Presidential dollar coins explained

Country:United States
Denomination:Presidential dollar coin
Value:1
Unit:U.S. dollar
Mass:8.100
Mass Troy Oz:0.26
Diameter:26.49
Diameter Inch:1.043
Thickness:2.00
Thickness Inch:0.0787
Edge:Engraved: text "E pluribus unum", the coin's mint mark, its year of issuance, and 13 five-pointed stars (prior to 2009: text "In God We Trust")
Composition:Copper with manganese brass cladding:
88.5% Cu
6% Zn
3.5% Mn
2% Ni
Years Of Minting:2007–2011 (Circulation)
2012–2016; 2020 (Collectors Only)
Catalog Number:
Obverse:File:George Washington Presidential $1 Coin obverse.png
Obverse Design:Portrait of US Presidents (first shown)
Obverse Designer:Various
Obverse Design Date:2007–2016; 2020
Reverse:File:Presidential dollar coin reverse.png
Reverse Design:Statue of Liberty
Reverse Designer:Don Everhart
Reverse Design Date:2007

Presidential dollar coins (authorized by) are a series of United States dollar coins with engravings of relief portraits of U.S. presidents on the obverse and the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) on the reverse.

From 2007 to 2011, Presidential dollar coins were minted for circulation in large numbers, resulting in a large stockpile of unused $1 coins. From 2012 to 2016, new coins in the series were minted only for collectors.[1] A new coin was released on December 4, 2020, to honor George H. W. Bush, who died after the original program ended.[2]

Legislative history

, the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, was introduced on May 17, 2005, by Senator John E. Sununu with over 70 co-sponsors. It was reported favorably out of the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs without amendment on July 29, 2005. The Senate passed it with a technical amendment, by unanimous consent on November 18, 2005. The House of Representatives passed it (291–113) on December 13, 2005 (a similar bill, H.R. 902, had previously passed in the House, but it was the Senate bill which was passed by both chambers). The enrolled bill was presented to president George W. Bush on December 15, 2005, and he signed it into law on December 22, 2005.[3]

Program details

The program began on January 1, 2007, and, like the 50 State quarters program, was not scheduled to end until every eligible subject was honored. The program was to issue coins featuring each of four presidents per year on the obverse, issuing one for three months before moving on to the next president in chronological order by term in office. To be eligible, a president must have been deceased for at least two years prior to the time of minting.[4] The United States Mint called it the Presidential $1 Coin Program.[5]

The reverse of the coins bears the Statue of Liberty (formally Liberty Enlightening the World), the inscription "$1" and the inscription "United States of America" in all caps, in the font ITC Benguiat. Inscribed along the edge of the coin is the year of minting or issuance of the coin, the mint mark, 13 stars, and also the legend Latin: [[E Pluribus Unum]] in the following arrangement: ; before 2009, In God We Trust was also part of the edge lettering. The legend "Liberty" is absent from the coin altogether, since the decision was made that the image of the Statue of Liberty on the reverse of the coin was sufficient to convey the message of liberty. The text of the act does not specify the color of the coins, but per the U.S. Mint "the specifications will be identical to those used for the current Golden dollar".[6] The George Washington $1 coin was first available to the public on February 15, 2007, in honor of Washington's Birthday, which was observed on February 19.

This marked the first time since the St. Gaudens Double Eagle (1907–1933) that the United States had issued a coin with edge lettering for circulation. Edge-lettered coins date back to the 1790s. The process was started to discourage the shaving of gold coin edges, a practice which was used to cheat payees. In December 2007, Congress passed, moving "In God We Trust" to either the obverse or reverse of the coins.[7] This is the same bill that created a program that included quarters for Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa.

The act had been introduced because of the failure of the Sacagawea $1 coin to gain widespread circulation in the United States. The act sympathized with the need of the nation's private sector for a $1 coin, and expected that the appeal of changing the design would increase the public demand for new coins (as the public generally responded well to the State Quarter program). The program was also intended to help educate the public about the nation's presidents and their history. In case the coins did not catch on with the general public, then the Mint hoped that collectors would be as interested in the dollars as they were with the State Quarters,[8] which generated about $6.3 billion in seigniorage (i.e., the difference between the face value of the coins and the cost to produce them) between January 1999 and December 2008.[9]

Unlike the State Quarter program and the Westward Journey nickel series, which suspended the issuance of the current design during those programs, the act directed the Mint to continue to issue Sacagawea dollar coins during the Presidential series. The law states that at least one in three issued dollars must be a Sacagawea dollar. Furthermore, the Sacagawea design was required to continue after the Presidential Coin program ended. These requirements were added at the behest of the North Dakota congressional delegation to ensure that Sacagawea, whom North Dakotans consider to be one of their own, ultimately remains on the dollar coin.

