List of presidents of the National Rifle Association explained

Post:President of the National Rifle Association of America
Incumbent:Bob Barr
Incumbentsince:2024
Termlength:1 year
Inaugural:Ambrose Burnside
Formation:November 17, 1871
Salary:Unpaid

The position of president of the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) is a symbolic figurehead role,[1] [2] which dates back to the organization's foundation in New York on November 17, 1871.[3] Founded by George Wood Wingate and William Conant Church, two Union veterans dismayed by the lack of shooting skills among recruits,[4] the rifle association voted to have Union general Ambrose Burnside as its first president.[5] Church succeeded Burnside as the second president of the organization,[6] and Wingate became the tenth in 1886.[7] Traditionally, the first vice president is elevated to president when the position becomes open while the second vice president is similarly promoted,[8] [9] but this practice has not always been followed.[10]

Throughout its history, presidents have served purposes and effects including providing the NRA greater legitimacy;[11] holders of the office have also intentionally provoked outrage and condemnation.[12] Since the 1990s, some NRA presidents have made controversial statements such as when James W. Porter II referred to Barack Obama, whose administration he perceived as hostile to gun rights,[13] as a "fake president" and when Charlton Heston proclaimed to gun control advocates that they could only have his firearm after taking it "from my cold, dead hands."[14]

While once elected at the annual convention,[15], NRA presidents are chosen by the board of directors.[16] They generally serve out two one-year terms.[17] However, the NRA board of directors amended the organization's bylaws to make a personalized exception for actor Charlton Heston to allow him to serve out a unique five-year term. Under said bylaws, the position of president is unpaid.[18] During Oliver North's time in office he sought to make the position a paid one, but this initiative failed when he was ousted as president after a power struggle with executive vice president Wayne LaPierre.[19] Some presidents have been employed by the NRA after leaving office.[20] Marion Hammer was the association's first female president and went on to be executive director of the group's Florida affiliate.[21] [22] The executive vice president acts as the group's chief operating officer. Wayne LaPierre held this post between 1991 and 2024,[23] [24] despite several internal challenges to his role.[25] [26]

There have been 65 NRA presidents, serving 67 distinct tenures as both Smith W. Brookhart and Carolyn D. Meadows have served two nonconsecutive times in the office. Others who have held the position include former United States president Ulysses S. Grant, lobbyist Harlon Carter, American Football League commissioner Joe Foss, and conservative activist David Keene. The current president is Charles Cotton. In April 2023, the NRA Board of Directors voted to amend the bylaws allowing Cotton to serve a third term.[27]

Presidents of the National Rifle Association

! scope="col"
NameTenureBackground
11871–1872
21872–1875[28] [29]
31875–1877[30] [31]
41877–1880[32] [33]
51880[34]
61880–1881[35] [36] [37]
71882[38]
81883–1884
91885
101886–1900
111900–1907[39]
121907–1916[40]
131916–1921[41] [42]
141921–1925[43] [44]
151925[45] [46]
161925–1926[47] [48]
171926–1927[49]
181928[50] [51]
191929[52]
201930–1931[53]
211932[54]
221934[55]
231936[56] [57]
241937–1938[58] [59]
251939[60]
261941[61]
271942–1943[62]
281944–1946[63]
291946–1947[64]
301948–1949[65]
311949–1950
321951–1952[66]
331953–1954[67] [68]
341955[69]
351957[70]
361959–1961[71]
371961–1963[72] [73]
381963–1964[74]
391965–1967[75]
401967–1968[76]
411969–1970[77] [78]
421971[79]
431973–1974[80] [81]
441975[82]
451977–1978[83] [84] [85]
461979[86]
471981–1983[87]
481983–1985[88]
491985[89]
501985–1988[90] [91] [92]
511988–1990[93]
521990–1992[94] [95]
531992–1993[96]
541994–1995[97]
551995–1998[98] [99]
561998–2003[100]
572003–2005[101] [102]
582005–2007[103] [104]
592007–2009[105] [106]
602009–2011[107]
612011–2013[108]
622013–2015[109]
632015–2017[110] [111]
642017–2018[112]
652018[113]
662018–2019[114]
672019–2021[115]
672021-2024[116]
68since 2024

Notes and References

  1. News: Seelye . Katharine Q. . Close Votes in N.R.A. Elections Quash Hope for Internal Unity . May 26, 2020 . . May 6, 1997 . May 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200526011058/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/us/close-votes-in-nra-elections-quash-hope-for-internal-unity.html . limited . live . en.
