List of presidents of the American Psychiatric Association explained

Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association

NameYearNotes
Petros Levounis 2023–2024 Current President. Serves as professor and chair of the Department of Psychiatry and associate dean for professional development at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. He is also the chief of service at University Hospital in Newark, New Jersey. Dr. Levounis came to Rutgers from Columbia University where he served as director of the Addiction Institute of New York from 2002 to 2013.
-Rebecca W. Brendel 2022–2023 Director of the Master of Bioethics Program, Associate Director of the Center for Bioethics, and an Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. She is also a Director of Law and Ethics at the Center for Law, Brain, and Behavior at Massachusetts General Hospital.
2021–2022 Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College. Training psychoanalyst, Columbia University. Founder of Healthcare Against Trafficking, Inc. Consultant psychiatrist and psychoanalyst to the United Nations.
2020–2021 Prior Director of Public Sector Psychiatry and current Professor of Psychiatry at University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS). Previous medical director (served 7 years) and current staff psychiatrist, Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital.
2019–2020 Deputy Chair and Clinical Director of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. President of the Montefiore Behavioral Care IPA. Medical Director and founding member of University Behavioral Associates.
2018–2019 First African-American elected to lead the APA. Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Director, Center for Health in Justice Involved Youth, University of Tennessee Health Science Center.[1]
2017–2018 Chief Medical Officer, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and Director of the Office of Chief Medical Officers (OCMO).[2]
2016–2017She was the first Latina president of the APA. Professor and Chairman of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine.[3]
2015–2016 Associate Dean of Academic Affairs, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Forensic Psychiatry Fellowship Director, UCSF Department of Psychiatry.[4] [5]
2014–2015 Dr. Frances S. Arkin Professor and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Tufts University School of Medicine, Psychiatrist-in-Chief of the Tufts Medical Center.[6] [7]
2013–2014 Chair of Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, principal investigator for the NIMH CATIE study.[8] [9]
2012-2013First Asian-American President of the APA.[10]
2011–2012 [11]
2010–2011 [12]
2009-2010[13]
2008-2009[14]
2007–2008 [15]
2006-2007[16]
2005–2006[17]
2004–2005 [18]
2003-2004[19]
2002-2003[20]
2001–2002 [21]
2000–2001 [22]
1999-2000[23]
1998-1999[24]
1997–1998[25]
1996–1997
1995-1996[26]
1994-1995[27]
John McIntyre 1993–1994[28]
1992-1993[29]
1991-1992[30]
1990-1991[31]
1989-1990[32]
1988-1989[33]
1987-1988[34]
1986–1987[35]
1985-1986First female president of the American Psychiatric Association.[36]
First female editor-in-chief of the American Psychiatric Association Press (1986).[37]
First director of Partners Office for Women's Careers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (1998).
1984-1985 113th president[38]
1983-1984[39]
1982-1983
1981-1982[40]
1980-1981[41]
1979-1980[42]
1978-1979[43]
1977-1978[44]
1976-1977[45]
1975-1976[46]
1974-1975 103rd president[47]
1973-1974 Led the effort to de-classify homosexuality as a mental illness.[48] [49]
1972–1973[50]
1971–1972[51]
1970–1971[52]
1969–1970[53]
1968-1969[54]
1967–1968
1966–1967[55]
1965–1966[56]
1964–1965First medical director of the American Psychiatric Association and founder of the newsletter that became the journal Mental Hospitals (1951–1965), later Hospital & Community Psychiatry (1966–1994) and Psychiatric Services (1995–present).[57] [58]
1963–1964[59]
1962–1963[60]
1961–1962[61]
1960-1961[62]
1959–1960 [63]
1958–1959[64]
1957–1958[65]
1956–1957[66]
1955–1956[67]
1954–1955[68]
1953–1954
1952–1953[69]
1951–1952[70]
1950–1951Psychiatrist in Chief from 1941-1960 at Johns Hopkins University and the Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry.[71]
1949-1950[72]
1948-1949[73] [74]
1947-1948[75]
1946–1947[76]
1944–1946[77]
1943–1944Graduated from Jefferson University in 1911. Professor of Mental and Nervous Diseases (1925-1931).[78] [79]
1942-1943[80]
1941-1942[81]
1941-1942Died before taking office.
