Press coverage during the Armenian genocide explained

This page contains a selected list of press headlines relevant to the Armenian genocide in chronological order, as recorded in newspaper archives. The sources prior to 1914 relate in large part to the Hamidian massacres and the Adana massacre.

The Armenian genocide was widely covered in the international community and in many publications such as magazines, newspapers, books, and memoirs.^[1] Some organizations, such as the Near East Foundation, used media and newspapers to raise the plight of the Armenians.^[2] However, after World War I ended, the Armenian genocide received little press coverage for the first half of the 20th century. Coverage and public discussion resumed in the last quarter of the 20th century and continued into the 21st century.

Press discussion and photographs have been particularly important in educating the public about the Genocide.^[3] ^[4] Press coverage is also considered valuable and important because it constitutes primary sources of what was widely known at the time.^[5] During the time period, much of the global press had condemned the nature of the massacres and called for aid of the Armenians. Coverage of the Armenian genocide was done by many throughout the world and were often similar when depicting the massacres.^[6] Many well-known newspapers in the English language such as The Times, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Los Angeles Times, The Globe and Mail, The Toronto Star, The Montreal Gazette, and others also reported extensively about the events. It is believed that The New York Times published thousands of articles pertaining to the Armenian massacres between 1894-1922 and 124 articles in 1915 alone.^[7] Some countries, like Australia, relied largely on news agencies in Europe for their information.^[8] It is noted that newspapers such as The Washington Post and The New York Times reported on the Armenian massacres almost daily for over a year.^[9] The coverage mainly included reports by correspondents, travelers, and consuls or ambassadors of different countries based in the different regions of the Ottoman Empire. Additionally, detailed reports came from missionaries who witnessed the massacres and attempted to aid orphans and other survivors. Local press coverage in the Ottoman Empire came mainly from the Takvim-i Vekayi, the official gazette of the Ottoman government. During the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–1920, the newspaper became especially important because it reported the cross-examinations of Turkish officials and the verdict of court which sentenced Talat, Enver, and Cemal Pashas to death for their roles in massacres against Armenians.^[10] ^[11] ^[12] Noteworthy studies of the press coverage of Muslim communities in the Middle East and particularly that of Syria have also been instrumental in depicting first hand accounts of the Armenian deportees exiled to the area.^[13] The Syrian press also made note of the demographic impact of the Armenian deportees into the region and condemned the Ottoman government for what it largely believed was a campaign of "annihilation", "extermination", and the "uprooting of a race".

Terms such as "massacre", "killed", "murdered", "slaughtered", "systematic massacre", "extermination", "atrocities", and "war crimes" were used instead of "genocide" during the period, as Raphael Lemkin coined the term "genocide" much later in 1943.^[14]

Exhibitions set up by the Armenian Genocide Museum in Yerevan have been held in Denmark, Lebanon, Sweden, and the United States displaying numerous periodicals from the international press dating from 1860 to 1922.^[15] There have also been numerous studies and books published about the press coverage of the Genocide including: "El Genocidio armenio en la prensa del Uruguay, año 1915" (The Uruguayan Press of 1915 on the Genocide of Armenians) by Daniel Karamanoukian, "Le Genocide Armenien dans la presse Canadian" (The Armenian Genocide in the Canadian Press) by the Armenian Youth Federation of Canada, "The Armenian Genocide: News Accounts From the American Press 1915-1922" by Richard G. Kloian, "The Armenian Genocide as Reported in the Australian Press" by Vahe Kateb, "Heralding of the Armenian Genocide: Reports in The Halifax Herald, 1894-1922" by Katia Minas Peltekian, ""The Globe"'s representation of the Armenian genocide and Canada's acknowledgement" by Karen Ashford, "Through the Eyes of the "Post": American Media Coverage of the Armenian Genocide by Jessica L. Taylor" and others.^[16]

List

Included in this list are examples of newspaper articles as republished by various secondary sources. The list also includes press coverage of the massacres prior to the Armenian genocide such as the Hamidian massacre and the Adana massacre. These massacres are viewed by scholars as beginning a process of exterminating the Armenian people which, in large part, culminated in the final process of genocide in 1915.^[17] ^[18] ^[19] Much of this is apparent in the press articles themselves since they repeatedly place the massacres of 1915 in the context of the previous massacres.^[20] Other scholars, such as the Soviet historians Mkrtich G. Nersisyan, Ruben Sahakyan, John Kirakosyan, and Yehuda Bauer subscribe to the view that the mass killings of 1894–96 during the Hamidian massacre were the first phase of the Armenian Genocide. Even though the Hamidian massacres ended in 1896, Armenians continued to be massacred during what many believed to be "peaceful times". The massacres conducted during these times involved dislocation, disarmament, dispersion, and ultimately murder.^[21]

Hamidian massacres and pre–Young Turk Revolution

1890

July 25, 1890, Los Angeles Times, "Turkish Atrocities: Details of the Massacre at Erzeroum"
July 26, 1890, New York Times, "The Erzeroum Massacre: Armenians slaughtered and the British Consulate stoned."
November 6, 1890, New York Times, "Cruelty of the Turks. Prof. Bryce Describes The Condition Of Armenia."