  2. News: Beckett . Lois . NRA's Wayne LaPierre claims he's being pressured to resign . November 11, 2019 . . April 27, 2019 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234643/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/26/nras-wayne-lapierre-claims-hes-being-pressured-to-resign . live . en.
  3. News: Graham . David A. . The Logic of the NRA Choosing Ollie North as President . November 11, 2019 . . May 7, 2018 . November 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191111011753/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/05/ollie-north-nra-double-down/559823/ . live . en.
  4. Rothman . Lily . The Original Reason the NRA Was Founded . November 12, 2019 . . November 17, 2015 . May 29, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190529223801/http://time.com/4106381/nra-1871-history/ . live . en.
  5. News: Meeting of the National Rifle Association Election of Officers. . November 25, 1871 . . limited . November 8, 2019 . 6297 . 21 . 3 . November 8, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191108214145/https://www.nytimes.com/1871/11/25/archives/meeting-of-the-national-rifle-association-election-of-officers.html . live . en.
  6. News: Bedard . Paul . Rare Abraham Lincoln tie to the NRA shows up at auction . November 14, 2019 . . April 14, 2018 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234627/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/washington-secrets/rare-lincoln-tie-to-the-nra-shows-up-at-auction . live . en-us.
  7. Marlin . Jeffrey A. . The National Guard, the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice, and the National Rifle Association: Public Institutions and the Rise of a Lobby for Private Gun Ownership . May 10, 2013 . PhD . Georgia State University . PDF . 118 . November 21, 2019 . November 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191101110952/https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/33/ . live . en.
  8. Book: Smyth . Frank . The NRA: the Unauthorized History . March 31, 2020 . Flatiron Books . New York . 978-1-250-21029-6 . 83–87 . First . December 5, 2020 . Eight. The Politburo . November 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108234938/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_NRA.html?id=-6elDwAAQBAJ . live . en.
  9. News: Klass . Tim . Heston wins office in contentious NRA . limited . 12 January 2021 . The Lewiston Tribune . Associated Press . May 6, 1997 . Seattle . en.
  10. Book: Smyth . Frank . The NRA: the Unauthorized History . March 31, 2020 . Flatiron Books . New York . 978-1-250-21029-6 . 92–93 . First . December 5, 2020 . Eight. The Politburo . November 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108234938/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_NRA.html?id=-6elDwAAQBAJ . subscription . live . en.
  11. News: Will Encourage Marksmen.; National Rifle Association's Plans to Stimulate Shooting and Arrange an International Contest. . December 18, 1900 . . 10 . November 8, 2019 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234632/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/12/18/102438008.html?pageNumber=10 . subscription . live . en.
  12. News: Korte . Gregory . New NRA leader says Obama seeks 'revenge' on gun owners . February 15, 2020 . . May 5, 2013 . Washington . February 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200215231752/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/05/05/new-nra-president/2137127/ . live . en.
  13. News: Phillip . Abby . New NRA President Jim Porter Knocked 'Fake President' Obama . 17 January 2021 . ABC News . May 3, 2013 . en.
  14. News: Why is US gun lobby NRA so controversial? . November 12, 2019 . BBC . January 8, 2016 . November 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191116011044/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-35261394 . live . en.
  15. News: NRA chief vows renewed gun-control fight . The Billings Gazette . May 25, 1977 . Cincinnati . 3 . November 15, 2019 . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115042406/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39024229/nra_chief_vows_renewed_guncontrol_fight/ . live . en.
  16. News: Willis . Jay . Could the NRA Be Taken Over from the Inside? . Condé Nast . December 14, 2020 . GQ . February 23, 2018 . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115042407/https://www.gq.com/story/nra-takeover-bylaws-leadership . live . en.
  17. News: Pane . Lisa Marie . North says he won't serve second term as president of NRA . November 11, 2019 . WDTV . Associated Press . April 27, 2019 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234652/https://www.wdtv.com/content/news/Infighting-erupts-at-NRA-convention-threatening-leadership-509152771.html . live . en.
  18. News: Derysh . Igor . Exclusive: NRA chief Wayne LaPierre's no good, very bad year, according to new court filings . May 26, 2020 . Salon . May 1, 2020 . May 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200526101037/https://www.salon.com/2020/05/01/exclusive-nra-chief-wayne-lapierres-no-good-very-bad-year-according-to-new-court-filings/ . live . en.
