Presidents of the University of Montana explained

The University of Montana was founded in 1893.

Motto:	Lux et Veritas
Mottoeng:	Light and Truth
Established:	1893
Type:	Public, doctoral university
Endowment:	US$108.0 million^[1]
President:	Seth Bodnar
Provost:	Adrea Lawrence
Faculty:	581 full-time, 250 part-time
Students:	11,865 total (fall 2017)
Undergrad:	9,323 total (fall 2017)
Country:	U.S.
Campus:	University town,
Colors:	Maroon and silver
Sports Nickname:	Grizzlies and Lady Griz
Mascot:	Monte

Timeline

^[2]

DateFormat = yyyyImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:20Period = from:1895 till:2024TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:10 left:20 bottom:50 top:0

Colors = id:barcolor value:rgb(0.99,0.7,0.7) id:line value:black id:bg value:white

PlotData= width:15 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:m

bar:1 color:powderblue from:1895 shift:(87,-5) till:1908 text:Oscar J. Craig (1895-1908) bar:2 color:powderblue from:1908 shift:(30,-5) till:1912 text:Clyde V. Duniway (1908-1912) bar:3 color:powderblue from:1912 shift:(24,-5) till:1915 text:Edwin B. Craighead (1912-1915) bar:4 color:powderblue from:1915 shift:(20,-5) till:1917 text:Frederick Charles Scheuch (1915-1917) bar:5 color:powderblue from:1917 shift:(30,-5) till:1921 text:Edward O. Sisson (1917-1921) bar:6 color:powderblue from:1921 shift:(95,-5) till:1935 text:Charles H. Clapp (1921–1935) bar:7 color:powderblue from:1936 shift:(-200,-5) till:1941 text:George F. Simmons (1936-1941) bar:8 color:powderblue from:1941 shift:(-175,-5) till:1945 text:Ernest O. Melby (1941-1945) bar:9 color:powderblue from:1945 shift:(-185,-5) till:1950 text:James A. McCain (1945-1950) bar:10 color:powderblue from:1951 shift:(-170,-5) till:1958 text:Carl McFarland (1951-1958) bar:11 color:powderblue from:1959 shift:(-185,-5) till:1963 text:Harry K. Newburn (1959-1963) bar:12 color:powderblue from:1963 shift:(-162,-5) till:1966 text:Robert Johns (1963-1966) bar:13 color:powderblue from:1966 shift:(-185,-5) till:1974 text:Robert T. Pantzer (1966-1974) bar:14 color:powderblue from:1974 shift:(-190,-5) till:1981 text:Richard C. Bowers (1974-1981) bar:15 color:powderblue from:1981 shift:(-174,-5) till:1986 text:Neil S. Bucklew (1981-1986) bar:16 color:powderblue from:1986 shift:(-172,-5) till:1990 text:James V. Koch (1986-1990) bar:17 color:powderblue from:1990 shift:(-205,-5) till:2010 text:George M. Dennison (1990–2010) bar:18 color:powderblue from:2010 shift:(-193,-5) till:2016 text:Royce Engstrom (2010-2016) bar:19 color:powderblue from:2016 shift:(-193,-5) till:2018 text: Sheila Stearns (2017-2018) bar:20 color:powderblue from:2018 shift:(-193,-5) till:end text: Seth Bodnar (2018-present)

ScaleMajor = gridcolor:tan1 unit:year increment:5 start:1895

TextData = fontsize:L textcolor:black pos:(175,30) # tabs:(0-center) text:"University of Montana Presidents"

Oscar John Craig (1895-1908)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term July 1895 - October 1908^[3] Retired (ill health)Predecessor noneSuccessor Clyde V. DuniwayBorn April 18, 1846 Madison, IN Died Education A.B., Asbury University, 1881 A.M., DePauw University, 1884 Ph.D., University of Wooster, 1887	valign=top	Buildings Created and Programs EstablishedBuildings Venture Center/Science Hall, 1898 (razed in 1983) University Hall (Main Hall), 1898 Women's Hall (Math Building), 1902 Gymnasium, 1903 (razed in 1965) University Library (Jeannette Rankin Hall), 1908 Programs Schools of Engineering and Pharmacy Departments of History, Education, English, Literature, Vocal Expression, Chemistry, Mathematics, Latin and Greek, Modern Languages, Physics and Geology, Biology, Music, and Drawing Organizations The Kaimin Associated Students at The University of Montana (ASUM) Associated Mechanical Engineers Silver Cornet Band two glee clubs ΣΝ, ΣΧ
Eponymous Landmarks: Craig Hall (Dormitory) Oscar J. Craig Heritage Society (society includes individuals who have committed a planned gift to benefit The University of Montana.)^[4]