1893

April 10, 1893, The Washington Post, "Dungeons for Christians: Nearly 2,000 Armenians immured in Turkish prisons."
August 4, 1893, Los Angeles Times, "The Armenians: Innocent Christians executed by the Ottoman Authorities."
October 20, 1893, Chicago Daily Tribune, "Armenians murdered in Turkey: Hundreds of bodies thrown into the harbor of Constantinople."

1897

March 14, 1897, La Libre Parole,"New massacres in Armenia", page 1.
March 27, 1897, The Sydney Morning Herald, "Armenian Massacres. Apathy Of The Turkish Authorities", page 5.
April 3, 1897, The Sydney Mail, "More Armenian Massacres.", page 7.
May 29, 1897, Le Rire, "Abdul Hamid II, The Red Sultan", page 1.

1898

August 5, 1898, The Glasgow Herald, "The Armenian Massacres", page 9.

1900

January 19, 1900, The Nebraska Advertiser, "More Armenian Massacres. Some Fugitives of 1895 Return to Turkey and Bloodshed Speedily Follows.", page 7.
February 2, 1900, Boston Evening Transcript, "General Massacre Feared. Terror Among Christians in Turkey", page 12.
February 2, 1900, The Meriden Daily Journal, Connecticut, "Another Massacre Plans of Turks", page 1.
August 10, 1900, The St. Louis Republic, "Massacre of Armenians By Order of A Turk. Two Hundred Men, Women and Children in the Sassun District Slaughtered by Kurds-Town to be Burned.", page 1.
August 10, 1900, New York Tribune, "More Armenians Killed.", page 9
August 17, 1900, The McCook Tribune, "More Armenian Massacres.", page 7.
October 21, 1900, New York Times, "Awful Armenian Massacres. Mussulmans Pillage, Outrage, and Murder Unchecked for Five Days-Eight Villages Destroyed."
October 21, 1900, Chicago Daily Tribune, "Frightful massacres of Armenians occurred in the district of Diarbekir."^[21]

1901

August 30, 1901, The San Francisco Call, "Kurds Will Continue to Massacre Armenians"
August 30, 1901, The Norfolk Weekly News-Journal, "Exterminating the Armenians"
September 6, 1901, The McCook Tribune, "System of Extermination. Turks Begin Once More of Massacre Armenians."
December 14, 1901, New York Times, "Armenian Massacres Feared. Report of American Board Says Repetition of Slaughter of 1894 Is Likely."

1902

April 16, 1902, The Jennings Daily Record, "Armenians Massacred"

1903

April 29, 1903, The Spokane Press, "Sultan Again Orders Armenian Massacre"
April 29, 1903, The Washington Times, "Sultan Orders Massacres."
April 29, 1903, The Daily Journal, "Sultan's Counter Irritant. Killing Armenians Would Detract Attention. Kurds Attack Armenians who Flee Across Russian Border and Turks Fight Cossacks"
May 1, 1903, The Stark County Democrat, "Sultan Issues Bloody Edict. Instructs His Allies to Renew, the Armenian Massacres, Which Shocked the World a Few Years Ago-Murderous Engagement."
May 4, 1903, Aberdeen Herald, "Sultan Said to Have Ordered Massacre of Christians in Armenia."
November 13, 1903, Baltimore Morning Herald, "Armenian Band Was Slaughterd By Turks"
November 13, 1903, Spokane Daily Chronicle, "Butchery in Cold Blood"

1904

May 9, 1904, The St. Louis Republic, "Call on America to Aid Armenians. Turkish Policy is Cruelty. Extermination of His Christian Subjects the Sultan's Deliberately Chosen Way of Settling Troubles."
May 13, 1904, The Day, "Turks Wipe Out Armenians. Troops Have Practically Exterminated All in Mountainous Sassoun"
May 13, 1904, The Lewiston Daily Sun, "Turkish Atrocities. Villages Burned and People Killed in Sassoun"
May 13, 1904, The Deseret News, "Reports of Turkish Atrocities Confirmed"
May 13, 1904, The Tacoma Times, "Armenians Killed."
May 14, 1904, Atlanta Constitution, "Turk's Sword Red With Blood"
May 14, 1904, Washington Post, "Sassoun Armenians practically exterminated by the Turks"
May 14, 1904, The Paducah Sun, "Many Armenians Killed by Turks"
May 19, 1904, The Weekly Guernsey Times, "Exterminating Armenians."
May 29, 1904, Chicago Daily Tribune, "Turks said to have destroyed forty-three villages and massacred the inhabitants"
June 9, 1904, New York Times, "France Warns Turkey.; Atrocities in Armenia Must Stop - Delcasse Tells of Investigation."
June 13, 1904, The Spokane Press, "2000 Armenians Are Massacred"
June 16, 1904, Mansfield Daily Shield, "3,000 Armenians Murdered by The Turks."
June 30, 1904, The Montreal Gazette, "Armenian Massacres. Terrible Atrocities Committed By Turkish Soldiers"
July 4, 1904, New York Times, "General Armenian Massacre. Is Reported to Have Begun in Van Province -- Travelers Slain."
July 6, 1904, The Minneapolis Journal, "Roosevelt May Aid Armenians. Steps to Prevent Further Massacres Considered—Cranks Threaten President."
July 25, 1904, The Spokane Press, "Armenians Are Massacred By The Wholesale"
August 3, 1904, The Star, "More Armenians Massacred"