  19. News: Hakim . Danny . Wayne LaPierre Prevails in Fierce Battle for the N.R.A. . November 11, 2019 . The New York Times . April 29, 2019 . September 29, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190929045214/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/29/us/nra-wayne-lapierre-oliver-north.html . live . en.
  20. News: Reinhard . Beth . Zezima . Katie . Hamburger . Tom . Leonnig . Carol D. . NRA money flowed to board members amid allegedly lavish spending by top officials and vendors . November 14, 2019 . OregonLive.com . . Oregonian Media Group . June 10, 2019 . November 14, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191114222654/https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2019/06/nra-money-flowed-to-board-members-amid-allegedly-lavish-spending-by-top-officials-and-vendors.html . live . en.
  21. News: Reinhard . Beth . Hamburger . Tom . NRA board member and former president Marion Hammer obtained low-interest loan from affiliate she leads . November 14, 2019 . Washington Post . September 6, 2019 . November 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191113215115/https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/nra-board-member-and-former-president-marion-hammer-obtained-low-interest-loan-from-affiliate-she-leads/2019/09/06/dff033f0-cc26-11e9-8067-196d9f17af68_story.html . limited . live . en.
  22. Spies . Mike . The N.R.A. Lobbyist Behind Florida's Pro-Gun Policies . . February 23, 2018 . November 11, 2019 . Condé Nast . 0028-792X . November 7, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191107150416/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/03/05/the-nra-lobbyist-behind-floridas-pro-gun-policies . live . en.
  23. News: Maremont . Mark . Gershman . Jacob . NRA Chief Wayne LaPierre to Step Down Ahead of Civil Corruption Trial . January 5, 2024 . . January 5, 2024.
  24. News: Luscombe . Richard . Wayne LaPierre to step down as chief executive of National Rifle Association . January 5, 2024 . . January 5, 2024.
  25. News: Thomas . Pierre . NRA's Lapierre Survives Internal Assault On Tenure . November 21, 2019 . Washington Post . February 10, 1997 . en.
  26. News: How Wayne LaPierre Survived a Revolt at the N.R.A. . Hakim . Danny . August 28, 2019 . . November 10, 2019 . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110215913/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/22/us/politics/nra-guns-wayne-lapierre.html . limited . live . en.
  27. News: NRA Reelects Charles Cotton as President, Wayne LaPierre as CEO/EVP at Indianapolis Board of Directors Meeting . 17 April 2024 . National Rifle Association of America . https://web.archive.org/web/20230417160651/https://home.nra.org/statements/nra-reelects-charles-cotton-as-president-wayne-lapierre-as-ceoevp-at-indianapolis-board-of-directors-meeting/ . April 17, 2023 . Indianapolis . en-US . In recognition of his extraordinary leadership these past two years, the NRA Board of Directors voted unanimously to amend its bylaws to allow Cotton to succeed himself for a third term..
  28. News: National Rifle Association. . August 7, 1872 . . November 8, 2019 . 6516 . 21 . 2 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234633/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/08/07/79185998.html?zoom=16.240000000000002 . subscription . live . en.
  29. News: The National Rifle Association. . January 20, 1875 . . November 8, 2019 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234616/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1875/01/20/82749718.html?zoom=16.240000000000002 . subscription . live . en.
  30. News: The International Rifle Match.; Special Meeting Of The National Rifle Association Favorable Reports On The Proposed Dramatic Entertainment. . March 28, 1875 . . November 8, 2019 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234616/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1875/03/28/82026556.html?zoom=16.3 . subscription . live . en.
  31. News: National Rifle Association. . January 10, 1877 . . November 8, 2019 . 7902 . 26 . 8 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234632/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1877/01/10/80360285.html?zoom=17 . subscription . live . en.
  32. News: National Rifle Association. . . January 15, 1879 . . November 8, 2019 . 8532 . 28 . 2 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234641/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/15/80743006.html?zoom=16.35 . subscription . live . en.
  33. News: National Rifle Association. . January 14, 1880 . . November 8, 2019 . 8844 . 29 . 2 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234640/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1880/01/14/98877274.html?zoom=16.76 . subscription . live . en.
  34. Book: Utter, Glenn H. . Guns and Contemporary Society: The Past, Present, and Future of Firearms and Firearm Policy [3 volumes]

    The Past, Present, and Future of Firearms and Firearm Policy ]

    . December 1, 2015 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-4408-3218-5 . 141 . November 8, 2019 . February 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227234646/https://books.google.com/books?id=pjgVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141 . subscription . live . en.