Clyde Augustus Duniway (1908-1912)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term October 1908 - September 1912^[5] Dismissed ("understood that this action has been taken because President Duniway refused to appoint a local politician as dean of the law school" — Science Magazine)^[6] Predecessor Oscar J. CraigSuccessor Edwin B. CraigheadBorn November 2, 1866 (Albany, OR) Died Education A.B., Cornell University, 1892 A.M., Harvard University, 1894 Ph.D., Harvard University, 1897 Additional study Leipzig, Berlin, and Paris, 1901-02	valign=top	Landmarks The first "M" created, 1909 Senior Bench, 1910 Programs School of Law Departments of Biology, Botany and Forestry, Fine Arts, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Electrical EngineeringCourses in Zoology and Psychology Organizations Debate League YMCA, YWCA Silent Sentinel ΚΑΘ, ΚΚΓ, ΔΓ
Eponymous Landmarks: Duniway Hall (Dormitory)

Edwin Boone Craighead (1912-1915)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term September 1912 - October 1915^[7] Dismissed: (fell out of favor with the Board of Education after promoting a consolidation of the university system in Montana)^[8] Predecessor Clyde V. DuniwaySuccessor Randall M. M. SavageBorn March 3, 1861 (Hams Prairie, MO)Died Education A.M., Central College, 1883 LL. D., University of Missouri, 1898 D.C.L., University of the South, 1907	valign=top	Landmarks Wooden "M," 1912 Whitewashed rock "M," 1915 Programs Schools of Journalism, Music, and Forestry Departments of Home Economics, Political Science, Manual Arts, and Economics and Sociology
Eponymous Landmarks: Craighead Apartments (University Village)
University News: The University of Montana won a place on the accredited list of the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools for the first time. Name changed from University of Montana to State University of Montana with the creation of the Montana University System. (1913) First Homecoming (November 6, 1914)

Frederick Charles Scheuch (Interim) (1915–1917)

valign=top width=50%	Term 1915-1917 InterimPredecessor Edwin B. CraigheadSuccessor Edward O. SissonBorn 29 March 1871 Lafayette, Indiana^[9] Died Los Angeles, CaliforniaEducation B.M.E., Purdue University, 1893 A.C., Purdue University, 1894	valign=top	Buildings Created and Programs Established
Eponymous Landmarks

Edward Octavius Sisson (1917-1921)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term September 1917 - August 1921^[10] ^[11] Predecessor Frederick Charles ScheuchSuccessor Charles H. ClappBorn 24 May 1869 Gateshead, Co. Durham, EnglandDied Monterey, California, U.S.^[12] Education B.S., Kansas State Agricultural College, 1886 A.B., University of Chicago, 1893 Ph.D., Harvard University, 1905	valign=top	Buildings and Landmarks Memorial Row, 1919 Simpkins Hall, 1920 (razed in 1960) Marcus Cook Hall, 1921 (razed in 1935) Programs Established School of Business AdministrationDepartments of Astronomy and Military SciencePre-Medicine ProgramStudent Army Training Corps
Eponymous Landmarks:: Sisson Apartments (University Village)

Personal and Accomplishments

Charles Horace Clapp (1921–1935)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term September 1921 - May 1935^[13] Predecessor Edward O. SissonSuccessor George Finlay SimmonsBorn 5 June 1883 Boston, Massachusetts^[14] Died Missoula, Montana^[15] Education B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1905 Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1910 Additional study at Harvard University, 1910	valign=top	Buildings South Hall (Elrod Hall), 1921 University Library (Social Science Building), 1921 Men's Gymnasium (Shreiber Gym), 1921 Heating Plant, 1922 Forestry Building, 1922 North Hall (Brantley Hall), 1923 Dornblazer Field, 1924 Corbin Hall, 1927 Student Union (Fine Arts Building), 1935 Programs College of Arts and SciencesSchool of Religion
Eponymous Landmarks: Charles H. Clapp Building (Science Complex)

Personal and Accomplishments

George Finlay Simmons (1936-1941)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term January 1936 - April 1941^[16] Predecessor Charles H. ClappSuccessor Ernest O. MelbyBorn 25 October 1895 Sherman, TexasDied Chicago, Illinois^[17] Education B.A., University of Texas, 1921 M.A., University of Texas, 1922 Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1934	valign=top	Buildings Journalism Building, 1936 Chemistry/Pharmacy Building, 1938 Addition to the Natural Sciences Building, 1938 New Hall (Turner Hall), 1939 Programs Departments of Bacteriology and Hygiene and PhilosophyPrograms in Social Welfare Studies, Pre-Nursing, Medical Technology, Wildlife Technology, and Wildlife Management
Eponymous Landmarks

Personal and Accomplishments

Ernest Oscar Melby (1941-1945)

See main article: Ernest O. Melby.