1906

May 11, 1906, The Hawaiian Gazette, "Armenians Killed By Turks."

1907

November 26, 1907, The Marion Daily Mirror, "Armenians Massacred Villages Are Burned"
November 29, 1907, The Sydney Morning Herald, "Armenian Massacres Renewed. Ibrahim Pasha Active."

Adana Massacre

1909

April 21, 1909, New York Times, "Moslem Massacres Take 5,000 Lives"
April 21, 1909, The Wayne County Democrat, "Kill Christians In Asiatic Turkey. Town is Burned and Soldiers are Powerless to Stop Slaughtering of Armenians."
April 22, 1909, Oakland Tribune, "Women and Children are Burned Alive"
April 23, 1909, New York Times, "American Women in Peril at Hadjin"
April 25, 1909, New York Times, "30,000 Killed in Massacres; Conservative Estimate of Victims of Turkish Fanaticism in Adana Vilayet."
April 25, 1909, The Pensacola Journal, "30,000 Killed in Armenian Massacres"
April 25, 1909, Bismarck Daily Tribune, "30,000 is Estimate of Killed in Massacres"
April 26, 1909, Sydney Morning Herald, "Armenian Massacres."
April 29, 1909, The Evening Statesman, "Fearful Massacres In Turkey Continue"
May 2, 1909, Le Pelerin, "Armenian Massacres, Adana, 1909"
May 2, 1909, Le Petit Journal, "Massacres of Christians in Turkey "
May 5, 1909, The Pensacola Journal, "Entire Population Armenian Village Massacred by Turks
May 16–23, 1909, La Domenica Del Corriere, "Massacres in the Eastern Turkey: thousands of Armenians were burnt alive by Turks near the Catholic Church in Adana"
July 14, 1909, Christian Herald, "Sorting Clothing in the Gregorian Church, for the Destitute Armenians"
July 18, 1909, Journal des Voyages, "Massacres in Asia Minor, Adana, 1909"
August 22, 1909, New York Times, "The Slaughter of Christians in Asia Minor"

1912

September 9, 1912, El Paso Herald, "Armenians Are Being Massacred By Kurds"

Armenian genocide

1913

January, 1913, The Living Age, "The Peril of Armenia"
July 5, 1913, The Literary Digest, "Young Turks' Misrule In Armenia"

1914

November 12, 1914, New York Times, "Report Christians Peril in Turkey"

1915

January

January 11, 1915, New York Times, "Says Turks Advice Christians To Flee: Fear of General Massacre in Constantinople if Allied Fleet Passes Dardanelles."
January 13, 1915, New York Times, "Christians in Great Peril"
January 30, 1915, Goulburn Evening Penny Post, "Armenian Massacres

March

March 20, 1915, New York Times, "Whole Plain Strewn by Armenian Bodies"

April

April 26, 1915, The Cleveland Leader, "Kurds' Christian Massacre Grows. Village of 800 Armenians Is Wiped Out; Ten Others Attacked."
April 28, 1915, Atalanta Constitution, "Massacre Continues in Turkish Armenia"
April 28, 1915, Atlanta Constitution, "United States Urged to Save Armenians"
April 28, 1915, New York Times, "Appeal to Turkey to Stop Massacres" image
April 29, 1915, New York Times, "Turkey Bars Red Cross: Will Not Permit America to Aid Armenian Sufferers"

May

May 10, 1915, St. Paul Pioneer Press, "Armenians Appeal to Wilson for Aid "^[22]
May 17, 1915, The Ogden Standard, "Armenians At Van Massacred"
May 18, 1915, New York Times, "6,000 Armenians Killed"
May 18, 1915, Richmond Times-Dispatch, "Armenians Massacred"
May 24, 1915, New York Times, "Allies To Punish Turks Who Murder"
May 25, 1915, Zeehan and Dunas Herald, "The Armenian Massacres: The Blame Laid on Armenia. All Able-bodied Men Killed. Whole Villages Devastated"
May 25, 1915, Northern Star, "Armenian Atrocities: Shocking Carnage in Armenia"

July

July 12, 1915, New York Times, "Turks Are Evicting Native Christians"
July 29, 1915, The Times, "Reported Massacres In Armenia"
July 29, 1915, New York Times, "Wholesale Massacres Of Armenians By Turks"^[23]