  35. Web site: The Hero of Gettysburg: Winfield Scott Hancock's shot straight . Kopel . David . Gallant . Paul . Eisen . Joanne . July 2, 2004 . National Review Online . Masters of Their Arms . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050420080111/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/kopel200407020018.asp . April 20, 2005 . November 8, 2019 . en.
  36. News: National Rifle Association.; The Programme For The Fall Meeting At Creedmoor. . August 14, 1881 . . 30 . 9339 . November 8, 2019 . 12 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234704/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/08/14/98916086.html?zoom=15.99 . subscription . live . en.
  37. Web site: . NRA: Early Foundation And Development 1871–1907 . Shooting Sports USA . National Rifle Association of America . May 14, 2020 . May 26, 2020 . August 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200804000628/https://www.ssusa.org/articles/2020/5/14/nra-early-foundation-and-development-1871-1907/ . live . en.
  38. Web site: Edward L. Molineux papers . Center for Brookyn History . New York University Libraries . en .
  39. Marlin . Jeffrey A. . The National Guard, the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice, and the National Rifle Association: Public Institutions and the Rise of a Lobby for Private Gun Ownership . May 10, 2013 . PhD . Georgia State University . PDF . 182–183 . November 8, 2019 . November 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191101110952/https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/33/ . live . en.
  40. Marlin . Jeffrey A. . The National Guard, the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice, and the National Rifle Association: Public Institutions and the Rise of a Lobby for Private Gun Ownership . May 10, 2013 . PhD . Georgia State University . PDF . 198 . November 8, 2019 . November 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191101110952/https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/33/ . live . en.
  41. Web site: Hardy . David . Of Arms and the Law: A Rifleman in No Man's Land . Armsandthelaw.com . November 8, 2019 . December 28, 2009 . November 8, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191108233236/https://armsandthelaw.com/archives/2009/12/a_rifleman_in_n_1.php . live . en.
  42. Libbey . Rick . February 2006 . Colonel WILLIAM LIBBEY 6-4-8-2-4-5-1 . The Libby Family Newsletter . The John Libby Family Association . 6 . 46697183 . November 8, 2019 . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115055828/http://www.libbyfamily.org/Aug-05-Issue.pdf . live . en.
  43. News: . Brookhart is Re-elected.; Senator Named President of National Rifle Association. . November 8, 2019 . . 73 . 24128 . February 14, 1924 . Washington . 11 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234641/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/02/15/99444851.html?zoom=16.5 . subscription . live . en.
  44. Web site: Brookhart, Smith Wildman – Biographical Information . bioguide.congress.gov . November 10, 2019 . December 5, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101205155631/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000873 . live . en.
  45. . March 1925 . Waterbury . Fred M. . The N. R. A. Directors Annual Meeting . New York National Guardsman . New York City . National Guard of the State of New York . 1 . 12 . 31 . November 9, 2019 . NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115055912/https://dmna.ny.gov/historic/research/NY_National_Guardsman/NYNG1925_03.pdf . live . en.
  46. News: Rifle Association Torn By Dissension; General Ainsworth, Senator Warren and Major Waller Resign From National Organization. . May 17, 1925 . . November 9, 2019 . 21 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234639/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/05/17/98828286.html?zoom=16.02 . subscription . live . en.
  47. News: Hutchinson . William K. . Hobbies of the Great and Near Great . Clarion-Ledger . September 1, 1925 . Mississippi . 8 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110040304/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38740977/clarionledger/ . live . en.
  48. News: Chapple . Joe Mitchell . Face to Face with Smith W. Brookhart . November 10, 2019 . Brooklyn Daily Times . June 5, 1925 . 6 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110040305/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38741240// . live . en.
  49. . October 1926 . Waterbury . Fred M. . Annual Meeting of the N. R. A. . New York National Guardsman . New York City . National Guard of the State of New York . 1 . 12 . 5 & 19 . November 9, 2019 . NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115055824/https://dmna.ny.gov/historic/research/NY_National_Guardsman/NYNG1926_10.pdf . live . en.
  50. News: . Rifle Matches Open Today at Camp Perry, Ohio, Range . November 10, 2019 . The Cincinnati Enquirer . August 27, 1928 . Camp Perry, OH . 10 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110041807/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38741345/rifle_matches_open_today_at_camp_perry/ . live . en.
  51. News: Master Game Hunter and Rifle Authority to Talk in St. Louis . November 27, 1932 . St. Louis Globe-Democrat . November 10, 2019 . 3 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110041806/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38741764/master_game_hunter_and_rifle_authority/ . live . en.