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term October 1941 - August 1945Predecessor George F. SimmonsSuccessor James A. McCainBorn August 16, 1891 Lake Park, MinnesotaDied Boca Raton, FloridaEducation B.A., St. Olaf's College, 1913 M.A., University of Minnesota, 1926 Ph.D., University of Minnesota, 1928	valign=top	LandmarksThe Lubrecht Experimental Forest, 1942Programs The Navy V-1 and the Civilian Pilot Training ProgramsThe Montana Study
Eponymous Landmarks

Personal and Accomplishments

James Allen McCain (1945-1950)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term September 1945 - July 1950^[18] Predecessor Ernest O. MelbySuccessor Carl McFarlandBorn 8 December 1907 York, South Carolina^[19] Died March 1987 (aged 79)Education A.B., Woffard College, 1926 A.M., Duke University, 1929 Ed.D., Stanford University, 1948	valign=top	Buildings Jumbo Hall, 1946 (razed in 1960) Education Building, 1948 Forestry School Memorial Greenhouse, 1950 Programs School of Public and Private AdministrationDepartment of SociologyWildlife Research UnitStella Duncan Memorial Research Institute
Eponymous Landmarks

Personal and Accomplishments

Carl McFarland (1951-1958)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term March 1951 - May 1958^[20] Predecessor James A. McCainSuccessor Harry K. NewburnBorn October 6, 1904 Seattle, Washington^[21] Died Education B.A., The University of Montana, 1928 M.A., The University of Montana, 1929 LL.B., The University of Montana, 1930 S.J.D., Harvard University, 1932	valign=top	Buildings Craig Hall, 1952 Field House (Adams Center), 1953 Women's Center (McGill Hall), 1953 Music Building, 1953 Liberal Arts, 1953 Ryman Addition, 1955 Robert B. Curry Health Center, 1955 The Lodge, 1956 North Corbin Hall, 1956 Art Annex/Grizzly Pool, 1957 Duniway Hall, 1957 Craighead/Sisson Apartments 1957 Programs College of Fine ArtsPrograms in Liberal Arts, Radio/Television, and DramaCourses in Russian, Italian, Dance, and Physical TherapyROTC
Eponymous Landmarks: Carl McFarland Scholarship Endowment (Criteria: Native American students at The University of Montana who are Montana residents)

Personal and Accomplishments

Harry Kenneth Newburn (1959-1963)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term July 1959 - September 1963^[22] Predecessor Carl McFarlandSuccessor Robert JohnsBorn January 1, 1906 Cuba^[23] Died Education B.E., Western Illinois State Teachers College, 1928 A.M., University of Iowa, 1931 Ph.D., University of Iowa, 1933 Hon. D.H.L. Northern Michigan College, 195	valign=top	Buildings Health Sciences Building, 1961 Law Building, 1962 Additions and renovations of the Physical Plant and Liberal *Arts Building, 1962 Programs Department of Radio/TelevisionPrograms in Social Welfare, Forest Conservation, and Microbiology
Eponymous Landmarks:

Personal and Accomplishments

Robert Johns (1963-1966)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term September 1963 - August 1966^[24] Predecessor Harry K. NewburnSuccessor Robert T. PantzerBorn May 12, 1921 Died Education Ph.D., Stanford University, 1950	valign=top	Buildings Knowles Hall, 1963 Miller Hall, 1965 Addition to Harry Adams Field House, 1965Programs Physical Therapy ProgramCourses in Linguistics, Communications, and Resource ConservationUpward BoundRegional School Facilities Planning CenterU.S. Forest Service Experimental Laboratory
Eponymous Landmarks

Personal and Accomplishments

Robert T. Pantzer (1966-1974)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term December 1966 - June 1974^[25] Predecessor Robert JohnsSuccessor Richard C. BowersBorn 18 June 1914 Died Education B.A., The University of Montana, 1940 L.L.B., The University of Montana, 1947	valign=top	Buildings and Landmarks Elrod Research Station at Flathead Lake, 1967 Aber Hall, 1967 Physical Plant, 1967 University Center, 1968 Grizzly Statue and concrete "M," 1968 Science Complex, 1971 Rec Annex, 1972 Mansfield Library, 1973 Programs Department of Computer SciencePrograms in Comparative Literature, Environmental, and Native American StudiesCourses in Portuguese and Chinese
Eponymous Landmarks: Pantzer Hall (dormitory) Robert T. Pantzer Presidential Humanitarian Award (Granted annually to a person from The University of Montana or the State of Montana who has contributed substantially to making the university a more open and humane learning environment.)