August

August 4, 1915, New York Times, "Report Turks Shot Women and Children, Nine Thousand Armenians Massacred and Thrown Into Tigris, Socialist Committee Hears"
August 6, 1915, New York Times, "Armenian Horrors Grow: Massacre Greater Than Under Abdul Hamid, London Paper Says"
August 10, 1915, New York Times, "Slay All Armenians In City Of Kerasunt. Turks Wipe Out Entire Population in Town on the Black Sea"
August 17, 1915, The Times, "Armenians Expelled"
August 18, 1915, New York Times, "Armenians are Sent to Perish in Desert: Turks Accused of Plan to Exterminate Whole Population-People of Karahissar Massacred."
August 20, 1915, New York Times, "Burn 1,000 Armenians: Turks lock them in Wooden Building and Then Apply the Torch."
August 25, 1915, New York Times, "Turks' Sop to Armenians, Sublime Porte Promises Not to Deport 10 Per Cent. of Them"
August 25, 1915, New York Times, "Turks Depopulate Towns of Armenia. Traveler Reports Christians of Great Territory Have Been Driven from Homes. 600,000 Starving On Road"

September

September 5, 1915, New York Times, "1,500,000 Armenians Starve"^[24]
September 7, 1915, Saint Paul Pioneer Press, "Save The Armenians "
September 13, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, "Armenian Girls Sold in Turkish Capital "
September 14, 1915, New York Times, "Defense Committee Corners Supplies"
September 16, 1915, New York Times, "Answer Morgenthau by Hanging Armenians, He Protests Against the War of Extermination Now in Progress"
September 21, 1915, New York Times, "Bryce Asks Us To Aid Armenia.; Says That All the Christians in Trebizond, Numbering 10,000, Were Drowned. Women Seized For Harems. Only Power That Can Stop the Massacres Is Germany, and We Might Persuade Her to Act."
September 23, 1915, The Winona Independent, "Bringing Armenians to America "
September 23, 1915, The Evening Independent, "Slaughtering Of Armenians By The Thousand. Official Reports That Half A Million Have Been Killed By The Turks. Uncle Sam Appealed To Saved Doomed People."
September 23, 1915, The Mercury, "Turkish Atrocities. Systematic Slaughter Of Armenians. Half-a-Million Killed. Roads Strewn With Corpses. Ten Thousand Drowned."
September 24, 1915, The Duluth Herald, "Half Million Armenians Put to Death in Turkey "
September 24, 1915, New York Times, "500,000 Armenians Said to Have Been Perished" image
September 25, 1915, The Glasgow Herald, "Armenian Massacres. Turkey's Extermination Policy. A Tale Of Horror."
September 25, 1915, New York Times, "Says Extinction Menaces Armenia; Dr. Gabriel Tells of More Than 450,000 Killed in Recent Massacres. 600,000 Driven Into Exile. Unless Neutral Powers Intervene, Says Nubar Pasha, Almost the Whole People Is Doomed."
September 27, 1915, The Independent, "The Depopulation of Armenia"
September 27, 1915, The Superior News Tribune, "Turkish Officials Promote Massacres "
September 27, 1915, Los Angeles Times, "Massacre of Armenians at Height of its Fury.: Confirmation of Slaughter is Received by Prof. Dutton; Report States Five Hundred Thousand Men, Women and Children Have Either been Killed by the Turks or Driven to the Desert to Perish of Starvation--Extermination of Non-Moslems is Programme Decided Upon."
September 27, 1915, New York Times, "Tales of Armenian Horrors Confirmed: Committee on Atrocities says 500,000 Victims Have Suffered Already."
September 27, 1915, The Sun, "500,000 Armenians Slain in 6 Months."
September 27, 1915, The Independent, "The Depopulation of Armenia"
September 28, 1915, Goulburn Evening Penny Post, "Armenian Massacres"
September 28, 1915, The Horsham Times, "Massacres of Armenians. Incredible Cruelty."
September 28, 1915, Kerang New Times, "Armenia Devastated By Turks. Fearful Stories Of Atrocities."
September 29, 1915, The Toronto World, "Armenian Atrocities Increase In Horror. Ottoman Government's Program to Extirpate Christians in Dominions"
September 29, 1915, The Outlook, "The Turkish Atrocities in Armenia "
September 29, 1915, New York Times, "Armenian Women Put Up At Auction"
September 30, 1915, St. Paul Pioneer Press, "Pathetic Armenia.
September 30, 1915, New York Times, "Armenian Officials Murdered By Turks"
September 30, 1915, The Times, "Wholesale Murder in Armenia: Exterminating a Race"