1940-1941[82]
1939-1940[83]
1938-1939[84]
1937-1938[85]
1936-1937[86]
1935-1936[87]
1934-1935[88]
1933-1934[89]
1932-1933[90]
1931-1932
1930-1931
1929-1930
1928-1929
1927-1928
1926-1927
1925-1926
1924-1925
1923-1924Mental hygiene advocate and chief consultant psychiatrist to the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I.[91]
1922-1923
1921-1922
1920-1921[92]
1919-1920
1918-1919 [93]
1917-1918 [94]
1916-1917
1915-1916 [95]
1914-1915
1913–1914 [96] [97]
1912-1913
1911-1912 [98]
1910-1911
1909-1910 [99]
1908-1909
1907-1908 [100]
1906-1907
1905-1906
1904-1905
1903-1904
1902-1903
1902-1903 Died before taking office.
1901-1902
1900-1901
1899-1900
1898-1899
1897-1898
1896-1997
1895-1896
1894-1895
1893-1894
1892-1893
1891-1892
1890-1891Organization name changed to American Medico-Psychological Association
1889-1890
1888-1889
1887-1888
1886-1887
1885-1886
1884-1885
1883-1884
1882-1883
1879-1882
1873-1879
1870-1873
1862-1870
1859-1862
1855-1859
1851-1855
1848-1851
1844-1848First president, founded as the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane.

Notes and References

  1. APA Elects Dr. Altha Stewart as President-Elect, the First African-American to Lead Organization. 3 July 2017 . 14 February 2017. Arlington, VA. American Psychiatric Association.
  2. Anita Everett Takes Office as APA President. 3 July 2017 . 25 May 2017. Arlington, VA. American Psychiatric Association.
  3. Maria Oquendo Takes Office as APA President. 3 July 2017 . 19 May 2016. Arlington, VA. American Psychiatric Association.
  4. Summergrad . Paul. July 2016 . Renee Binder, M.D., 142nd President, 2015-2016 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 173 . 7 . 671 . 27363552 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.173703 .
  5. Renée Binder, M.D., Takes Office as APA President. 22 May 2015 . 21 May 2015. Arlington, VA. American Psychiatric Association.
  6. Glassman . Randy S.. August 2015 . Paul Summergrad, M.D., 141st President, 2014-2015 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 172 . 8 . 719–20 . 26234598 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.1720703 .
  7. Web site: Faculty Bio — Paul Summergrad, MD. Neuroscience CME. CME Outfitters, LLC. May 22, 2015.
  8. Solomon . Andrew. July 2014 . Jeffrey A. Lieberman, M.D., 140th President, 2013-2014 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 171 . 7 . 740 . 24980173 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.171071 .
  9. Web site: Jeffrey Lieberman, M.D. . Columbia Psychiatry. Columbia University Department of Psychiatry. 23 December 2016.
  10. Robinowitz . Carolyn B.. October 2013 . Dilip V. Jeste, M.D., 139th President, 2012-2013 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 170 . 10 . 1108–9 . 24084817 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.1701003 . free .
  11. Michels . Robert . October 2012 . John M. Oldham, M.D., M.S., 138th President, 2011–2012 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 169 . 10 . 1030 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.1691003 .
  12. Robinowitz . Carolyn B. . October 2011 . Carol A. Bernstein, 137th President, 2010–2011 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 168 . 10 . 1029–1030 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.168.10.1029 .
  13. Kupfer . David J.. October 2010 . Alan F. Schatzberg, M.D., 136th President, 2009-2010 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 167 . 10 . 1170–1171 . 26649786 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.167.10.1170 .
  14. Yudofsky . Stuart C.. October 2009 . Nada Logan Stotland, M.D., 135th President, 2008-2009 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 166 . 10 . 1108–9 . 19797443 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.166.10.1108 .
  15. Fink . Paul Jay . October 2008 . Carolyn Robinowitz, M.D., 134th President, 2007–2008 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 165 . 10 . 1271 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.165.10.1271 . 22706430 .