Personal and Accomplishments

Richard Charles Bowers (1974-1981)

valign=center halign=centerwidth=230		valign=top width=30%	Term July 1974 - June 1981^[26] Predecessor Robert T. PantzerSuccessor Neil S. BucklewBorn May 3, 1927 Mount Pleasant, Iowa^[27] Died Polson, MontanaEducation B.S., University of Michigan, 1948 Ph.D., University of Minnesota, 1953	valign=top	Buildings Urey Underground Lecture Hall, 1981 Pharmacy/Psychology Building (Skaggs Complex), 1981 Additions to Law Building and Mansfield Library Programs African-American, Latin-American, Asian, and Soviet Studies ProgramsPre-Agriculture/Horticulture curriculum
Eponymous Landmarks

Personal and Accomplishments

Neil S. Bucklew (1981-1986)

valign=top width=50%	Term July 1981 - June 1986^[28] Predecessor Richard C. BowersSuccessor James V. KochBorn 23 October 1940 Morgantown, West Virginia^[29] Died Education B.A., University of Missouri, 1963 M.S., University of North Carolina, 1967 Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1971	valign=top	Buildings International House (purchased), 1984 Performing Arts and Radio/Television Center, 1985 Washington-Grizzly Stadium, 1986 Programs Arts and Sciences Honors ProgramDegree programs in Public Administration and Creative WritingCourses in Film and Telecommunications
Eponymous Landmarks: Bucklew Service Award (Recognizes a Montanan whose efforts foster an understanding throughout the community and state of the university's needs and strengths – and vice versa.)

Personal and Accomplishments

James Verch Koch (1986-1990)

valign=top width=50%	Term September 1986 - June 1990^[30] Predecessor Neil S. BucklewSuccessor George M. DennisonEducation B.A., Illinois State University, 1964 Ph. D., Northwestern University, 1968Born 7 October 1942 Springfield, Illinois^[31]	valign=top	Landmarks Kim Williams Linden Grove, 1987 Programs University CollegeDepartment of PsychologyCourses in JapaneseTourism and Recreation and Wilderness Institutes
Eponymous Landmarks

Personal and Accomplishments

George M. Dennison (1990–2010)

See main article: George M. Dennison.

valign=top width=50%	Term August 1990-October 2010^[32] Predecessor James V. KochSuccessor Royce EngstromEducation B.S., The University of Montana, 1962 M.A., The University of Montana, 1963 Ph.D., The University of Washington, 1967Born August 11, 1935 Buffalo, IllinoisDied January 2017 (age 85)	valign=top	Buildings and LandmarksL Renovated University Theatre, 1997 Davidson Honors College, 1996 Gallagher Business Building, 1996 Parking Structure, 1996 James E. Todd Building, 1998 Renovation of University Center, 1995, 2001 Pantzer Hall, 1995 Renovation of Prescott House and Construction of Phyllis J. *Washington Park, 1997? Renovation of Miller Hall, 1998 Renovation of Chemistry Building, 2004 Adams Center Renovation, 2000 Fitness and Campus Recreation Center, 2001 Established MonTEC, 1991 K. Ross Toole Village, 1997 Lewis & Clark Village, 2004 Don Anderson Hall, 2007 Skaggs Building Additions, 2000, 2007 Payne Family Native American Center, 2010 Phyllis J. Washington Education Center, 2009 Law School Building Addition, 2010 Washington-Grizzly Stadium Expansions, 1995, 2003, 2009 Programs Reaccreditation of Pharmacy Program - the new College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences housing theSchool of Pharmacy which emerged as a leading research center on campus and ranked seventh nationally among schools of pharmacy for attracting NIH research funding.Re-established Communicative Disorders on campus after a hiatus of nearly 20 yearsInformation Technology Strategic PlanEnhanced the President's Lecture SeriesFirst Diversity Plan and Diversity Advisory CouncilClimate Action Plan and Sustainable Campus ProgramQuality of Worklife Program
Eponymous Landmarks: George M. and Jane I. Dennison Doctoral Fellows in History Endowment (The fellowships made possible by the endowment will support graduate students pursuing a Ph.D. in history.)