However, Federal Reserve officials indicated to Congress that "if the Presidential $1 Coin Program does not stimulate substantial transactional demand for dollar coins, the requirement that the Mint nonetheless produce Sacagawea dollars would result in costs to the taxpayer without any offsetting benefits." In that event, the Federal Reserve indicated that it would "strongly recommend that Congress reassess the one-third requirement."[10] The one-third requirement was later changed to one-fifth by the Native American $1 Coin Act,[11] passed on September 20, 2007.

Previous versions of the act called for removing from circulation dollar coins issued before the Sacagawea dollar, most notably the Susan B. Anthony dollar, but the version of the act which became law merely directs the Secretary of the Treasury to study the matter and report back to Congress. The act required federal government agencies (including the United States Postal Service), businesses operating on federal property, and federally funded transit systems to accept and dispense dollar coins by January 2008, and to post signs indicating that they do so.[12]

Minting errors

On March 8, 2007, the United States Mint announced, that on February 15, 2007, an unknown number of George Washington Presidential $1 coins were released into circulation without their edge inscriptions (the U.S. mottos, "In God We Trust" and "Latin: E pluribus unum", the coin's mint mark, and its year of issuance; i.e. (where is either or )). Ron Guth, of the Professional Coin Grading Service, estimated at least 50,000 coins were released without the edge inscriptions. The first such coin discovered was sold on eBay for, while later coins were selling for, as of late March 2007.[13] [14] Because one of the inscriptions missing from the coins is the motto "In God we trust", some articles on the subject have referred to them as "Godless dollars".[15] Fake "Godless dollars" have been produced with the edge lettering filed off.[16]

Also, John Adams Presidential dollars have been discovered with plain edges. They are fewer in quantity than George Washington plain-edge dollars, making them rarer, thus more expensive. A more frequently encountered edge lettering error for the John Adams dollar is a coin with doubled edge lettering. This error occurs when a coin passes through the edge lettering machine twice.[17] Most examples of the doubled-edge-letter John Adams dollar are from the Philadelphia Mint (Denver Mint issues are comparatively scarce). They are seen in two varieties: 1) with both edge lettering inscriptions reading in the same direction, called "overlapped", and 2) with the two inscriptions running in opposite directions—i.e., inverted or upside-down relative to one another—called "inverted".

In early March 2007, a Colorado couple found a dollar coin which had not been struck with a die pair (missing the portrait of the president and the Statue of Liberty), but with edge lettering on the otherwise-blank planchet.[18]

Some of the coins have the words on the rim struck upside down (president face up). These are not minting errors, but rather a variation created by the minting process. Such upside-down coins have been sold on auction websites like eBay and Amazon for greater than their face value, though they represent roughly 50% of the minted population.[19]

Stockpile and suspension of production

By 2011, 1.4 billion uncirculated $1 coins were stockpiled, which, if laid flat, could reach from Los Angeles to Chicago. By 2016, this number might have reached two billion if the minting had continued unchanged.[20]

Rep. Jackie Speier of California circulated a "Dear Colleague" letter recommending that the U.S. not produce any dollar coins. She was planning to introduce legislation calling for the immediate halting of all dollar coin programs.[21]

The United States Government Accountability Office has stated that discontinuing the dollar bill in favor of the dollar coin would save the U.S. government about $5.5 billion over 30 years.[22]

On December 13, 2011, Vice President Joe Biden and Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner announced that the minting of Presidential $1 coins for circulation would be suspended.[23] Future entries in the program, beginning with those of Chester A. Arthur, would be issued in reduced quantities, only for collectors.[24]

By the end of 2022, the stockpile of $1 coins was reduced to 888 million. The inventory was estimated to last for nearly 16 more years (i.e. until 2038).[25]

The program's end and continuation

The act specifies that for a former president to be honored, they must have been deceased for at least two years before issue.[26] Hence, former presidents George H. W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and then-current president Barack Obama were ineligible to have a dollar coin issued in their honor when the series ended in 2016, after honoring Ronald Reagan, the last president who was eligible.