  52. News: . Fort Bliss Soldier Gets Coveted Rifle Honor In Capital . November 10, 2019 . El Paso Herald . September 18, 1929 . 7 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110072413/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38747874/fort_bliss_soldier_gets_coveted_rifle/ . live . en.
  53. Book: Rodengen . Jeffrey L. . Maysonet . Melody . NRA: An American legend . 2002 . Write Stuff Enterprises . Fort Lauderdale, FL . 0-945903-81-2 . 276 . en.
  54. News: . Brig. Gen. G. A. Fraser Heads National Rifle Assn. . November 10, 2019 . Chicago Tribune . AP . January 29, 1932 . Washington, DC . 5 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110040303/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38740089/chicago_tribune/ . live . en.
  55. News: The NRA once believed in gun control and had a leader who pushed for it . Rosenwald . Michael S. . February 22, 2018 . Washington Post . November 8, 2019 . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115055830/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/10/05/the-forgotten-nra-leader-who-despised-the-promiscuous-toting-of-guns/ . limited . live . en.
  56. Book: The biographical annals of Ohio 1906-1907-1908: A handbook of the Government and Institutions of the State of Ohio . A. P. . Sandles . Edward William . Doty . Scobey . Frank Edgar . McElroy . Burgess L. . State of Ohio . 590 . 1898 . November 21, 2019 . en.
  57. Web site: Camp Perry joint Training Center . Ohio National Guard . Ohio Adjutant General's Department . November 11, 2019 . November 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191111175414/https://ong.ohio.gov/campperry/history.html . live . en.
  58. News: . Pope Again Heads National Riflemen . November 10, 2019 . Detroit Free Press . February 20, 1938 . 43 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110042924/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38742523/pope_again_heads_national_riflemen/ . live . en.
  59. News: Gustavus D. Pope . November 11, 2019 . . 101 . 34375 . March 6, 1952 . Washington . 32 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234620/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/03/06/93563811.html?zoom=17 . subscription . live . en.
  60. Book: McClellan . Edwin North . The United States Marine Corps in the World War . 2015 . Government Printing Office . 978-0-16-092782-9 . 210 . 1 . November 11, 2019 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234642/https://books.google.com/books?id=BqZPWKqh5t0C&pg=PA210 . live . en.
  61. News: Howe . John K. . Cambridge Tribune 16 October 1915 . November 11, 2019 . Cambridge Tribune . 38 . 33 . October 16, 1915 . 4 . Cambridge Public Library . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234635/https://cambridge.dlconsulting.com/cgi-bin/cambridge?a=d&d=Tribune19151016-01.2.45&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- . live . en.
  62. News: . Judge Comstock Again Heads National Rifle Association . February 11, 1943 . The Press Democrat . November 10, 2019 . 1 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110041808/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38741901/judge_comstock_again_heads_national/ . live . en.
  63. Web site: . 50 Great Competitive Shooters of the 20th Century, Part 1 . Shooting Sports USA . National Rifle Association of America . November 10, 2019 . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110020632/https://www.ssusa.org/articles/2018/4/8/50-great-competitive-shooters-of-the-20th-century-part-1 . live . en.
  64. News: . Rifle Asso. Head, Speaker . November 10, 2019 . The Menasha Record . September 23, 1946 . Menasha, WI . 1 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110040307/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38738857/rifle_asso_head_speaker/ . live . en.
  65. Web site: . 50 Great Competitive Shooters of the 20th Century, Part 2 . Shooting Sports USA . National Rifle Association of America . November 10, 2019 . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110020635/https://www.ssusa.org/articles/2018/4/19/50-great-competitive-shooters-of-the-20th-century-part-2/ . live . en.
  66. News: Linn Reelected National Rifle Group's President . November 10, 2019 . The Tampa Tribune . August 21, 1952 . Jacksonville, FL . 23 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110054831/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38743157/linn_reelected_national_rifle_groups/ . live . en.
  67. News: Texas Shooter Wins Rifle Championship . November 10, 2019 . The Shreveport Journal . July 19, 1954 . 11 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110092422/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38743298/texas_shooter_wins_rifle_championship/ . live . en.
  68. News: La. Gun Collectors Assn. Will Convene Here Today . November 11, 2019 . The Times . May 29, 1954 . Shreveport, LA . 6 . Newspapers.com . November 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191111193412/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38826684/la_gun_collectors_assn_will_convene/ . live . en.
