu Yangzhu's 7th son who held the princedom from 1483^[88] to 1509 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Kangmu of Gaomi (高密康穆王)^[89]
  • Zhu Jianshi (朱健栻; 1492–1536), Zhu Dangmei's 1st son who held the princedom from 1512^[90] to 1536 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Anjian of Gaomi (高密安简王)^[91]
    • Zhu Huanying (朱欢煐; 1 March 1515 – 19 June 1540), Zhu Jianshi's 1st son who held the princedom from 1539 to 1540 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Zhaohe of Gaomi (高密昭和王)^[92]
      • Zhu Yifeng (朱颐封; 2 July 1536 – 13 August 1553), Zhu Huanying's first son who held the princedom from 1547^[93] to 1553 and was not given any posthumous name (高密王). After his childless death, the peerage was abolished.^[94]
    • Zhu Huanyi (朱欢熤), Zhu Jianshi's 2nd son who managed the principality since 1553 while holding a title of defender general (镇国将军)^[95]
      • Zhu YiX
        • Zhu ShouX
          • Zhu YiX (朱以X)
            • Zhu Hongyi (朱弘椅), Zhu Yifeng's successor who held the princedom from 1645 to 1646 and was not given posthumous name (高密王)^[96]

Prince of Dong'ou

• Zhu Dangbi (朱当沘; 10 February 1476 – 14 December 1543), Zhu Yangzhu's 8th son who held the princedom from 1487^[97] to 1543 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Duansu of Dong'ou (东欧端肃王)^[98]
  • Zhu Jianqiu (朱健楸; 1496–1565), Zhu Dangbi's first son who held the princedom from 1546^[99] to 1565 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Gongke of Dong'ou (东欧恭恪王).^[100] After his death, the peerage was abolished.
  • Zhu Jiantiao (朱健樤), held a title of defender general (镇国将军)
    • Zhu Huanchen (朱欢), held a title of bulwark general (辅国将军)
      • Zhu Yijiang (朱颐壃; d. after 1571), Zhu Huanchen's son who managed the princedom from 1571^[101]

Prince of Guishan

• Zhu Danghu (朱当沍; 1477–1514), Zhu Yangzhu's 10th son who held the princedom from 1488^[102] to 1514 when he was stripped of his title and imprisoned^[103] (归善王).
  • Zhu Jianli (朱健; 1508–1543), Zhu Danghu's first son who held the princedom from 1541^[104] to 1543 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Kangsu of Guishan (归善康肃王)

Female members

Expired peerages

Abolished

• Prince of Gaomi (高密王)
• Prince of Dong'ou (东瓯王)
• Prince of Xincai (新蔡王)
• Prince of Dong'e (东阿王)

Extinct

• Prince of Guishan (归善王)
• Prince of Tancheng (郯城王)
• Prince of Guantao (馆陶王)
• Prince of Yicheng (翼城王)
• Prince of Baoqing (宝庆王)
• Prince of Dongyuan (东原王)
• Prince of Fu'an (福安王)
• Prince of Ningde (宁德王)
• Prince of Changtai (长泰王)
• Prince of Yongfu (永福王)

Absorbed into the princedom

• Prince of Fuping (富平王)
• Prince of Changde (常德王)
• Prince of Taixing (泰兴王)