Since the program has terminated, producing coins for those presidents not yet honored would require another Act of Congress. On February 12, 2019, Senator John Cornyn introduced a bill to authorize a Presidential dollar honoring George H. W. Bush and an accompanying First Spouse gold coin for Barbara Bush,[27] which was signed into law by President Donald Trump on January 28, 2020.[28]

Collecting

Despite not seeing widespread use in circulation,[29] the series has seen a few lower-mintage issues, mostly in specially marketed sets. Reverse Proof issues were made for the coins depicting Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush between 2015 and 2020. These issues had mintages between 16,000 and 48,000, depending on the issue.[30]

Coin details

Dollar coins were issued bearing the likenesses of presidents, as follows:[31]

Release
number
President
number
President
name
Release dateDenver
Mintage
Philadelphia
Mintage
Total Mintage[32] DesignIn office
11stGeorge WashingtonFebruary 15, 2007[33] 163,680,000176,680,000340,360,0001789–1797
22ndJohn AdamsMay 17, 2007112,140,000112,420,000224,560,0001797–1801
33rdThomas JeffersonAugust 16, 2007102,810,000100,800,000203,610,0001801–1809
44thJames MadisonNovember 15, 200787,780,00084,560,000172,340,0001809–1817
55thJames MonroeFebruary 14, 200860,230,00064,260,000124,490,0001817–1825
66thJohn Quincy AdamsMay 15, 200857,720,00057,540,000115,260,0001825–1829
77thAndrew JacksonAugust 14, 200861,070,00061,180,000122,250,0001829–1837
88thMartin Van BurenNovember 13, 200850,960,00051,520,000102,480,0001837–1841
99thWilliam Henry HarrisonFebruary 19, 200955,160,00043,260,00098,420,0001841
1010thJohn TylerMay 21, 200943,540,00043,540,00087,080,0001841–1845
1111thJames K. PolkAugust 20, 200941,720,00046,620,00088,340,0001845–1849
1212thZachary TaylorNovember 19, 200936,680,00041,580,00078,260,0001849–1850
1313thMillard FillmoreFebruary 18, 201036,960,00037,520,00074,480,0001850–1853
1414thFranklin PierceMay 20, 201038,360,00038,220,00076,580,0001853–1857
1515thJames BuchananAugust 19, 201036,540,00036,820,00073,360,0001857–1861
1616thAbraham LincolnNovember 18, 201048,020,00049,000,00097,020,0001861–1865
1717thAndrew JohnsonFebruary 17, 2011[34] 37,100,00035,560,00072,660,0001865–1869
1818thUlysses S. GrantMay 19, 201137,940,00038,080,00076,020,0001869–1877
1919thRutherford B. HayesAugust 18, 201136,820,000 37,660,00074,480,000 1877–1881
2020thJames A. GarfieldNovember 17, 201137,100,00037,100,00074,200,0001881
2121stChester A. ArthurFebruary 5, 20124,060,0006,020,00010,080,0001881–1885
2222ndGrover ClevelandMay 25, 20124,060,0005,460,0009,520,0001885–1889
2323rdBenjamin HarrisonAugust 16, 20124,200,0005,640,0019,840,0011889–1893
2424thGrover ClevelandNovember 15, 20123,920,00010,680,00114,600,0011893–1897
2525thWilliam McKinleyFebruary 19, 2013[35] 3,365,1004,760,0008,125,1001897–1901
2626thTheodore RooseveltApril 11, 2013[36] 3,920,0005,310,7009,230,7001901–1909
2727thWilliam Howard TaftJuly 9, 2013[37] 3,360,0004,760,0008,120,0001909–1913
2828thWoodrow WilsonOctober 17, 2013[38] 3,360,0004,620,0007,980,0001913–1921
2929thWarren G. HardingFebruary 6, 2014[39] 3,780,000 6,160,0009,940,0001921–1923
3030thCalvin CoolidgeApril 10, 2014[40] 3,780,000 4,480,000 8,260,0001923–1929
3131stHerbert HooverJune 19, 2014[41] 3,780,000 4,480,000 8,260,0001929–1933
3232ndFranklin D. RooseveltAugust 28, 2014[42] 3,920,0004,760,0008,680,0001933–1945
3333rdHarry S. TrumanFebruary 5, 2015[43] 3,500,0004,900,0008,400,0001945–1953
3434thDwight D. EisenhowerApril 13, 2015[44] 3,645,9984,900,0008,545,9981953–1961
3535thJohn F. KennedyJune 18, 2015[45] 5,180,0006,160,00011,340,0001961–1963
3636thLyndon B. JohnsonAugust 18, 2015[46] 4,200,0007,840,00012,040,0001963–1969
3737thRichard NixonFebruary 3, 2016[47] 4,340,0005,460,00010,000,0001969–1974
3838thGerald FordMarch 8, 2016[48] 5,040,0005,460,00010,500,0001974–1977
3940thRonald ReaganJuly 5, 2016[49] 5,880,0007,140,00013,020,0001981–1989
4041stGeorge H. W. BushDecember 4, 20201,502,4251,242,2752,744,7001989–1993

First Spouse program

The United States has honored the spouses of each of the presidents honored by the Presidential $1 Coin Act by issuing half-ounce $10 gold coins featuring their images, in the order they served as first spouse, beginning in 2007. To date, all first spouses have been women (often called first ladies).