  16. McIntyre . John S.. October 2007 . Pedro Ruiz, M.D., 133rd President, 2006-2007 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 164 . 10 . 1513–4 . 17898341 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.164.10.1513 .
  17. Roth . Sheldon . October 2006 . Steven S. Sharfstein, M.D., M.P.A., 132nd President, 2005–2006 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 163 . 10 . 1719 . 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.10.1719 .
  18. Greden . John F. . November 2005 . Michelle Riba, M.D., M.S., 131st President, 2004–2005 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 162 . 11 . 2048 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2048 .
  19. Simpson . George M. . October 2004 . Marcia Kraft Goin, M.D., 130th President, 2003–2004 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 161 . 10 . 1775 . 10.1176/ajp.161.10.1775 .
  20. Roth . Loren H.. October 2003 . Paul S. Appelbaum, M.D., 129th President, 2002-2003 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 160 . 10 . 1766–7 . 14514488 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1766 .
  21. Walker . R. Dale . October 2002 . Richard K. Harding, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Eighth President, 2001–2002 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 159 . 10 . 1641 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1641 .
  22. Sacks . Herbert S. . October 2001 . Daniel B. Borenstein, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Ninth President, 2000–2001 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 158 . 10 . 1603–1604 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1603 .
  23. November 2000 . Allan Tasman, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Eighth President, 1999–2000 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 157 . 11 . 1771 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1771 .
  24. McIntyre . John S. . October 1999 . Rodrigo A. Muñoz, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Seventh President, 1998–1999 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 156 . 10 . 1493–1494 . 10.1176/ajp.156.10.1493 .
  25. Mirin . Steven M. . November 1998 . Herbert S. Sacks, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Sixth President, 1997–1998 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 155 . 11 . 1484–1485 . 10.1176/ajp.155.11.1484 .
  26. Dickstein . Leah J. . September 1996 . Mary Jane England, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Fourth President, 1995-1996 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 153 . 9 . 1126–1127 . 10.1176/ajp.153.9.1126 .
  27. Sabshin . M.. September 1995 . Jerry M. Wiener, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-third President, 1994-1995 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 152 . 9 . 1254–5 . 7653676 . 10.1176/ajp.152.9.1254 .
  28. Sabshin . Melvin . September 1994 . John S. McIntyre, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Second President, 1993-1994 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 151 . 9 . 1265–1266 . 10.1176/ajp.151.9.1265 .
  29. Sabshin . M.. September 1993 . Joseph T. English, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-first President, 1992-1993 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 150 . 9 . 1302–4 . 8352339 . 10.1176/ajp.150.9.1302 .
  30. Sabshin . M.. September 1992 . Lawrence Hartmann, M.D., One Hundred Twentieth President, 1991-1992 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 149 . 9 . 1145–7 . 1503126 . 10.1176/ajp.149.9.1145 .
  31. Robinowitz . C.B.. September 1991 . Elissa P. Benedek, M.D., One Hundred Nineteenth President, 1990-1991 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 148 . 9 . 1135–7 . 1882989 . 10.1176/ajp.148.9.1135 .
  32. Brodie . H. Keith H. . September 1990 . Herbert Pardes, M.D., One Hundred Eighteenth President, 1989-4990 . American Journal of Psychiatry . 147 . 9 . 1126–1127 . 10.1176/ajp.147.9.1126 .
  33. Robinowitz . C.B.. September 1989 . Paul J. Fink, M.D., One Hundred Seventeenth President, 1988-1989 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 146 . 9 . 1112–4 . 2669533 . 10.1176/ajp.146.9.1112 .
  34. Sabshin . M. September 1988 . George H. Pollock, M.D., Ph.D., One Hundred Sixteenth President, 1987-1988: American Psychiatric Association . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 145 . 9 . 1068–9 . 3046379 . 10.1176/ajp.145.9.1068 .
  35. Brill . N.Q.. August 1987 . Robert O. Pasnau, M.D., One Hundred Fifteenth President, 1986-1987: American Psychiatric Association . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 144 . 8 . 986–8 . 3300379 . 10.1176/ajp.144.8.986 .
  36. 3524277 . August 1986 . Carol C. Nadelson, M.D., one hundred fourteenth president, 1985–1986, American Psychiatric Association . 143 . 8 . 959–61 . The American Journal of Psychiatry. 10.1176/ajp.143.8.959. Nadelson . T .