October

October 1, 1915, The Washington Herald, "Will Ask U.S. Aid for Suffering Armenians. Details of Atrocities to Be Made Public Monday to Bring Government Intervention."
October 2, 1915, Survey Magazine, "Annihilation of All Armenians Threatened"
October 4, 1915, New York Times, "Tell of Horrors Done in Armenia"
October 4, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, "Evidence Portrays Turks as Butchers "
October 4, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, "Speaking To Him About It "
October 5, 1915, The Minneapolis Journal, "A Word To Turkey "
October 5, 1915, Springfield Republican, "Turkey is Warned. Friend in Danger. Unless Massacres Stop."
October 5, 1915, The Duluth Herald, "Holy War is on in Turkey: Turks and Kurds Determined to Exterminate all Armenians "
October 5, 1915, The Pittsburgh Press, "United States Urges Turkey To Put An End To Armenian Massacres"
October 5, 1915, Easton Free Press, "United States Acts On Turks' Atrocities. Warns Porte That Armenian Massacres Must Cease"
October 6, 1915, Keowee Courier, "Turkish Atrocities Menace"
October 7, 1915, The Times, "The Armenian Massacres"
October 7, 1915, New York Times, "Already Has $75,000 to Help Armenians"
October 7, 1915, New York Times, "800,000 Armenians Counted Destroyed"
October 8, 1915 The Ballarat Courier, "Armenian Atrocities: Doctors and Nurses Required"
October 8, 1915, Dutch Herald, "Massacre of Armenians "
October 8, 1915, The Times, "The Armenian Massacres"
October 8, 1915, St. Paul Pioneer Press, "Vigorous Measures. "

October 9, 1915, The Literary Digest, "Exterminating the Armenians"
October 10, 1915, New York Times, "Turkish Statesman Denounces Atrocities"
October 10, 1915, Duluth News Tribune "Christians Slain; Mission Burned in Turks' Empire "
October 11, 1915, The Duluth Herald, "Will Protest The Armenian Murders "
October 12, 1915, Easton Free Press, "Armenian Massacres Renewed With Vigor."
October 13, 1915, Rochester Daily Post and Record, "The Armenian Massacres "
October 13, 1915, The Gazette Times, "Turks Renew Brutal Killing Of Armenians"
October 13, 1915, Duluth Weekly Herald, "Turks Renew Massacres "
October 13, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, "Tells of Further Atrocities by Turks "
October 13, 1915, Los Angeles Times, "Gives Details of Massacres: American Committee Receives News from Armenia; Convicts are Turned Loose to Murder People; Thousands of Victims are Killed on Highways."
October 14, 1915, The Times, "Armenian Massacres Renewed"
October 14, 1915, Toledo Blade, "Armenian Massacres Renewed By The Turks. Morgenthau Reports Majority Has Been Slain."
October 15, 1915, Los Angeles Times, "Ask Wilson to Stop Armenian Massacres: Resolutions of Laymen's Missionary Movement Request President to Act-Rev. Ernest Partridge of Sivas, Turkey, Tells Delegates 800,000 Persons have been Killed and that Whole Race will be Wiped Out"
October 17, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, "Armenian Refugees in Pitiable Condition; Thousands Need Aid "
October 18, 1915, New York Times, "Thousands Protest Armenian Murders"

October 18, 1915, Iskri Newspaper, "Tortured Armenian woman with her child"^[25]
October 18, 1915, The Independent, "The Assassination of a Race"

October 22, 1915, New York Times, "Only 200,000 Armenians Now Left in Turkey; More Than 1,000,000 Killed, Enslaved or Exiled, Says a Tiflis Paper."
October 22, 1915, The Daily Star, "Turks Boiled Baby Alive. Made Armenian Mother Heat Water, Bound Her and Took Child's Life."
October 22, 1915, The Washington Herald, "Armenians In Turkey Almost Exterminated"
October 23, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, "Turkish Officials Show No Interest: German Governments Makes Efforts to Alleviate Alleged Atrocities Upon Armenians "
October 23, 1915, Honolulu Star Bulletin, "Wave of Indignation Sweeping Over States at Turk Atrocities. Threatened Annihilation of Armenians Causes Outbursts of Sympathy"
October 23, 1915, La Rire Rouge, "Armenian Massacres"
October 26, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, "Turks Continue Barbarous Work: Kill Armenians "
October 26, 1915, Cornell Daily Sun, "Atrocities Include Horseshoeing Bishop. Turks Reported to Have Committed Terrible Massacres in Armenia. Women Horribly Treated. Tied to Carts and Exposed to Hunger and Weather-Suspect German Influence"
October 27, 1915, Weekly Journal-Miner, "Terrible Turks at Old Game of Butchery. Unspeakable Atrocities Inflicted on Armenians, According to Prisoner's Story"

November

November 1, 1915, New York Times, "Aid For Armenians Blocked By Turkey,"
November 27, 1915, Christian Science Monitor, "Further Details of Armenian Atrocities Given. Lord Bryce Affirms Additional Evidence Surpasses in Horror Previous Statements."
November 27, 1915, Springfield Republican, "Fiends' Work. Armenian Horror. Told By Lord Bryce."
November 29, 1915, Warwick Examiner and Times, "Armenian Atrocities: Unparalleled Savagery"
November 29, 1915, The Argus, "Armenians. Half a Million Killed. Blood-Curdling Horrors"