The obverse of these coins feature portraits of the nation's first spouses, their names, the dates and order of their terms as first spouse, as well as the year of minting or issuance, and the words "In God We Trust" and "Liberty". The United States Mint issued the first spouse gold coins on the same schedule as the Presidential $1 coins issued honoring the presidents. Each coin has a unique reverse design featuring an image emblematic of that spouse's life and work, as well as the words "The United States of America", "E Pluribus Unum", "$10", "1/2 oz.", and ".9999 Fine Gold".

When a president served unmarried, as four presidents did, a gold coin was issued bearing an obverse image emblematic of Liberty as depicted on a circulating coin of that era, and bearing a reverse image emblematic of themes of that president. One exception is the coin depicting suffragist Alice Paul which represents the era of the Chester A. Arthur presidency, as Arthur was a widower.

The act, as written, explicitly states that the First Spouse coins are to be released at the same time as their respective $1 Presidential coins.[50] Because the act links a first spouse's eligibility for a coin to that of the presidential spouse, it means that a living first spouse could have appeared on a coin; actually this did not happen, though Nancy Reagan died only a few months before the release of her coin.

The United States Mint launched these coins officially at 12 pm EDT on June 19, 2007.They provided two versions of the coin: a proof version for $429.95 and an uncirculated version for $410.95.

The United States Mint also produces and makes available to the public bronze medal duplicates of the First Spouse gold coins which are not legal tender.[51] In February 2009 Coin World reported that some 2007 Abigail Adams medals were struck using the reverse from the 2008 Louisa Adams medal.[52] These pieces, called mules, were contained within the 2007 First Spouse medal set.[52]

Although the First Spouse program ended in 2016, it was continued in 2020 to honor Barbara Bush.

A full listing of the coins is:

