The annual Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly (Russian: Послание Президента России Федеральному собранию) is a speech given by the Russian President to outline the state and condition in which Russia is in. It is given in front of a joint meeting of the two houses of the Russian Parliament: the State Duma and Federation Council. Article 84 of the current Constitution of Russia enacted in 1993 says "The President of the Russian Federation shall: address the Federal Assembly with annual messages on the situation in the country, on the guidelines of the internal and foreign policy of the State".[1] First Russian President Boris Yeltsin delivered the first Address to the Federal Assembly on 24 February 1994. The date of the presidential address is not fixed.[2]
In addition to the State Duma Deputies and Senators, in his address as there are Members of the Government, Supreme and Constitutional Courts; public and religious figures and heads of Federal subjects.
In the Soviet Union, prior to the institution of the post of President of the Soviet Union, such messages were not known, but their role in the political sense was played by regular Reports of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to a Congress of the CPSU.[3]
After the presidency of the Soviet Union was established in March 1990, the amended Constitution stipulated that the USSR President "... shall deliver to the Congress of People's Deputies annual reports on the situation of the country, inform the Supreme Soviet of the most important issues of domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet Union".[4] However, no such reports were ever delivered due to the fact that the USSR president Mikhail Gorbachev had too short time in the presidential office. Nevertheless, Gorbachev gave on 31 March 1990 with a message to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on family issues[5] and on 13 April that year to the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR and the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian SSR, which pointed out the unacceptability of a situation in which "... the republic's leadership makes all new legislative acts and decisions, which contrasted with the Lithuanian SSR and other republics of the Soviet Union as a whole ".[6]
In the Russian Federation, the provision that the head of state addresses the highest legislative body first appeared in the Law of the RSFSR of 24 April 1991 "On the President of the RSFSR," under paragraph 3 of Article 5 of which the President "... shall at least once a year deliver a report to the Congress of People's Deputies on the implementation of socio-economic and other programs adopted by the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, on the situation in the RSFSR, give messages to the people of the RSFSR, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, and Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR by a majority votes of the People's Deputies shall have the right to request from the President of the RSFSR an extraordinary report ".[7]
Prior to the adoption of the Constitution of Russia in December 1993, Russian president Boris Yeltsin addressed directly the people of Russia on several occasions. Specifically, on 10 December 1992 speaking at the VII Congress of People's Deputies, he appealed to citizens to collect signatures for the initiative to hold a popular vote of confidence in the President; on 20 March 1993, he gave a televised address to the nation, in which he called the nationwide referendum for 25 April that year.
After the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993, presidential addresses to the Parliament became an annual fixture. The first such message was read out on 24 February 1994.[8]
Initially, there was a tradition to give each appeal its own title, for example: "On strengthening the Russian state" in 1994 or "What kind of Russia we are building" in 2000. However, since 2003 messages have ceased to be given specific names.
Initially, the Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly was held in the Marble Hall of the 14th building of the Kremlin. In 2008, President Dmitry Medvedev moved the Appeal in the St. George Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace.[9] Also, until 2008, the Chairmen of the Chambers of the Federal Assembly sat at the podium behind the President, emulating American practice for the analogous State of the Union address.[10] Since 2008, the Chairmen of the Chambers now sit among Members of the Federal Assembly.