December

December 3, 1915, The Border Morning Mail and Riverina Times, "Armenian Atrocities: Bishops Murdered"
December 12, 1915, Le Petit Journal, "The Massacres of Armenia"
December 12, 1915, New York Times, "Woman Describes Armenian Killings: German Missionary Says Turks Proclaimed Extermination as Their Aim."
December 15, 1915, New York Times, "Million Armenians Killed or in Exile"
December 18, 1915, The Bathurst Times, "Armenian Atrocities: Ghastly Stories"
December 19, 1915, The Washington Herald, "The Massacre of a Nation. All of the Horrors, Tortures and Barbarities of History Surpassed in List of Cruelties Practiced by Turks on Defenseless Armenians."

1916

January 17, 1916, Warwick Examiner and Times, "Armenian Atrocities: Brutal Massacre by Turks."
January 26, 1916 New York Times, "Bryce Asks America To Succor Armenians. Refugees Will Starve If Not Quickly Fed-Page To Inform Washington"
January 29, 1916, Bisbee Daily Review, "U.S. Council and Wife Save Thousands Of Armenians"
February 5, 1916, The New Age, "The Murder of Armenia"
February 6, 1916, The Sun, "American Consul Who Saved Thousands Of Armenians In Syria"
February 6, 1916, New York Times, "Saw Armenians Go Starving to Exile"
February 14, 1916, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, "Armenian Massacres Again Reported"
February 21, 1916, The Ballarat Courier, "Armenian Atrocities: America Warns Turkey"
May 6, 1916, Le Matin, "The Turkish Atrocities: The Infants Were Thrown into the Sea, Men were Shot in Packs "^[26]
June 6, 1919, Youngstown Vindicator, "Tortured Armenians Cry For American Mandatory"
June 30, 1916, Excelsior, "The symbol of the protection of Armenians by Russians"
July 5, 1916, Outlook Magazine, "Turkey's Treatment of the Armenians"
July 12, 1916, New York Times, "Turks are Evicting Native Christians: Greeks and Armenians Driven From Homes and Converted by the Sword, Assert Americans"
July 24, 1916, The Times, "Fate Of The Armenians. "The Times" History And Turkish Atrocities."
August 21, 1916, New York Times, "Armenians Dying in Prison Camps. Hundreds of Thousands Still in Danger from Turks, Refugee Fund Secretary Says"
October 4, 1916, The Spokesman-Review, "Ask $5,000,000 For Armenians. Report Declares There Are 1.000,000 Destitute in That Country and Syria. Many Have Been Killed."
October 4, 1916, The Atlanta Constitution, "1,000,000 People Dying of Hunger. Campaign Launched in the United States to Relieve Armenians and Syrians. Stories of Suffering Beggar Belief."
October 4, 1916, The Day, "Half Armenia's People Slain; Ask Aid For Rest"
October 25, 1916, The Kosciusko Union, "Americans Pay Thousands For Relief of Armenians"
October 1916, The Missionary Review of the World, "Signs of Death in Turkey"
November, 1916, The Atlantic Monthly, "The Calvary of a Nation"
November 11, 1916, Literary Digest, "Why the Armenians Were Killed"
November 12, 1916, New York Times, "Armenian Horrors Seen by Germans: Documents in Possession of the French Government Give Details of Atrocities."
November 12, 1916, New York Times, "Halil Bey's Admissions: Turkey Planned to Exterminate the Armenian Race.
November 27, 1916, "Armjanski vestnik, "The corpses of Armenians"
December 3, 1916, Los Angeles Times, "Fresh Horrors of Armenian Massacres Reported From Asiatic Turkey."

1917

January 1, 1917, New York Times, "Saw Armenians Burned Alive: So Says Mussulman, Who Tells of Ravines Full of Dead."
January 27, 1917, The New Republic, "Massacre by Decree"
February 26, 1917, The Sydney Morning Herald, "Armenians Massacres."
June 23, 1917, The Independent, "Must Armenia Perish?"
September 30, 1917, The Troy Sunday Budget, "Armenians Are Slain With Axes. An Eye-Witness to Massacres Tells a Story of the Horrors Committed by Turks."
September 30, 1917, New York Times, "ARMENIANS KILLED WITH AXES BY TURKS; Members of Faculty of Anatolia College Among More Than 1,200 Slain at Marsovan. ONE OF MANY MASSACRES Story of Ferocity Told by President of College, an Eyewitness of the Marsovan Horrors."
September 30, 1917,The Spokesman-Review, "Armenians Led To Slaughter. Anatolia College Head, Recently Returned, Relates Seizing of Students and Faculty. Sold Girls To Slavery. Turks Aimed to End Armenian Question by Wiping Out Out These People."
September 30, 1917, Los Angeles Times, "Turk Murders Defy Relation.: Minister from Front Tells of War Atrocities; Clothing of Children is Prize for Death; Sufferings in Armenia are Vividly Told."
October 18, 1917, Cornell Daily Sun, "Turks Bury Armenian Babies Alive in Work of Extermination. Rev. Henry H. Riggs, Missionary Worker, Tells of Wholesale Method of Murder. Pictures Prove Tales. German's Ally Seems Intent on Entire Extinction of the Armenians. Skeletons Cover Desert. Story of Deportation from Turkey One of Unbelievable Cruelty."
November 1917: New York Times - Current History "Armenians Killed with Axes by Kurds"