Release
#
Spouse
NameReverse designRelease dateProof Issue PriceMintage
figures[53]
Front/obverse
Design
Reverse
Design
Dates served
11Martha WashingtonMrs. Washington sewing, with slogan "First Lady of the Continental Army"June 19, 2007[54] $429.9519,1671789–1797
22Abigail AdamsMrs. Adams writing her famous "Remember the Ladies" letterJune 19, 2007$429.9517,1491797–1801
33Thomas Jefferson's LibertyJefferson's grave at MonticelloAugust 30, 2007[55] $429.9519,8151801–1809
44Dolley MadisonMrs. Madison posing before the Lansdowne portrait of Washington, which she saved during the Burning of WashingtonNovember 19, 2007[56] $529.9517,9431809–1817
55Elizabeth MonroeMrs. Monroe at the reopening of the White House in 1818February 28, 2008[57] $619.95*7,8001817–1825
66Louisa AdamsMrs. Adams and her son Charles making the dangerous journey from St Petersburg to Paris in 1812May 29, 2008[58] $619.95*6,5811825–1829
77Andrew Jackson's LibertyJackson on horseback with his nickname "Old Hickory"August 28, 2008[59] $619.95*7,6841829–1837
88Martin Van Buren's LibertyVan Buren reading in the grass in his home village of KinderhookNovember 25, 2008[60] $549.956,8071837–1841
99Anna HarrisonMrs. Harrison reading to her childrenMarch 5, 2009[61] $629.006,2511841
1010Letitia TylerMrs. Tyler with children on Cedar Grove PlantationJuly 2, 2009[62] N/A5,2961841–1842
10A10AJulia TylerMr. and Mrs. Tyler dancingAugust 6, 2009[63] N/A4,8441844–1845
1111Sarah PolkMr. and Mrs. Polk working together at a desk in the White HouseSeptember 3, 2009[64] N/A5,1511845–1849
1212Margaret TaylorA young Mrs. Taylor tending to a wounded soldier during the First Seminole War.December 3, 2009[65] N/A4,9361849–1850
1313Abigail FillmoreMrs. Fillmore shelving books in the White House Library, which she established.March 18, 2010[66] N/A6,1301850–1853
1414Jane PierceMrs. Pierce in the visitors' gallery of the Old Senate Chamber, listening to a debate.June 3, 2010[67] N/A4,7751853–1857
1515James Buchanan's LibertyBuchanan working as a bookkeeper in the family storeSeptember 2, 2010[68] N/A7,1101857–1861
1616Mary Todd LincolnMrs. Lincoln giving flowers and a book to Union soldiers during the Civil WarDecember 2, 2010[69] N/A6,8611861–1865
1717Eliza JohnsonThree children dancing and a Marine Band violinist at the children's ball that was held for President Johnson's 60th birthday.May 5, 2011[70] N/A3,8871865–1869
1818Julia GrantGrant and a young Julia Dent horseriding at White Haven, her family home.June 23, 2011[71] N/A3,9431869–1877
1919Lucy HayesMrs. Hayes hosting the first Easter Egg Roll at the White House, 1877September 1, 2011[72] N/A3,8681877–1881
2020Lucretia GarfieldMrs. Garfield painting on a canvas with brush and palette.December 1, 2011[73] N/A3,6531881
2121Alice Paul[74] Alice Paul marching for women's suffrageOctober 12, 2012[75] N/A3,505N/A †
2222Frances ClevelandMrs. Cleveland hosting a working women's reception.November 15, 2012[76] N/A3,1581886–1889
2323Caroline Harrisonorchid and paint brushesDecember 6, 2012[77] N/A3,0461889–1892
2424Frances ClevelandMrs. Cleveland delivering a speechDecember 20, 2012[78] N/A3,1041893–1897
2525Ida McKinleyMrs. McKinley's hands crocheting slippers; she made thousands which were sold for charity.November 14, 2013[79] N/A1,7691897–1901
2626Edith RooseveltImage of the White House with compass and "The White House Restored 1902"November 21, 2013[80] N/A2,8511901–1909
2727Helen TaftCherry blossom of Prunus serrulata, brought to Washington, DC by Mrs. TaftDecember 2, 2013[81] $770.002,5791909–1913
2828Ellen WilsonCommemoration of Mrs. Wilson's creation of the White House Rose GardenDecember 9, 2013[82] $770.002,5511913–1914
28A28AEdith WilsonImage commemorating Mrs. Wilson's support for her husband after his stroke; the President holds onto a cane with Edith's hand resting warmly on topDecember 16, 2013[83] $770.002,4521915–1921
2929Florence HardingItems relating to Mrs. Harding's life: ballots and ballot box, camera, torch, and initials referencing World War I veteransJuly 10, 2014[84] $770.002,2881921–1923
3030Grace CoolidgeU.S.A. spelled out in American Sign Language in front of the White House; Mrs. Coolidge promoted Deaf educationJuly 17, 2014[85] $770.002,1961923–1929
3131Lou HooverRadio commemorating Mrs. Hoover's radio address of 19 April 1929, the first by a First LadyAugust 14, 2014[86] $770.002,0251929–1933
3232Eleanor RooseveltA hand lighting a candle, symbolizing her life's work and the global impact of her humanitarian initiatives.September 4, 2014[87] $770.002,3891933–1945
3333Bess TrumanA wheel on railroad tracks, symbolizing Mrs. Truman's support for her husband on his 1948 whistle stop tourApril 16, 2015[88] $770.00N/A1945–1953
3434Mamie EisenhowerHand holding an I Like Mamie badgeMay 7, 2015[89] $770.00N/A1953–1961
3535Jacqueline KennedySaucer magnolia flower (planted by Mrs. Kennedy beside the John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame) overlaid on an image of the world.June 25, 2015[90] $770.00N/A1961–1963
3636Lady Bird JohnsonJefferson Memorial, Washington Monument and flowers in reference to Mrs. Johnson's efforts in the beautification and conservation of AmericaAugust 27, 2015[91] N/AN/A1963–1969
3737Pat NixonPeople standing hand-in-hand surrounding a globe, symbolizing Mrs. Nixon's commitment to volunteerism.February 18, 2016[92] N/AN/A1969–1974
3838Elizabeth FordYoung woman ascending a staircase, representing Mrs. Ford's openness and advocacy regarding addiction, breast cancer and women's rights.March 25, 2016[93] N/AN/A1974–1977
3940Nancy ReaganMrs. Reagan with two children wearing "Just Say No" T-shirtsJuly 1, 2016[94] N/AN/A1981–1989
4041Barbara BushA child reading a book with a river and a rising Sun as part of the design.August 20, 2020[95] $1,285.005,0001989–1993

* Due to volatility in the gold market, the U.S. Mint lowered the price to $549.95 on November 12, 2008, to more accurately reflect the current spot price of gold. This however constantly changed as the price of gold changed. The mint used pricing range tables to adjust pricing of gold coin: 2016 Pricing Grid

† Chester A. Arthur's wife Ellen died before he succeeded to the presidency. Since there was no First Lady during his presidency, the act explicitly states that Alice Paul, who was born during his term, would appear on this coin. Since Paul was never First Lady, the coin does not have a served date.

Other provisions

The act also has two other provisions, for the following:

In 2009, numismatic cents that have the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 were issued for collectors.