  37. Web site: Carol Cooperman Nadelson . Changing the Face of Medicine . 3 June 2015 . U.S. National Library of Medicine .
  38. 3895986 . September 1985 . Sabshin . Melvin . John A. Talbott, M.D. One hundred thirteenth President, 1984-1985 . 142 . 9 . 1014–6 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 10.1176/ajp.142.9.1014 .
  39. Sabshin . M. August 1984 . George Tarjan, M.D., One Hundred Twelfth President, 1983-1984 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 141 . 8 . 931–4 . 6380318 . 10.1176/ajp.141.8.931 .
  40. Astrachan . B.M.. September 1982 . Daniel X. Freedman, M.D., One Hundred and Tenth President, 1981-1982 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 139 . 9 . 1096–1101 . 7051867 . 10.1176/ajp.139.9.1096 .
  41. Barter . J.T.. August 1981 . Donald G. Langsley, M.D., One Hundred and Ninth President, 1980-1981 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 138 . 8 . 1021–6 . 7020436 . 10.1176/ajp.138.8.1021 .
  42. Onesti . S.J.. August 1980 . Alan A. Stone, M.D., One Hundred and Eighth President, 1979-1980 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 137 . 8 . 895–9 . 6998305 . 10.1176/ajp.137.8.895 .
  43. Visotsky . H.M.. August 1979 . Jules H. Masserman, M.D., One Hundred and Seventh President, 1978-1979 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 136 . 8 . 1023–5 . 380366 . 10.1176/ajp.136.8.1023 .
  44. Stone . A.A.. August 1978 . Jack Weinberg, M.D., One Hundred and Sixth President, 1977-1978 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 135 . 8 . 904–6 . 352162 . 10.1176/ajp.135.8.904 .
  45. Garber . R.S.. July 1977 . Robert W. Gibson, M.D., One Hundred and Fifth President, 1976-1977 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 134 . 7 . 731–5 . 326062 . 10.1176/ajp.134.7.731 .
  46. Sabshin . M. July 1976 . Judd Marmor, M.D., One Hundred and Fourth President, 1975-1976 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 133 . 7 . 748–51 . 779496 . 10.1176/ajp.133.7.748 .
  47. 1094840 . July 1975 . Weinberg . Jack . John P. Spiegel, M.D., One hundred and third president, 1974-1975 . 132 . 7 . 700–2 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 10.1176/ajp.132.7.700 .
  48. Eisenberg . Leon . July 1974 . Alfred M. Freedman, M.D., One Hundred and Second President, 1973-1974 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 131 . 7 . 757–60 . 4600628 . 10.1176/ajp.131.7.757 .
  49. News: Alfred Freedman, a Leader in Psychiatry, Dies at 94 . William . Grims . 21 April 2011 . The New York Times . New York . A25 .
  50. Brosin . Henry W. . July 1973 . Perry Clement Talkington, M.D., One Hundred and First President, 1972-1973 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 130 . 7 . 750–3 . 4576448 . 10.1176/ajp.130.7.750 .
  51. Barton . Walter E. . July 1972 . Ewald William Busse, M.D., One Hundredth President, 1971-1972 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 129 . 1 . 12–6 . 4556086 . 10.1176/ajp.129.1.12 .
  52. Barton . Walter E. . July 1971 . Robert Slocum Garber, M.D., Ninety-ninth President, 1970-1971 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 128 . 1 . 14–8 . 4949649 . 10.1176/ajp.128.1.14 .
  53. Bartemeier . Leo H. . July 1970 . Raymond Walter Waggoner, Sr., M.D., Ninety-eighth President, 1969-1970 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 127 . 1 . 11–4 . 4913139 . 10.1176/ajp.127.1.11 .
  54. Braceland . Francis J. . July 1969 . Lawrence Coleman Kolb, M.D., Ninety-seventh President, 1968-1969 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 126 . 1 . 13–20 . 4894787 . 10.1176/ajp.126.1.13 .