1918

January 27, 1918, The Sun, "Effort To Wipe Out Nation Described in a Sensational Book By German War Correspondent"
March, 1918, The Red Cross Magazine, "“The greatest horror in History”- Henry Morgenthau "
March 18, 1918, The Times, "Turks' Booty At Erzrum. More Armenian Atrocities."
March 21, 1918, The Mineral Country Press, "The Horrors of Aleppo"
April 28, 1918, New York Tribune, "Armenians in Fear Of Extermination"
August, 1918, The World's Work, "Ambassador Morgenthau’s story"
October, 1918, The World's Work, "Turkish barbarism toward hostages"

1919

January 2, 1919, Le Petite Parisien, "The review of “Little Parisian” on Armenian massacres: 1.5 million Victims"
January 4, 1919, Spokane Chronicle, "Turks Violate Terms of Truce, Witnesses State. Take Advantage of Final Opportunity to Torture Helpless Armenians."
January 6, 1919, Port Pirie Recorder, "The Armenian Massacre: 50 Percent of People Killed"
January 11, 1919, The Colville Examiner, "The Horrors of Aleppo"
February 12, 1919, New York Times, "Turkish Trials Begin. Governor of Diarbekir First to be Arraigned for Massacres"
February 15, 1919, Le Feu, "Pour L'Armenie"
March 28, 1919, Spokane Chronicle, "More Armenians Massacred"
April 14, 1919, New York Times, "Turks Hang Kemal Bey for Armenian Massacres."
April 26, 1919, Spokane Chronicle, "Armenian People Being Wiped Out as Peace Delays"
June 1, 1919, New York Times, "Armenian Girls Tell of Massacres. Escaped Victims of Turkish and Circassian Cruelty Recount Their Experience. Held Naked and Starving. Hundreds Slaughtered with Clubs as Parties Up to 5,000 Were Taken to Syrian Desert."
June 7, 1919, New York Times, "Reports Asia Minor Looking to America"
June 27, 1919, New York Tribune, "Another Chapter In Germany's Confession of Turkish Guilt"
July 13, 1919, New York Tribune, "Germany Confesses in a Secret Record Her Turkish Partner's Crimes in Armenia"
July 30, 1919, Spokane Chronicle, "Whole Armenian Race in Danger"
July 31, 1919, The Brisbee Daily Review, "Turks Marching Upon Armenians On Three Sides; U.S. Powerless to Render Help. American Relief Cut Off, Fear Extermination of the Entire Armenian Nation, For Which U.S. Is Potential Mandatory"
August, 1919, The National Geographic, "Between Massacres in Van "
October 1, 1919, New York Tribune, "Turks Slaying All Armenians, Senate Is Told. State Department Declares Whole Nation Will Be Gone in Month Unless Congress Sends Troops."
November, 1919, National Geographic, "The Land of the Stalking Death "
December 19, 1919, The Maui News, "Armenians May Be Exterminated If U.S. Refuses Help"
December 19, 1919, Holt County Sentinel, "How Armenians Are Held Back By Fate"

1920

January 4, 1920, The Minneapolis Journal, "First Victim of Turk Assassins Arrives in City "
February 14, 1920, The Toledo News-Bee, "2000 Armenians Murdered"
February 17, 1920, The Minneapolis Morning Tribune, "Attack Still in Progress "
February 28, 1920, The Independent, "Shall Armenia Perish?" by Henry Morgenthau
February 29, 1920, Bisbee Daily Review, "Armenians Die By Thousands In Massacres"
March 1, 1920, The Pittsburgh Press, "10,000 Armenians Are Murdered by Turks in Cilicia"
March 2, 1920, The Times, "The Marash Massacres. 16,000 Armenians Killed Out Of 22,000.
March 3, 1920, The Times, "Armenian Massacres. The Turks In Cilicia.
March 8, 1920, Jerusalem News, "Reuters Telegrams "
March 8, 1920, The Toronto World, "Allies Notify Turkey Armenian Massacres Must Stop"
April 17, 1920, The Pittsburgh Press, "Armenian Massacres Renewed By Turks"
September 5, 1920, The Washington Times, "How Science Cleansed Her of the Cruel Turk's Brand of Shame"