  69. Book: Potter . David S. . Albert G. Mumma 1906–1997 . NAE Website . National Academies Press . 978-0-309-08457-4 . November 11, 2019 . 2002 . April 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190426021155/https://www.nae.edu/188081/ALBERT-GMUMMA-19061997 . live . en.
  70. Web site: NRA Whittington Center: A Prairie Paradise For Shooters . Zediker . Glen . Shooting Sports USA . September 23, 2017 . National Rifle Association of America . November 11, 2019 . November 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191111193418/https://www.ssusa.org/articles/2017/9/23/nra-whittington-center-a-prairie-paradise-for-shooters/ . live . en.
  71. News: Miller . Emily . Miller: Meet new NRA president Jim Porter . November 10, 2019 . . May 1, 2013 . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115055823/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/may/1/miller-meet-new-nra-president-jim-porter/ . live . en.
  72. Book: United States Congress Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs . Hawaii Omnibus Bill: Hearing, Eighty-sixth Congress, Second Session, April 29, 1960 . 1960 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 107 . November 11, 2019 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234649/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVxJAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA107 . live . en.
  73. News: Fegely . Tom . Howells Nominated For Nra Board Of Directors Sees Election To Board As Way To Smooth Relations With Police, Serve Sportsmen. Outdoor Ramblings . November 12, 2019 . The Morning Call . January 6, 1987 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234643/https://www.mcall.com/ . live . en.
  74. News: 'Let Freedom Ring' Theme Selected by Rifle Group . November 10, 2019 . Valley News . December 27, 1964 . 6 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110054829/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38743604/let_freedom_ring_theme_selected_by/ . live . en.
  75. News: Lambert . Bruce . Harlon B. Carter, Longtime Head Of Rifle Association, Dies at 78 . November 10, 2019 . . November 22, 1991 . 29 . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110042921/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/22/us/harlon-b-carter-longtime-head-of-rifle-association-dies-at-78.html . live . en.
  76. Web site: Firearms Shooting Skills Competition . The Hal & Jean Glassen Memorial Foundation . November 11, 2019 . January 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180117040525/http://www.dnr.state.mi.us/publications/pdfs/huntingwildlifehabitat/Landowners_Guide/Introduction/Glassen.htm . PDF . live . en.
  77. News: NRA Re-Elects Woodson Scott . November 10, 2019 . The Central New Jersey Home News . AP . April 10, 1970 . Washington . 29 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110054829/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38743727/nra_reelects_woodson_scott/ . live . en.
  78. News: Woodson Scott Dies; Lawyer and Ex-Head of Rifle Association . November 11, 2019 . . April 28, 1982 . Obituary . November 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191111175412/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/28/obituaries/woodson-scott-dies-lawyer-and-ex-head-of-rifle-association.html . subscription . live . en.
  79. Web site: Rocketto . Hap . Depression and War: National Smallbore Outdoor Rifle Championship History . Shooting Sports USA . National Rifle Association of America . November 11, 2019 . February 28, 2019 . November 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191111193414/https://www.ssusa.org/articles/2019/2/28/depression-and-war-national-smallbore-outdoor-rifle-championship-history/ . live . en.
  80. News: High Knob Clear Cutting Topic Of Sportsman Talk . November 10, 2019 . Kingsport Times-News . December 1, 1974 . Gate City . 33 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110054830/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38743856/high_knob_clear_cutting_topic_of/ . live . en.
  81. Book: United States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary . Black Powder (S. 1083)---1973: Hearing ..., 93-1, on S. 1083..., June 12, 1973 . 1973 . 109 . November 11, 2019 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234651/https://books.google.com/books?id=wFiD_rGHAKMC&pg=RA1-PA109 . live . en.
  82. Oram International Group . June 23, 1976 . A Fund-Raising Feasibility Study Conducted on Behalf of the National Rifle Association of America . 53–55 . November 11, 2019 . Firearmscoalition.org . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234641/https://firearmscoalition.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Oram-NRA.pdf . live . en.
  83. Web site: Mustin, Lloyd M. . Naval History and Heritage Command . November 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151231175714/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-m/mustin-lloyd-m.html . December 31, 2015 . dead . en.
  84. News: Federal Aid for Rifle Practice . November 12, 2019 . Washington Post . September 13, 1977 . November 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191113011300/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/09/13/federal-aid-for-rifle-practice/2afdf14e-830b-4e79-8a38-c2d6cf4017a8/ . limited . live . en.