  55. Gerty . Francis J. . July 1967 . Harvey John Tompkins, M.D., Ninety-fifth President, 1966-1967 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 124 . 1 . 9–15 . 5338022 . 10.1176/ajp.124.1.9 .
  56. Braceland . Francis J. . July 1966 . Howard Phillips Rome, M.D., Ninety-fourth President, 1965-1966 . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 123 . 1 . 13–20 . 5327453 . 10.1176/ajp.123.1.13 .
  57. Appel . Kenneth E. . July 1965 . Daniel Blain, M.D. Ninety-third President, 1964-65: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 122 . 1 . 16–23 . 10.1176/ajp.122.1.16 .
  58. Ozarin . Lucy . December 1999 . Daniel Blain: Founder of This Journal . Psychiatric Services . 50 . 12 . 1564 . 10577873 . 10.1176/ps.50.12.1563 .
  59. Braceland . Francis J. . July 1964 . Jack Richard Ewalt 92nd President: A Biographical Sketch . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 121 . 1 . 9–16 . 14154796 . 10.1176/ajp.121.1.9 .
  60. Malamud . William . July 1963 . C.H. Hardin Branch, M.D., Eighty-ninth President 1962-1963: A Biographical Sketch . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 120 . 1 . 12–5 . 13932434 . 10.1176/ajp.120.1.12 .
  61. Alexander . Leo . July 1962 . Walter E. Barton: Ninetieth President, 1961-1962 A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 119 . 1 . 16–19 . 10.1176/ajp.119.1.16 . 14036672 .
  62. Braceland . Francis J. . July 1961 . Robert Hanna Felix: Eighty-Ninth President, 1960-61 A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 118 . 1 . 9–14 . 10.1176/ajp.118.1.9 .
  63. Alpers . Bernard J. . July 1960 . Dr. William Malamud: Eighty-sixth President—1959-1960: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 117 . 1 . 11–14 . 10.1176/ajp.117.1.11 .
  64. Braceland . Francis J. . July 1959 . Francis J. Gerty, Eighty-fifth President, 1958-1959: A Biographical Sketch . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 116 . 1 . 11–5 . 13661441 . 10.1176/ajp.116.1.11 .
  65. Sleeper . Francis H. . July 1958 . Harry Caesar Solomon, M.D., President, American Psychiatric Association, 1957-58: A Biographical Sketch . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 115 . 1 . 10–3 . 13545387 . 10.1176/ajp.115.1.10 .
  66. Rome . Howard P. . July 1957 . Francis J. Braceland, M.D., Eighty-Third President, 1956-1957: A Biographical Sketch . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 114 . 1 . 10–3 . 13424745 . 10.1176/ajp.114.1.10 .
  67. Barrett . Joseph E. . July 1956 . R. Finley Gayle, Jr., M.D., President, 1955-56: A Biographical Sketch . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 113 . 1 . 8–9 . 13327063 . 10.1176/ajp.113.1.8 .
  68. Bookhammer . Robert S. . July 1955 . Arthur Percy Noyes, M.D., President 1954-1955: A Biographical Sketch . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 112 . 1 . 8–10 . 14376666 . 10.1176/ajp.112.1.8 .
  69. Zilboorg . Gregory . July 1953 . D. Ewen Cameron M.D., President, 1952-1953: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 110 . 1 . 10–12 . 10.1176/ajp.110.1.10 .
  70. Brosin . Henry W. . July 1952 . Leo H. Bartemeier, M.D., President, 1951-1952: A Biographical Sketch . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 109 . 1 . 8–10 . 14923916 . 10.1176/ajp.109.1.8 .
  71. Brosin . Henry W. . July 1951 . John C. Whitehorn, M.D. President, 1950-1951: A Biographical Sketch . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 108 . 1 . 7–9 . 14838157 . 10.1176/ajp.108.1.7 .
  72. Preston . George H. . July 1950 . George S. Stevenson, M.D: President 1949-1950: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 107 . 1 . 6–7 . 10.1176/ajp.107.1.6 . 15419327 .
  73. Brosin . Henry W. . July 1949 . William C. Menninger, M.D., President 1948-1949: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 106 . 1 . 13–15 . 10.1176/ajp.106.1.13 .
