| Post: | President |
| Body: | the Federal Republic of Nigeria |
| Insignia: | Seal of the President of Nigeria.svg |
| Insigniasize: | 100 |
| Insigniacaption: | Seal of the president |
| Flag: | Presidential Standard of Nigeria (Armed Forces).svg |
| Flagsize: | 150 |
| Flagborder: | yes |
| Flagcaption: | Presidential flag |
| Incumbent: | Bola Ahmed Tinubu |
| Incumbentsince: | 29 May 2023 |
| Department: |
|
| Style: | Mr. President His Excellency |
| Type: | |
| Abbreviation: | POFRON |
| Member Of: |
|
| Residence: | Aso Villa |
| Seat: | Abuja, F.C.T. |
| Appointer: | Direct popular election or via succession from vice presidency |
| Termlength: | Four years, |
| Termlength Qualified: | renewable once |
| Constituting Instrument: | Constitution of Nigeria |
| First: | Nnamdi Azikiwe |
| Salary: | ₦30,000,000/US$ 65,143 annually[1] |
The president of Nigeria, officially the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces.
The offices, powers, and titles of the head of state and the head of government were officially merged into the office of the presidency under the 1979 Constitution of Nigeria.
Executive power is vested in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law and the responsibility to appoint federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers. Based on constitutional provisions empowering the president to appoint and receive ambassadors and conclude treaties with foreign powers, and on subsequent laws enacted by the House, the presidency has primary responsibility for conducting foreign policy.[2]
The president also plays a leading role in federal legislation and domestic policymaking. As part of the system of separation of powers, the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation. Presidents are typically viewed as leaders of their political parties, major policy making is significantly shaped by the outcome of presidential elections.
The president is directly elected in national elections to a four-year term, along with the vice president.
Bola Tinubu is the 16th and current president of Nigeria, having assumed office on 29 May 2023.[3] [4]
On 1 October 1960, Nigeria gained independence from Britain. An all-Nigerian Executive Council was headed by prime minister, Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. On 16 November 1960, Nnamdi Azikiwe became the first governor-general of a federation of three regions of the north, east and west, with Lagos as the Federal Capital. Each of the regions was headed by a premier with a governor as ceremonial head. The governors and governor-general represented the Queen of Nigeria, Elizabeth II. On 1 October 1963, Nigeria became a Federal republic thereby abolishing its monarchy, but remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. An amendment to the 1960 Independence Constitution replaced the office of the governor-general with that of the president. Nnamdi Azikwe was sworn into that office on 1 October 1963.[5] The office at that time was primarily ceremonial, and the main duties of the president were on such things as receiving foreign dignitaries and opening Parliament.
In a January 1966 failed coup d'état, a group of army officers, led by Major Chukwuma Nzeogwu, overthrew the federal and regional governments, killed the prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and tried to take control of the government. Nzeogwu was countered, captured, and imprisoned by the Army general officer commanding Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. Aguiyi-Ironsi was named Military Head of State.[6]
In July 1966, a group of northern army officers revolted against the government, killed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, and appointed the army chief of staff, Lieutenant Colonel Yakubu Gowon as the head of the new military government.[7]
In 1975, General Yakubu Gowon was deposed and Brigadier Murtala Mohammed was made head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria until his assassination in 1976.[8] Upon his death, the chief-of-staff, Supreme Headquarters (equivalent to a vice president) General Olusegun Obasanjo assumed office as head of state in a meeting of the Supreme Military Council, keeping the chain of command established by General Murtala Muhammed in place. General Obasanjo was responsible for completing the democratic transition begun by his predecessor, which culminated in an election in August 1979.[9]
In 1979, Nigeria adopted a federal presidential constitution. The presidency became an executive post, with powers similar to those of its American counterpart. The legislature was a bicameral National Assembly, comprising a Senate and House of Representatives.
On 1 October 1979, after more than 13 years of military rule, Nigeria returned to democratic rule. The National Party of Nigeria emerged victorious in the presidential election and Shehu Shagari became the first democratically elected president.[10]
On 31 December 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the chairman of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the new head of state.[11]
In August 1985, General Buhari's government was peacefully overthrown by the Army chief of staff, Major General Ibrahim Babangida. Babangida became the president and chairman of the Armed Forces Ruling Council.
On 26 August 1993, General Babangida stepped down and chose an interim government to replace him. Ernest Shonekan was named as interim head of state.[12] General Sani Abacha seized power from Shonekan on 17 November 1993, and became head of state and chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council.[13]
On 8 June 1998, General Abacha died at the presidential villa in the Nigerian capital, Abuja.[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar became the new head of state and chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council.[20] [21] [22]
On 29 May 1999, General Abdulsalami Abubakar stepped down,[23] and handed over power to a former military head of state, Olusegun Obasanjo, after being elected some months prior. Obasanjo served two terms in office.
On 29 May 2007, Umaru Musa Yar'Adua was sworn in as president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 13th head of state completing the first successful transition of power, from one democratically elected president to another in Nigeria.[24] [25] [26] Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010 at the presidential villa, in Abuja, Nigeria, becoming the second head of state to die there after General Sani Abacha.[27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]
On 6 May 2010, Vice President Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 14th head of state.[34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39]
On 29 May 2015, Muhammadu Buhari, a former military head of state was sworn in as president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 15th head of state after winning the general election.[40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] He also served two terms in office.
On 29 May 2023, Bola Tinubu was sworn in as president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 16th head of state after winning the 2023 Nigerian general election.[46]
The president of Nigeria is elected using a modified two-round system with up to three rounds. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive a plurality of the votes, as well as over 25% of the vote in at least 24 of the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. If no candidate passes this threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a majority of votes in the highest number of states. In the second round, a candidate still must receive the most votes, as well as over 25% of the vote in at least 24 of the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory in order to be elected. If neither candidate passes this threshold, a third round will be held, where a simple majority of the votes is required to be elected.[47]
Presidential candidates run for office with a running mate, their party's candidate for vice president.
Chapter VI, Part I, Section 131 of the constitution states that a person may be qualified for election of the office of the president if:[48]
A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of the president if:
See main article: Nigerian presidential inauguration.
The Constitution of Nigeria specifies an oath of office for the president of the federation. The oath is administered by the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria or the person for the time being appointed to exercise the functions of that office:[50]
The president of Nigeria bears ultimate authority over the Nigerian Armed Forces as its commander-in-chief, in which the president issues military directives, makes defence policy and appoints the high command like the Chief of Defence Staff.
The president determines the foreign relations of Nigeria, and represents the state in international relations, conducts negotiations and signs ratification documents.
The president is an ex officio grand commander in the Order of the Federal Republic.
There is a four year tenure with a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Nigeria. There was an attempt to modify the term limits in 2006 for Obasanjo, but it did not materialize.[51]
The president of Nigeria lives and works in the Aso Rock Presidential Villa.
The State Security Service and the Presidential Guard Brigade of the Nigerian Army.
The land transportation of the president of Nigeria is provided by the Nigerian Government. The president is driven on ground by the Mobile Police Force while closely protected by Department of State Security agents. The presidents of Nigeria have statutorily used the Mercedes-Benz Special Class. The current president uses the Mercedes-Maybach S680.[52] The Nigerian Air Force provides for the aerial transport of the president. The current presidential air fleet consists of:
a. A Boeing Business Jet (BBJ 737)
b. A Dassault Falcon 7X Jet
c. Two Gulfstream Jets (500 and 550)
d. Two AW-189 helicopters[53] [54]