  85. News: State Rifle Association To Meet on Saturday . November 12, 2019 . Hartford Courant . Meriden, CT . November 28, 1978 . 13 . Newspapers.com . November 12, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191112220307/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38900958/hartford_courant/ . live . en.
  86. News: Gailey . Phil . Thornton . Mary . Gay . Lance . NRA United On Guns, Torn Internally . November 10, 2019 . The Indianapolis News . June 12, 1981 . 24 . Newspapers.com . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234650/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38746837/nra-united-on-guns-torn-internally/ . live . en.
  87. News: Keith Gaffaney Dies; LAPD Officer, Lobbyist . November 11, 2019 . Los Angeles Times . October 24, 1985 . November 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191111193411/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-10-24-mn-12715-story.html . live . en.
  88. News: Clipped From Hattiesburg American . November 10, 2019 . Hattiesburg American . February 17, 1985 . 30 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110092410/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38746532/hattiesburg_american/ . live . en.
  89. News: Alonzo Garcelon, National Rifle Assn. President, 72 . November 10, 2019 . Los Angeles Times . Times Wire Service . November 9, 1985 . Augusta, ME . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234655/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-11-09-fi-3657-story.html . live . en.
  90. News: Feaver . Douglas B. . Airline Shows Whisperliner Is Just That . November 11, 2019 . Washington Post . December 8, 1977 . November 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191111193412/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/12/08/airline-shows-whisperliner-is-just-that/bb614aea-1d54-4b35-b7a8-a573f4b5a21f/ . limited . live . en.
  91. News: N.R.A. Board Survives Move . November 10, 2019 . . AP . April 27, 1987 . Reno . 27 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234647/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1987/04/27/808087.html?zoom=16.61 . subscription . live . en.
  92. News: Palko . Jerry . Lead Shot Controversy Roars Again . November 10, 2019 . The Times-Tribune . June 12, 1988 . 63 . Newspapers.com . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110072412/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38746241/lead_shot_controversy_roars_again/ . live . en.
  93. News: Goldstein . Richard . Joe Foss, Ace, Dies at 87; Also Led Football League . November 11, 2019 . . January 2, 2003 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234652/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/02/us/joe-foss-ace-dies-at-87-also-led-football-league.html . limited . live . en.
  94. News: Achenbach . Joel . Higham . Scott . Horwitz . Sari . How NRA's true believers converted a marksman group into a gun lobby . November 10, 2019 . Washington Post . January 12, 2013 . August 6, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140806225836/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-nras-true-believers-converted-a-marksmanship-group-into-a-mighty-gun-lobby/2013/01/12/51c62288-59b9-11e2-88d0-c4cf65c3ad15_story.html . limited . live . en.
  95. News: Richard Riley . November 11, 2019 . Manchester Union Leader . December 2009 . Laconia, NH . Obituary . Legacy.com . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234701/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/unionleader/obituary.aspx?pid=138628479 . live . en.
  96. News: Dean . Paul . The Straight Shooter: Retiring NRA Chief Bob Corbin Led as He Lives: No Compromises and Never Surrender . November 10, 2019 . Los Angeles Times . May 18, 1994 . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110041808/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-05-18-ls-59171-story.html . live . en.
  97. News: Thomas, Jr. . Robert McG. . Thomas L. Washington, 58, Head of Rifle Group . November 9, 2019 . . December 6, 1995 . November 9, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191109010540/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/06/us/thomas-l-washington-58-head-of-rifle-group.html . limited . live . en.
  98. News: Bragg . Rick . Leader as Hard as Nails Is Taking Reins at N.R.A. . November 11, 2019 . . April 14, 1996 . 14 . July 15, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140715022712/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/us/leader-as-hard-as-nails-is-taking-reins-at-nra.html . limited . live . en.
  99. News: Menzel . Margie . Q&A: An Interview With Florida Gun Lobbyist Marion Hammer . November 11, 2019 . WLRN . News Service of Florida . October 9, 2013 . November 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191111201137/https://www.wlrn.org/post/qa-interview-florida-gun-lobbyist-marion-hammer . live . en.
  100. News: Berkvist . Robert . Charlton Heston, Epic Film Star and Voice of N.R.A., Dies at 84 . November 10, 2019 . . April 6, 2008 . May 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200515084619/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/movies/06heston.html?_r=1&bl&ex=1207713600&en=55b5ab5e7044b201&ei=5087%0A&oref=slogin . limited . live . en.