Since 2010, another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent is being minted; this "shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country", and replaced the Lincoln Memorial reverse in use from 1959 to 2008.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Presidential $1 Coin Program . USMint.gov . 4 April 2019.
  2. Web site: Bush Presidential $1 Coin and First Spouse Bronze Medal U.S. Mint. 2021-01-11. www.usmint.gov.
  3. Web site: S.1047 - 109th Congress (2005-2006): Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005. John E.. Sununu. 22 December 2005. www.congress.gov.
  4. At the time the series ended in 2016, former Presidents Carter, George H. W. Bush, Clinton, and George W. Bush, and then-current President Obama, were still alive, and thus, are not represented on series issues.
  5. Web site: The United States Mint . The United States Mint Presidential $1 Coin Program . usmint.gov . 2010-03-23 . 2010-11-03.
  6. http://www.usmint.gov/downloads/Whats_New/News_Views/2006-04.pdf Presidential dollar coin series being developed
  7. amends to remove "In God We Trust" from the edge and adds it to the obverse or reverse (signed December 27, 2007 by George W. Bush, and effective as soon as practical by the Secretary of the Treasury):
  8. Web site: Gibbs . William T. . The Presidential dollar series: Failure or success? . coinworld.com . Amos Media Company . 5 May 2024.
  9. Web site: 50 State Quarters Program Earned $6.3 Billion in Seigniorage . news.coinupdate.com . Coin Update . 18 August 2019.
  10. http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/testimony/2006/20060719/default.htm Louise L. Roseman, Director, Division of Reserve Bank Operations and Payment Systems
  11. Web site: Public Law 110–82, the "Native American $1 Coin Act" . September 20, 2007 . August 7, 2013.
  12. Web site: The United States Mint . The United States Mint Presidential $1 Coin Program . usmint.gov . 2010-11-03.
  13. News: U.S. Mint goof: Some new dollar coins missing "In God We Trust". The Denver Post. March 7, 2007.
  14. A Statement from the United States Mint. United States Mint. March 7, 2007. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070326120331/http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?flash=no&action=press_release&ID=755. March 26, 2007.
  15. News: "Godless" Dollar Coins Slip Through Mint. CBS News. March 7, 2007. David S Morgan. November 3, 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130518052505/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/07/national/main2543125.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_2543125. May 18, 2013.
  16. News: Collectors report fake 'Godless' dollars. Patrick. Walters. The Boston Globe. March 22, 2007. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20071022203414/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/03/22/collectors_report_fake_godless_dollars/. October 22, 2007.
  17. Web site: Presidential $1 Error Coins: John Adams. Numismatic Guaranty Corporation.
  18. News: Faceless dollar coin found near Denver. Chase. Squires. The Boston Globe. March 14, 2007.
  19. Web site: WashingtonDollarErrors.com (Defunct). discussed a variety of actual and rumored minting errors. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070410121101/http://www.washingtondollarerrors.com/. April 10, 2007.
  20. Web site: Nasaw . Daniel . BBC News - Why the US keeps minting coins people hate and won't use . Bbc.co.uk . 2010-08-10 . 2010-11-03.
  21. Web site: Bill Would Kill Dollar Coin Program. NPR. 14 July 2011. 1 January 2017. Goldstein. Jacob.
  22. Web site: U.S. Coins: Replacing the $1 Note with a $1 Coin Would Provide a Financial Benefit to the Government. U.S. GAO. U.S. GAO. 2011-08-16.
  23. Wolin, Neal (December 13, 2011). Reducing the Surplus Dollar Coin Inventory, Saving Taxpayer Dollars. Treasury Notes Blog. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  24. Deshishku, Stacia (December 13, 2011). Treasury to stop producing unneeded dollar coins. CNN. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  25. https://www.coinnews.net/2023/03/20/fed-holds-16-year-surplus-of-1-coins/
  26. Staff reporter . 2010-03-22 . Legislator calls for Ronald Reagan portrait on $50 FRNs. Coin World . 51 . 2606 . 73 .