1921

June 4, 1921, The Sydney Morning Herald, "Million Perished. What Armenia Suffered."
November 23, 1921, The Minneapolis Journal, "Girl-Slave of Turks Who Found Refuge in City Now Finds Happiness as Bride "

1922

February 25, 1922, Literary Digest, "Armenia's Tragic Finish"
October, 1922, New York Times, "Crimes of Turkish Misrule"
November 28, 1922, St. Petersburg Times, "The Terrible Turk"

External links

The Armenian Genocide — News Accounts from the American Press: 1915-1922 on Armenian National Institute (ANI)
Minnesota Newspapers Reportage About the Armenian Genocide, 1915-22 on University of Minnesota
Nora Arissian, The Armenian Genocide in the Syrian press in Hovannisian Richard G. The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies, Transaction Publishers, 2011
Vahakn Dadrian, Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources, Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, 1991
Book: The Armenian genocide as reported in the Australian press. 1983. Armenian National Committee of Australia. 9780959256901.

Notes and References

Web site: Press Coverage of the Armenian Genocide. Armenian National Institute.
Babkenian. Vicken. Stories of "International Goodness" during the Armenian Genocide. Genocide Prevention Now. Fall 2012. 11.
Web site: Armenian Genocide: frontpage coverage in the foreign media. Genocide Museum.
News: Online exhibition on front-page coverage of Armenian Genocide opened. PanArmenian.net. June 24, 2009. Publications with particular photos are predominantly remarkable for they convey valuable information about genocide as a phenomenon, its process and consequences..
Book: Kloian, Richard. The Armenian genocide: news accounts from the American press, 1915-1922. 1988. Anto Printing.
News: Armenian National Institute Announces Major Expansion of its Website on the Armenian Genocide. Genocide Watch.
Web site: Tellalian Kyrkostas. Margaret C.. U.S. Media Coverage. University of Minnesota: Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies.
Kateb. Vahe. Australian press coverage of the Armenian genocide 1915-1923. 2003. University of Wollongong.
Book: Ashford, Karen. "The Globe"'s representation of the Armenian genocide and Canada's acknowledgement. 2012. University of Windsor (Canada). 9780494772485.
Book: Herzig, edited by Edmund. The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. 2005. RoutledgeCurzon. Abingdon, Oxon, Oxford. 0203004930. Kurkchiyan, Marina.
Book: Andreopoulos. George J.. Genocide : conceptual and historical dimensions. 1997. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia, Pa.. 0812216164. 1. paperback print..
Book: Yeghiayan, Vartkes. The Armenian genocide and the trials of the young Turks. 1990. American Armenian International College Press.
Book: Hovannisian. Richard. The Armenian genocide cultural and ethical legacies. 2007. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick, N.J.. 978-1412835923.
Book: Lemkin, Raphael. Raphael Lemkin's dossier on the Armenian genocide : Turkish massacres of Armenians : (manuscript from Raphael Lemkin's collection, American Jewish Historical Society). 2008. Center for Armenian Remembrance. Glendale, Calif.. 978-0977715343. Michael J. Bazyler.
News: "The Armenian Genocide: Frontpage Coverage in the Foreign Media" Exhibition in Beirut, Lebanon. Massis Post. May 2, 2012.
Web site: Before the Silence. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100819160106/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/bts/index.html#2. dead. University of Michigan. Gerald Ottenbreit, Jr.. February 19, 2011. July 24, 2013. August 19, 2010.
Der Matossian. Bedross. From Bloodless Revolution to Bloody Counterrevolution: The Adana Massacres of 1909. Genocide Studies and Prevention. Summer 2011. 6. 2. 155. University of Toronto Press. Other scholars attempt to represent the acts of violence that took place at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries as part of a linear process that culminated in the extermination of the Armenians.. 10.1353/gsp.2011.0123.
Vahakn N. Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus (Providence, RI, and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995)
Raymond H. Kévorkian, Le génocide des Arméniens (Paris: Jacob, 2006).
Book: Taylor, Jessica L.. Through the Eyes of the "Post": American Media Coverage of the Armenian Genocide. 2009. East Tennessee State University. 978-1109213805.
News: Peltekian. Katia M.. Daily Newspaper Reporting of The Armenian Genocide: Could They All Be Wrong?. Groong News Site. April 23, 2008.
Web site: Minnesota Newspapers Reportage About the Armenian Genocide, 1915-22. University of Minnesota. Compiled by Dr. Lou Ann Matossian.
News: Hevesi. Dennis. ACROSS THE GENERATIONS, 1915 HAUNTS ARMENIANS. New York Times. April 26, 1987.
Book: Hovannisian. Richard. The Armenian genocide cultural and ethical legacies. 2008. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick, N.J.. 978-1412808910. 98.
Web site: Russian-language newspaper Iskri. Genocide1915.
Web site: Les atrocités turques : Les enfants ont été jetés à la mer, les hommes ont été fusillés par paquets.. Nouvelles Armenian Magazine.