  101. News: Aschbrenner . Joel . Iowan Pete Brownell elected president of the NRA . November 10, 2019 . Des Moines Register . May 10, 2017 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234635/https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/local/montezuma/2017/05/10/brownell-elected-president-nra-board/101506434/ . live . en.
  102. News: Kayne B. Robinson Appointed Executive Director of NRA's General Operations . February 15, 2020 . NRA-ILA . May 24, 2005 . Fairfax, VA . February 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200215231756/https://www.nraila.org/articles/20050524/kayne-b-robinson-appointed-executive-d . live . en.
  103. Book: Smyth . Frank . The NRA: the Unauthorized History . March 31, 2020 . Flatiron Books . New York . 978-1-250-21029-6 . 104–105 . First . December 4, 2020 . Nine. The Business Model . November 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108234938/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_NRA.html?id=-6elDwAAQBAJ . subscription . live . en.
  104. News: Kerber . Ross . Investor activists push gun-maker to distance itself from NRA positions, look at 'smart gun' technology . November 10, 2019 . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Reuters . April 9, 2019 . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110075318/https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/investor-activists-push-gun-maker-to-distance-itself-from-nra/article_4fa25ccb-b75d-5019-b172-a88872397d13.html . live . en.
  105. Web site: New NRA President Sworn in at 136th Annual Meeting John C. Sigler – Corporate attorney, Navy veteran and retired Police Captain . NRA-ILA . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070503132159/http://www.nraila.org/News/Read/Releases.aspx?ID=9339 . May 3, 2007 . Fairfax, VA . April 27, 2007 . en.
  106. Web site: National Rifle Association Announces New Officers and Board Members . NRA-ILA . November 21, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090529043030/http://www.nraila.org/News/Read/NewsReleases.aspx?ID=12498 . May 29, 2009 . dead . en.
  107. News: NRA Names Arkansas Game & Fish Wildlife Officer Law Enforcement Officer of the Year . November 10, 2019 . AmmoLand . April 7, 2011 . Fairfax, VA . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234649/https://www.ammoland.com/2011/04/nra-names-arkansas-game-fish-wildlife-officer-law-enforcement-officer-of-the-year/#axzz64pRMxzcv . live . en.
  108. News: Swan . Betsy . NRA Heavyweight Wanted Access to Putin: Leaked Email . The Daily Beast . November 10, 2019 . January 31, 2019 . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115183431/https://www.thedailybeast.com/nra-heavyweight-wanted-access-to-putin-leaked-email . live . en.
  109. News: Gross . Dan . The Guy With the Guns Is Afraid? . HuffPost . March 6, 2015 . November 21, 2019 . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110075325/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-guy-with-the-gun-is-afraid_b_6821238 . live . en.
  110. News: McGreal . Chris . Inside the NRA: the officials keeping gun control laws off the US agenda . 25 January 2021 . . 14 December 2015 . en.
  111. News: Norell . James O.E. . NRA's New President Allan D. Cors: A Culture of Freedom . November 10, 2019 . . National Rifle Association of America . September 17, 2015 . November 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191110054832/https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2015/9/17/nras-new-president-allan-d-cors-a-culture-of-freedom/ . live . en.
  112. News: Some Grinnell Residents Relieved Pete Brownell Won't Seek Re-Election As NRA President . Payne . Kate . May 7, 2018 . Iowa Public Radio . November 10, 2019 . March 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190313154808/https://www.iowapublicradio.org/post/some-grinnell-residents-relieved-pete-brownell-wont-seek-re-election-nra-president#stream/0 . live . en.
  113. News: Stone Mountain Memorial chair named president of NRA . Buchanan . Christopher . May 2, 2019 . . May 7, 2019 . December 10, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234651/https://www.11alive.com/article/news/politics/national-politics/stone-mountain-memorial-chair-named-president-of-nra/85-885778de-bacf-49b7-ae46-1086c797a737 . live . en.
  114. News: Orr . Gabby . NRA announces North's resignation onstage as 'crisis' hits gun lobby . November 10, 2019 . . April 27, 2019 . February 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200220181127/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/27/nra-oliver-north-1291369 . live . en.
  115. News: Overcoming COVID Obstacles, NRA Holds 149th Annual Meeting Of Members In Tucson . December 29, 2020 . 2021-01-12 . America's 1st Freedom . National Rifle Association of America . en.
  116. News: Rohrlich . Justin . NRA Promotes Two Execs Who Spread Bonkers Conspiracies . 27 May 2022 . The Daily Beast . 6 October 2021 . en.

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