  27. Web site: S. 457: President George H.W. Bush and Barbara Bush Coin Act . GovTrack . 11 April 2019.
  28. Web site: President Trump signs bill to honor George H.W. Bush, Barbara Bush with coins . wgme.com . 28 January 2020 . WGME . 29 January 2020.
  29. Web site: Gibbs . William T. . The Presidential dollar series: Failure or success? . coinworld.com . Amos Media Company . 1 July 2022.
  30. Book: Yeoman . R.S. . Bressett . Kenneth . Bowers . Q. David . Garrett . Jeff . A Guide Book of United States Coins . 2022 . Whitman Publishing . Pelham, Alabama . 244.
  31. Web site: The United States Mint . The United States Mint Presidential $1 Coin Program . Usmint.gov . 2010-03-23 . 2010-11-03.
  32. Web site: The United States Mint. 18 February 2017.
  33. Web site: Staff . Presidential Dollar Coin Release Schedule . United States Mint . 1998–2013 . 2013-12-31 .
  34. Web site: Staff . Presidential $1 Coin Information . Federal Reserve Financial Services . 2010 . 2010-12-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120315180540/http://www.frbservices.org/operations/currency/new_coin_presidential.html . March 15, 2012. (Archived by WebCite at)
  35. United States Mint Releases William McKinley Presidential $1 Coin Products February 19 . United States Mint . 2013-02-12 . 2013-02-20 .
  36. United States Mint to Release Theodore Roosevelt Presidential $1 Coin Products on April 11 . United States Mint . 2013-04-04 . 2013-05-01 .
  37. Web site: United States Mint Releases William Howard Taft Presidential $1 Coin Products July 9. US MMint. 30 April 2014. 2 July 2013.
  38. Web site: Woodrow Wilson Presidential $1 Coin Products Available October 17. US Mint. 30 April 2014. 10 October 2013.
  39. Web site: United States Mint Set to Release Warren G. Harding Presidential $1 Coin Products Feb. 6. US Mint. 30 April 2014. 30 January 2014.
  40. Web site: United States Mint Set to Release Calvin Coolidge Presidential $1 Coin Products April 10. United States Mint. 30 April 2014. 4 April 2014.
  41. Web site: Herbert Hoover Presidential $1 Coin Available June 19. United States Mint. 1 September 2014. 12 June 2014.
  42. Web site: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential $1 Coin Product Options Available August 28. United States Mint. 1 September 2014. 21 August 2014.
  43. Web site: Harry S. Trumann Presidential $ 1 Coin Product Options Available February 5.
  44. United States Mint Begins Accepting Orders for Eisenhower Presidential $1 Coin Products on April 13 . 2015-04-08 . 2015-04-15 .
  45. Sales Open for Kennedy Presidential $1 Coin Products on June 18 . 2015-06-11 . 2016-01-12 .
  46. Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential $1 Coin Products Go On Sale on Aug. 18 . 2015-08-11 . 2016-01-12 .
  47. 2016 Richard M. Nixon Presidential $1 Coin Products Go On Sale on Feb. 3 . 2016-01-27 . 2016-02-07 .
  48. 2016 Gerald R. Ford Presidential $1 Coin Products Go On Sale on March 8 . 2016-03-01 . 2016-03-08 .
  49. 2016 United States Mint Presidential $1 Coin & First Spouse Medal Set™ – Ronald Reagan Available on July 5 . 2016-06-28 . 2017-02-18 .
  50. says:
  51. U.S. Mint: First Spouse Program. Accessed 2008-06-27. "The United States Mint also produces and make available to the public bronze medal duplicates of the First Spouse Gold Coins."
  52. Gilkes . Paul . 2009-02-16 . First Spouse medals set holds Adams mule . Coin World . 50 . 2549 . 1 . Some collectors have begun receiving a First Spouse medal mule - a piece bearing the obverse for Abigail Adams and a reverse intended for the Louisa Adams medal. The mules surfaced in some of the 2007 First Spouse sets ….
  53. Book: Yeoman, R.S. . R.S. Yeoman. A Guide Book of United States Coins. Whitman Publishing, LLC. Atlanta, GA. 2016. 69th. 978-0-7948-4305-2. 364–368.
  54. United States Mint Offers First Spouse Coins . United States Mint . 2007-05-10 . 2010-12-04 .
  55. Thomas Jefferson's Liberty First Spouse Gold Coin Available August 30 . United States Mint . 2007-08-13 . 2010-12-04 .
  56. United States Mint Offers Dolley Madison First Spouse Gold Coins November 19 . United States Mint . 2007-11-15 . 2010-12-04 .
  57. Elizabeth Monroe First Spouse Gold Coin Available February 28 . United States Mint . 2008-02-27 . 2010-12-04 .