No address was held in 2017, due to it being postponed to early 2018. It was the first time a presidential address was not given during the year since its introduction.[11]
All messages since 2018 have been held outside the Kremlin. The 2018 address was held in the Manege. This was due to the increasing number of participants and the need to use infographics.[12] In 2019, the message was held at the Gostiny Dvor.[13]
Due to the implications of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, no presidential address was given in 2022.[14] The official Russian news agency TASS reported that Putin explained he did not deliver an address in 2022 "because the situation was unfolding very quickly and it was difficult 'to fix the results at a specific point, as well as specific plans for the near future.'"[15]
From a legal perspective, neither the presidential address nor its contents become binding. Nor does law provide for a form of response to the presidential address on the part of the Federal Assembly.[16]
By its nature, a presidential address could not be regarded as a legal document of the President, as the Constitution provides for only two types of instruments issued by the head of state, namely by decree, and executive order. At the same time, such address is an important political and policy document addressed, in fact, not only to Parliament but to all other authorities in the Russian Federation, to society as a whole. Therefore, they feature such messages as political acts with elements of the regulatory functions[17] or as a regulatory and political form of the head of state.[18]
Content and form of the address is at the discretion of the President and are not regulated by any rules, except for the fact that the Federal Law of July 20, 1995 № 115-FZ "On State Forecasting and programs of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation" established the following requirement: "Annual Message of the President of the Russian Federation, with whom he addresses the Federal Assembly, shall contain a special section devoted to the analysis of the program of socio-economic development of Russia's medium-term and refinement of the program with the allocation of tasks for the coming year" (Part 2 items . 5).[19] However, in practice this requirement is not met. House of the Federal Assembly on the results of the hearing of Presidential addresses often make special provisions for implementing the planned legislative activities in the messages.).[19]
Federal executive bodies also respond to the message the head of state adoption of the relevant legal acts, which are set up to the task set by the President. Paragraph 2.1 of the Model Rules of the internal organization of the federal bodies of executive power, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, provided that "the planning of the federal executive body for the main activities carried out on the basis of the Message of the President of the Russian Federation Federal Assembly, the Budget message of the President of the Russian Federation Federal Assembly ... ".[20]
The subjects of the Russian Federation in the development of the provisions of the Message are also taking their regulations. All this testifies to the significant role played by the message of the President, not only politically but also in law-making process.
| Date | President | Location | Title | Link | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | February 24, 1994 | Boris Yeltsin | 14th building of the Kremlin | "On strengthening the Russian state" | [21] |
| 2nd | February 16, 1995 | "On the effectiveness of state power in Russia" | |||
| 3rd | February 23, 1996 | "Russia, for which we are responsible" | |||
| 4th | March 6, 1997 | "Order in power — order in the country" | |||
| 5th | February 17, 1998 | "Together — to the rise of Russia" | |||
| 6th | March 30, 1999 | "Russia at the turn of ages" | |||
| 7th | July 8, 2000 | Vladimir Putin | "What kind of Russia we are building" | [22] | |
| 8th | April 3, 2001 | "There will be no revolutions, no counter-revolutions" | |||
| 9th | April 18, 2002 | "Russia needs to be strong and competitive" | |||
| 10th | May 16, 2003 | None | |||
| 11th | May 26, 2004 | ||||
| 12th | April 25, 2005 | ||||
| 13th | May 10, 2006 | ||||
| 14th | April 26, 2007 | ||||
| 15th | November 5, 2008 | Dmitry Medvedev | Grand Kremlin Palace | ||
| 16th | November 12, 2009 | ||||
| 17th | November 30, 2010 | ||||
| 18th | December 22, 2011 | ||||
| 19th | December 12, 2012 | Vladimir Putin | |||
| 20th | December 12, 2013 | ||||
| — | March 18, 2014 (Extraordinary address) | Vladimir Putin | Grand Kremlin Palace | Crimean speech | [23] |
| 21st | December 4, 2014 | Vladimir Putin | Grand Kremlin Palace | None | |
| 22nd | December 3, 2015 | [24] | |||
| 23rd | December 1, 2016 | [25] | |||
| 24th | March 1, 2018 | Moscow Manege | [26] | ||
| 25th | February 20, 2019 | Moscow Gostiny Dvor | [27] | ||
| 26th | January 15, 2020 | Moscow Manege | [28] | ||
| 27th | April 21, 2021 | [29] | |||
| 28th | February 21, 2023 | Moscow Gostiny Dvor | [30] | ||
| February 29, 2024 | [31] |