Notes and References

1. Web site: "大明第一王陵"鲁荒王墓简介 . 2022-04-07 . m.sohu.com . en.
2. Book: 《明史》 . 41.
3. Book: 魯王壙誌.
4. Book: 《泗水县志》.
5. Book: 魯莊王壙誌.
6. Book: 大明怀简世子圹志.
7. Book: 明故鲁世孙圹志.
8. Book: History of Ming . 116.
9. Book: 《明實錄》.
10. Book: Wang/王, Xiangchen/相臣 . 《平邑县馆藏的三方明代墓志》/ "3 kinds of Ming dynasty epitaphia stored in the Pingyang county museum" . Zhang/张 . Tingting/亭亭 . 2006.
11. Book: Wang, Richard G. . The Ming Prince and Daoism: Institutional Patronage of an Elite . OUP USA . 2012 . 64.
12. Book: 中华五千年纪事本末/5000 years of Chinese history from beginning to the latest . 人民出版社 . 1996.
13. Book: 玉堂荟记.
14. Book: Zhu/朱, Shugui/术桂 . 皇明監國魯王壙誌.
15. Book: 臺灣通史 · 寧靖王列傳.
16. Book: 明宣宗實錄 . 28.
17. Book: 明憲宗實錄 . 101.
18. Book: 明英宗實錄 . 204.
19. Book: 明憲宗實錄 . 159.
20. Book: 大明宪宗纯皇帝实录 . 151.
21. Book: 鲁藩安丘荣顺王朱當澻壙志銘.
22. Book: 明武宗實錄 . 36.
23. Book: 弇山堂别集.
24. Book: 明世宗實錄 . 56.
25. Book: 大明世宗肃皇帝实录 . 219.
26. Book: 明神宗显皇帝实卷 . 474.
27. Book: 明神宗显皇帝实录 . 408.
28. Book: 《明宣宗實錄》 . 28.
29. Book: 《明憲宗實錄》 . 76.
30. Book: 《明憲宗實錄》 . 108.
31. Book: 《明武宗實錄》 . 110.
32. Book: 《明世宗實錄》 . 195.
33. Book: 明史·諸王世表.
34. Book: 明世宗實錄 . 397.
35. Book: 《明世宗實錄》 . 449.
36. Book: 《明神宗實錄》 . 4.
37. Book: 明神宗显皇帝实录 . 572.
38. Book: 明神宗显皇帝实录 . 588.
39. Book: Wang/王, Zhuanghong/壮弘 . 六朝墓誌檢要/ Analysis of epitaphia of six dynasties . 上海書畫出版社 . 1985.
40. Book: 明熹宗悊皇帝实录 . 10.
41. Book: Deng/邓, Zhongxian/忠先 . 紫禁城档案/ Archives of Forbidden city . Wang/王 . Yizhi/益志 . 红旗出版社 . 1998 . 3 .
42. Book: 明崇祯实录.
43. Book: 《明憲宗實錄》 . 73.
44. Book: 明孝宗實錄 . 220.
45. Book: 《明武宗實錄》 . 36.
46. Book: 《明世宗實錄》 . 104.
47. Book: 《明世宗實錄》 . 132.
48. Book: 《弇山堂别集》.
49. Book: 朱觀灮墓誌.
50. Book: 《萬曆兗州府志》.
51. Book: 明英宗實錄.
52. Book: 明孝宗實錄 . 145.
53. Book: 明武宗實錄 . 74.
54. Book: 明武宗實錄 . 112.
55. Book: 明世宗實錄 . 531.
56. Book: 明英宗實錄 . 292.
57. Book: 魯藩東阿王府輔國將軍會川公（朱當渤）墓誌銘.
58. Book: 萬曆兗州府志/Chronicles of Yanzhou during Wanli era.
59. Book: 朱健梗墓誌.
60. Book: 明英宗實錄 . 29.
61. Book: 明英宗實錄 . 358.
62. Book: 明憲宗實錄 . 42.
63. Book: 明武宗實錄 . 47.
64. Book: 明史·諸王世表二.
65. Book: 明世宗實錄 . 299.
66. Book: 明世宗實錄 . 256.
67. Book: 明世宗實錄 . 528.
68. Book: 明穆宗庄皇帝实录 . 19.
69. Book: 明神宗显皇帝实录 . 76，80.
70. Book: 明憲宗實錄 . 177.
71. Book: 明孝宗實錄.
72. Book: 大明世宗肃皇帝实录卷 . 269.
73. Book: 大明世宗肃皇帝实录卷 . 531.
74. Book: 欽賜滋陽恭裕王妃靳氏壙志.
75. Book: 明穆宗庄皇帝实录 . 44.
76. Book: 明神宗實錄 . 490.
77. Book: 明神宗實錄 . 517.
78. Book: Qian/钱, Haiyue /海岳 . History of Southern Ming . 27.
79. Book: 明世宗實錄 . 93.
80. Book: 明世宗實錄 . 290.
81. Book: 弇山堂别集 . 1590 . 52.
82. Book: Zhang, Tingyu . 《明史》/History of Ming . 101.
83. Book: 大明穆宗庄皇帝实录 . 31.
84. Book: 大明神宗显皇帝实录 . 370,381.
85. Book: 大明神宗显皇帝实录 . 421.
86. Book: 明冊封魯藩陽信昭定王墓志銘.
87. Book: Miao/苗, Di/棣 . 大明亡國史：崇禎皇帝傳/History of Ming dynasty's fall: Biography of Chongzhen emperor . 遼寧人民出版社 . 2014 . 5 . 319.
88. Book: 中國地方志集成: 山西府縣志輯 / Compilation of Chinese villages' annals: Counties of Shanxi prefecture . 鳳凰出版社 . 2004 . 41 . 290.
89. Book: 大明武宗毅皇帝实录 . 56.
90. Book: 大明武宗毅皇帝实录 . 88.
91. Web site: 穿越283年历史的明朝鲁藩国 – 现存家谱 – 中华朱氏网 . 2022-05-29 . zhzhus.com.
92. Book: 高密昭和王圹誌銘.
93. Book: 大明世宗肃皇帝实录 . 318.
94. Book: 大明世宗肃皇帝实录 . 429.
95. Book: 萬曆兗州府志.
96. Book: Zhong/钟, Guochang/国昌 . 天崩地裂時代下的皇族 . 商務印書館(香港)有限公司 . 2019 . 130.
97. Book: 明憲宗實錄 . 291.
98. Book: 魯东瓯端肃王墓誌.
99. Book: 明世宗實錄 . 318.
100. Book: 明世宗實錄.
101. Book: 明穆宗實錄 . 54.
102. Book: 明孝宗實錄 . 18.
103. Book: 湧幢小品/ "Sprang pillar miniature".
104. Book: 明世宗實錄 . 244.