  58. Louisa Adams First Spouse Coin and Medal Available May 29 . United States Mint . 2008-05-27 . 2010-12-04 .
  59. Andrew Jackson's Liberty First Spouse Gold Coin and Medal Available August 28 . United States Mint . 2008-08-21 . 2010-12-04 .
  60. Martin Van Buren's Liberty First Spouse Gold Coin Available November 25 . United States Mint . 2008-11-26 . 2010-12-04 .
  61. United States Mint Releases Anna Harrison First Spouse Gold Coin March 5 . United States Mint . 2009-02-25 . 2010-12-04 .
  62. Letitia Tyler First Spouse Gold Coin and Medal Available July 2 . United States Mint . 2009-07-02 . 2010-12-04 .
  63. Julia Tyler First Spouse Gold Coin and Medal Available August 6 . United States Mint . 2009-07-28 . 2010-12-04 .
  64. Sarah Polk First Spouse Gold Coin Available September 3 . United States Mint . 2009-09-01 . 2010-12-04 .
  65. Numismatic Products Featuring First Spouse Margaret Taylor Available December 3 and December 17 . United States Mint . 2009-11-25 . 2010-12-12 .
  66. Abigail Fillmore First Spouse Gold Coin and Medal Available March 18 . United States Mint . 2010-03-15 . 2010-12-04 .
  67. United States Mint to Release Jane Pierce First Spouse Bronze Medal Gold Coin and Bronze Medal on June 3 . United States Mint . 2010-05-28 . 2010-12-04 .
  68. James Buchanan's Liberty First Spouse Gold Coin and Medal Available September 2 . United States Mint . 2010-08-30 . 2010-12-04 .
  69. United States Mint Releases Final 2010 First Spouse Gold Coin and Bronze Medal December 2 . 2010-11-24 . 2010-12-04 .
  70. Eliza Johnson First Spouse Gold Coin and Bronze Medal Available May 5 . 2011-04-28 . 2013-02-18 .
  71. United States Mint to Release Julia Grant First Spouse Gold Coin and Bronze Medal June 23 . 2011-06-16 . 2013-02-18 .
  72. Lucy Hayes First Spouse Gold Coin & Bronze Medal Available September 1 . 2011-08-30 . 2013-02-18 .
  73. Lucretia Garfield First Spouse Gold Coin and Bronze Medal Available December 1 . 2011-11-22 . 2013-02-18 .
  74. Alice Paul is explicitly specified in
  75. United States Mint Launches 2012 First Spouse Gold Coin Series . 2012-10-02 . 2013-02-18 .
  76. Frances Cleveland (first term) First Spouse Gold Coins Available November 15 . 2012-11-09 . 2013-02-18 .
  77. United States Mint Opens Sales for Caroline Harrison First Spouse Gold Coin December 6 . 2012-11-29 . 2013-02-18 .
  78. United States Mint Opens Sales for Final 2012 Numismatic Products Featuring First Spouse Gold Coins and Bronze Medal . 2012-12-14 . 2013-02-18 .
  79. United States Mint Set to Release Ida McKinley First Spouse Gold Coin November 14 . 2013-11-07 . 2014-02-16 .
  80. Edith Roosevelt First Spouse Gold Coins Available November 21 . 2013-11-14 . 2014-02-16 .
  81. United States Mint Opens Sales for Helen Taft First Spouse Gold Coins on December 2 . 2013-11-26 . 2014-02-16 .
  82. Ellen Wilson First Spouse Gold Coin Available December 9 . 2013-12-06 . 2014-02-16 .
  83. United States Mint Opens Sales for First Spouse Gold Coin and Bronze Medals December 16 . 2013-12-11 . 2014-02-16 .
  84. United States Mint Set to Release Florence Harding First Spouse Gold Coin July 10 . 2014-07-03 . 2014-09-01 .
  85. Grace Coolidge First Spouse ½ Ounce Gold Coins Go On Sale July 17 . 2014-07-10 . 2014-09-01 .
  86. United States Mint Opens Sales for Lou Hoover First Spouse ½ Ounce Gold Coins August 14 . 2014-08-07 . 2014-09-01 .
  87. United States Mint Opens Sales for Eleanor Roosevelt First Spouse ½ Ounce Gold Coins Sept. 4 . 2014-08-28 . 2014-09-01 .
  88. United States Mint Opens Sales for Bess Truman First Spouse Gold Coins on April 16 . 2015-04-09 . 2015-04-15 .
  89. United States Mint Begins Sales of Mamie Eisenhower First Spouse Gold Coins on May 7 . 2015-04-30 . 2016-01-11 .
  90. Jacqueline Kennedy First Spouse Gold Coins Available on June 25 . 2015-06-18 . 2016-01-11 .
  91. United States Mint Opens Sales for Lady Bird Johnson First Spouse Gold Coins on Aug. 27 . 2015-08-20 . 2016-01-11 .
  92. United States Mint Opens Sales for Patricia Nixon First Spouse Gold Coins on Feb. 18 . 2016-02-11 . 2016-02-17 .
  93. News: Now Available: 2016 Betty Ford First Spouse Gold Coins . 2016-03-25 . 2017-02-18 .
  94. News: Nancy Reagan First Spouse Gold Coins Available July 1 . 2016-06-27 . 2017-02-18 .
  95. Web site: Barbara Bush First Spouse Gold Coin U.S. Mint. 2021-02-11. www.usmint.gov.