  74. Encyclopedia: Edward . Shorter . 2005 . A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry . New York . Oxford University Press . 65200006 . 978-0-19-517668-1 . 176 . Menninger Family: William Claire Menninger . https://books.google.com/books?id=yJERDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 .
  75. Moore . Merrill . July 1948 . Winpred Overholser, M.D., Sc.D: President 1947-1948: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 105 . 1 . 10–14 . 10.1176/ajp.105.1.10 .
  76. Brill . A.A. . July 1947 . Samuel W. Hamilton: President 1946-1947: A Psychiatric Profile . American Journal of Psychiatry . 104 . 1 . 13–15 . 10.1176/ajp.104.1.13 .
  77. Solomon . Harry C. . July 1946 . Karl Murdock Bowman, M.D., President 1944-1946 A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 103 . 1 . 18–20 . 10.1176/ajp.103.1.18 .
  78. Smith . Lauren H. . July 1944 . Edward A. Strecker, M.D: President 1943-1944 A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 101 . 1 . 9–11 . 10.1176/ajp.101.1.9 .
  79. Book: Koltes, John A. . Thomas Jefferson University: Tradition and Heritage . Frederick B. Jr. . Wagner . January 1989 . 18442391 . 978-0-8121-1210-8 . Lea & Febiger . Philadelphia . Chapter 29: Department of Psychiatry . 477–496 . http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=wagner2 . PDF . Jefferson Digital Commons .
  80. Chapman . Ross McC. . July 1943 . Arthur Hiler Ruggles, M.D: President 1942-1943 A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 100 . 1 . 9–10 . 10.1176/ajp.100.1.9 .
  81. Henry . H.C. . July 1942 . James King Hall, A.B., M.D., LL.D., President, 1941-1942, A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 99 . 1 . 8–12 . 10.1176/ajp.99.1.8 .
  82. Hincks . Clarence M. . July 1941 . George H. Stevenson, M.D., President, 1940-1941, A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 98 . 1 . 9–10 . 10.1176/ajp.98.1.9 .
  83. Klopp . Henry I. . July 1940 . William Charles Sandy, M.D., President, 1939-1940. A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 97 . 1 . 13–15 . 10.1176/ajp.97.1.13 .
  84. Cheney . Clarence O. . July 1939 . Richard Henry Hutchings, M.D., President, 1938-1939. A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 96 . 1 . 15–20 . 10.1176/ajp.96.1.15 .
  85. Tiffany . William J. . July 1938 . Ross McClure Chapman, M.D. President, 1937-38: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 95 . 1 . 15–17 . 10.1176/ajp.95.1.15 .
  86. Russell . William L. . July 1937 . C. Macfie Campbell, M.A., B.Sc., M.D. President, 1936-37: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 94 . 1 . 15–18 . 10.1176/ajp.94.1.15 .
  87. Hinsie . Leland E. . July 1936 . Clarence O. Cheney, M.D. President, 1935-36: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 93 . 1 . 17–20 . 10.1176/ajp.93.1.17 .
  88. Horger . E.L. . July 1935 . Charles Frederick Williams, M.D., President, 1934-1935: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 92 . 1 . 13–15 . 10.1176/ajp.92.1.13 .
  89. Raynor . Mortimer W. . July 1934 . George H. Kirby, M.D., President 1933-1934: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 91 . 1 . 19–20 . 10.1176/ajp.91.1.19 .
  90. Campbell . C. MacFie . July 1933 . James Vance May, M.D., President, 1932-1933, Boston, Mass.: A Biographical Sketch . American Journal of Psychiatry . 90 . 1 . 16–19 . 10.1176/ajp.90.1.16 .
  91. Parry . Manon . October 2006 . Thomas W. Salmon: Advocate of Mental Hygiene . American Journal of Public Health . 96 . 10 . 1741 . 17008565 . 1586146 . 10.2105/AJPH.2006.095794 .
  92. Book: American Medico-Psychological Association . 1920 . Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association at the Seventy-sixth Annual Meeting Held at Cleveland, Ohio, June 1-4, 1920 . Officers of the American Medico-Psychological Association . https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofame1920amer#page/n9/mode/2up . The Lord Baltimore Press . Baltimore, MD . 5, 7 .
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