Primary ideal explained

In mathematics, specifically commutative algebra, a proper ideal Q of a commutative ring A is said to be primary if whenever xy is an element of Q then x or yⁿ is also an element of Q, for some n > 0. For example, in the ring of integers Z, (pⁿ) is a primary ideal if p is a prime number.

The notion of primary ideals is important in commutative ring theory because every ideal of a Noetherian ring has a primary decomposition, that is, can be written as an intersection of finitely many primary ideals. This result is known as the Lasker–Noether theorem. Consequently,^[1] an irreducible ideal of a Noetherian ring is primary.

Various methods of generalizing primary ideals to noncommutative rings exist,^[2] but the topic is most often studied for commutative rings. Therefore, the rings in this article are assumed to be commutative rings with identity.

Examples and properties

• The definition can be rephrased in a more symmetric manner: a proper ideal

ak{q} is primary if, whenever x y \in ak{q} , we have x \in ak{q} or y \in ak{q} or x, y \in \sqrt{ ak{q}} . (Here \sqrt{ ak{q}} denotes the radical of ak{q} .)

• A proper ideal Q of R is primary if and only if every zero divisor in R/Q is nilpotent. (Compare this to the case of prime ideals, where P is prime if and only if every zero divisor in R/P is actually zero.)
• Any prime ideal is primary, and moreover an ideal is prime if and only if it is primary and semiprime (also called radical ideal in the commutative case).
• Every primary ideal is primal.^[3]
• If Q is a primary ideal, then the radical of Q is necessarily a prime ideal P, and this ideal is called the associated prime ideal of Q. In this situation, Q is said to be P-primary.
  • On the other hand, an ideal whose radical is prime is not necessarily primary: for example, if

R = k[x,y,z]/(x y - z ^{2)} , ak{p} = (\overline{x}, \overline{z}) , and ak{q} = ak{p} ^{2} , then ak{p} is prime and \sqrt{ ak{q}} = ak{p} , but we have \overline{x} \overline{y} = {\overline{z}} ^{2} \in ak{p} ^{2} = ak{q} , \overline{x} \not \in ak{q} , and {\overline{y}} ^{n} \not \in ak{q} for all n > 0, so ak{q} is not primary. The primary decomposition of ak{q} is (\overline{x}) \cap ({\overline{x}} ^{2,} \overline{x} \overline{z}, \overline{y}) ; here (\overline{x}) is ak{p} -primary and ({\overline{x}} ^{2,} \overline{x} \overline{z}, \overline{y}) is (\overline{x}, \overline{y}, \overline{z}) -primary.

• • • An ideal whose radical is maximal, however, is primary.
    • Every ideal with radical is contained in a smallest -primary ideal: all elements such that for some . The smallest -primary ideal containing is called the th symbolic power of .
• If P is a maximal prime ideal, then any ideal containing a power of P is P-primary. Not all P-primary ideals need be powers of P, but at least they contain a power of P; for example the ideal (x, y²) is P-primary for the ideal P = (x, y) in the ring k[''x'', ''y''], but is not a power of P, however it contains P².
• If A is a Noetherian ring and P a prime ideal, then the kernel of

A \to A _{P} , the map from A to the localization of A at P, is the intersection of all P-primary ideals.^[4]

• A finite nonempty product of

ak{p} -primary ideals is ak{p} -primary but an infinite product of ak{p} -primary ideals may not be ak p -primary; since for example, in a Noetherian local ring with maximal ideal ak m , \cap _{n} ak{m} ^{n} = 0 (Krull intersection theorem) where each ak{m} ^{n} is ak{m} -primary, for example the infinite product of the maximal (and hence prime and hence primary) ideal m = \langle x,y \rangle of the local ring K[x,y]/\langle x ^{2,} xy\rangle yields the zero ideal, which in this case is not primary (because the zero divisor y is not nilpotent). In fact, in a Noetherian ring, a nonempty product of ak{p} -primary ideals Q _{i} is ak{p} -primary if and only if there exists some integer n > 0 such that ak{p} ^{n} \subset \cap _{i} Q _{i} .

Footnotes

1. To be precise, one usually uses this fact to prove the theorem.
2. See the references to Chatters–Hajarnavis, Goldman, Gorton–Heatherly, and Lesieur–Croisot.
3. For the proof of the second part see the article of Fuchs.
4. Atiyah–Macdonald, Corollary 10.21

References

• • • • • • On primal ideals, Ladislas Fuchs

External links

• Primary ideal at Encyclopaedia of Mathematics