Personal and Accomplishments

Royce Engstrom (2010-2016)

valign=top width=50%	Term October 15, 2010 - December 31, 2016 ^[33] Predecessor George Dennison Successor Sheila Sterns (Interim) Born Died Education B.S., Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Omaha Ph.D., Analytical Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison.	valign=top	Buildings Created and Programs Established Eck Hall Eric and Blair Sprunk Student-Athlete Academic Center Gilkey Executive Training Center Missoula College River Campus Washington-Grizzly Champions Center
Eponymous Landmarks

Personal and Accomplishments

Sheila Sterns (Interim) (2017 - 2018)

valign=top width=50%	Term January 1, 2017 - January, 2018^[34] Predecessor Royce Engstrom Successor Seth Bodnar Born August 30, 1946 Died May 23, 2023 Education B.A., History, University of Montana M.A., History, University of Montana Ed.D., Educational Administration and Supervision, University of Montana	valign=top	Buildings Created and Programs Established University of Montana Humanities Institute Accelerate Montana
Eponymous Landmarks

Personal and Accomplishments

Seth Bodnar (2018-)

valign=top width=50%	Term January 1, 2018 - Predecessor Sheila Sterns Successor Born Died Education	valign=top	Buildings Created and Programs Established
Eponymous Landmarks

Personal and Accomplishments

Notes and References

1. As of June 30, 2009. Web site: U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2009 Endowment Market Value and Percentage Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2008 to FY 2009. 2009 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments. National Association of College and University Business Officers. March 8, 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124106/http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2009_NCSE_Public_Tables_Endowment_Market_Values.pdf. December 14, 2017.
2. Web site: University of Montana's Past Presidents. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101229173814/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/default.aspx. 2010-12-29.
3. Web site: Oscar J. Craig - 1895-1908. umt.edu.
4. http://www.stelter.com/clients/pdf/5215Heritage.pdf/{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
5. Web site: Duniway UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004125/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/duniway.aspx. 2010-12-30.
6. Science Magazine: Sign In. sciencemag.org. 10.1126/science.35.889.60.a .
7. Web site: Craighead UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004126/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/craighead.aspx. 2010-12-30.
8. Web site: Read the eBook Montana, Its Story and Biography; a history of aboriginal and territorial Montana and three decades of statehood, under the editorial supervision of Tom Stout .. (Volume 1) by Tom Stout online for free (page 1 of 104). Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. ebooksread.com.
9. Web site: The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. google.ca. 1967.
10. Web site: Edward Octavious Sisson . 2010-11-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110718155924/http://homepage.ntlworld.ie/niall.sisson/EdwardOSisson.htm . 2011-07-18 .
11. Web site: Edward O. Sisson . 2010-11-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004127/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/sisson.aspx . 2010-12-30 .
12. Web site: School & Society. google.ca. Cattell. James Mckeen. 1949.
13. Web site: Clapp UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004128/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/clapp.aspx. 2010-12-30.
14. Web site: Presidents of American Colleges and Universities. google.ca. 1933.
15. Web site: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle from Brooklyn, New York · Page 19. Brooklyn Public Library.
16. Web site: Simmons UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004130/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/simmons.aspx. 2010-12-30.
17. Web site: The Independent Record from Helena, Montana · Page 14. Newspapers.com.
18. Web site: McCain UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091219164231/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/mccain.aspx. 2009-12-19.
19. Web site: Addresses at the Inauguration of James Allen McCain as President of the ... - Montana State University (Missoula) - Google Books. google.ca. 1945.
20. Web site: McFarland UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091219164236/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/mcfarland.aspx. 2009-12-19.
21. Web site: Archives West: Carl McFarland scrapbook, 1928-1937. orbiscascade.org.
22. Web site: Newburn UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004134/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/newburn.aspx. 2010-12-30.
23. Book: Who was who in America. 9780837902074. 1976.
24. Web site: John UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004135/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/johns.aspx. 2010-12-30.
25. Web site: Pantzer UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004136/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/pantzer.aspx. 2010-12-30.
26. Web site: Bowers UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004129/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/bowers.aspx. 2010-12-30.
27. Web site: Presidents and Deans of American Colleges and Universities. google.com. 1966.
28. Web site: Bucklew UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004137/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/bucklew.aspx. 2010-12-30.
29. Book: Who's who in the South and Southwest. 9780837908342. 2004.
30. Web site: Koch UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052706/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/koch.aspx. 2009-12-18.
31. Book: Who's Who in Writers, Editors & Poets. Johnson. Curt. Nipp. Frank. 1989. 9780913204221.
32. Web site: Dennison UM Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101230004139/http://www.umt.edu/president/pastpresidents/dennison/default.aspx. 2010-12-30.
33. Web site: The end of Engstrom: How UM's president fell from grace.
34. Web site: Sheila M. Stearns - 2016- 2018. 2021-03-22. www.umt.edu. en.