Xi Jinping Explained
Xi Jinping (or often ;, pronounced ; born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has been the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), and thus the paramount leader of China, since 2012. Xi has also been the president of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 2013. As a member of the fifth generation of Chinese leadership, Xi is the first CCP general secretary born after the establishment of the PRC.
The son of Chinese Communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, Xi was exiled to rural Yanchuan County as a teenager following his father's purge during the Cultural Revolution. He lived in a yaodong in the village of Liangjiahe, Shaanxi province, where he joined the CCP after several failed attempts and worked as the local party secretary. After studying chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student, Xi rose through the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces. Xi was governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, before becoming governor and party secretary of neighboring Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. Following the dismissal of the party secretary of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to replace him for a brief period in 2007. He subsequently joined the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the CCP the same year and was the first-ranking secretary of the Central Secretariat in October 2007. In 2008, he was designated as Hu Jintao's presumed successor as paramount leader. Towards this end, Xi was appointed vice president of the PRC and vice chairman of the CMC. He officially received the title of leadership core from the CCP in 2016.
While overseeing China's domestic policy, Xi has introduced far-ranging measures to enforce party discipline and strengthen internal unity. His anti-corruption campaign led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired CCP officials, including former PSC member Zhou Yongkang. For the sake of promoting "common prosperity", Xi has enacted a series of policies designed to increase equality, overseen targeted poverty alleviation programs, and directed a broad crackdown in 2021 against the tech and tutoring sectors. Furthermore, he has expanded support for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), advanced military-civil fusion, and attempted to reform China's property sector. Following the onset of COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, he initially presided over a zero-COVID policy from January 2020 to December 2022 before ultimately shifting towards a mitigation strategy.
Xi has pursued a more aggressive foreign policy, particularly with regard to China's relations with the U.S., the nine-dash line in the South China Sea, and the Sino-Indian border dispute. Additionally, for the sake of advancing Chinese economic interests abroad, Xi has sought to expand China's influence in Africa and Eurasia by championing the Belt and Road Initiative. Despite meeting with Taiwanese president Ma Ying-jeou in 2015, Xi presided over a deterioration in relations between Beijing and Taipei under Ma's successor, Tsai Ing-wen. In 2020, Xi oversaw the passage of a national security law in Hong Kong which clamped down on political opposition in the city, especially pro-democracy activists.
Often described as a dictator by political and academic observers, Xi's tenure has included an increase of censorship and mass surveillance, deterioration in human rights, including the internment of Uyghurs in Xinjiang, a cult of personality developing around Xi, and the removal of term limits for the presidency in 2018. Xi's political ideas and principles, known as Xi Jinping Thought, have been incorporated into the party and national constitutions. As the central figure of the fifth generation of leadership of the PRC, Xi has centralized institutional power by taking on multiple positions, including new CCP committees on national security, economic and social reforms, military restructuring and modernization, and the Internet. In October 2022, Xi secured a third term as CCP General Secretary, and was reelected state president for a third term in March 2023.
Early life and education
Xi Jinping was born in Beijing on 15 June 1953, the third child of Xi Zhongxun and his second wife Qi Xin. After the founding of the PRC in 1949, Xi's father held a series of posts, including Party propaganda chief, vice-premier, and vice chairperson of the National People's Congress.[2] Xi had two older sisters, Qiaoqiao, born in 1949 and An'an, born in 1952.[3] [4] Xi's father was from Fuping County, Shaanxi.[5]
Xi went to the Beijing Bayi School,[6] and then the Beijing No. 25 School,[7] in the 1960s. He became friends with Liu He, who attended Beijing No. 101 School in the same district, and who later became China's vice premier and a close advisor to Xi after he became China's paramount leader.[8] [9] In 1963, when he was aged 10, his father was purged from the CCP and sent to work in a factory in Luoyang, Henan. In May 1966, the Cultural Revolution cut short Xi's secondary education when all secondary classes were halted for students to criticise and fight their teachers. Student militants ransacked the Xi family home and one of Xi's sisters, Xi Heping, "was persecuted to death."[10] [11]
Later, his mother was forced to publicly denounce his father, as he was paraded before a crowd as an enemy of the revolution. His father was later imprisoned in 1968 when Xi was aged 15. In 1968, Xi submitted an application to the Bayi School's Reform Committee and insisted on leaving Beijing for countryside.[12] On January 13, 1969, they left Beijing and arrived in Liangjiahe Village, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, alongside the Mao Zedong's Down to the Countryside Movement.[13] The rural areas of Yan'an were very backward, which created a big gap for Xi as a teenager. He once recalled that he had to overcome "five hurdles" (flea, food, life, labor and thought hurdle),[14] and the experience led him to feel affinity with the rural poor. After a few months, unable to stand rural life, he ran away to Beijing. He was arrested during a crackdown on deserters from the countryside and sent to a work camp to dig ditches, but he later returned to the village, under the persuasion of his aunt Qi Yun and uncle Wei Zhenwu.[15] He worked as the party secretary of Liangjiahe, where he lived in a cave house.[16] He then spent a total of seven years there.[17] [18]
The misfortunes and suffering of his family in his early years hardened Xi's view of politics. During an interview in 2000, he said, "People who have little contact with power, who are far from it, always see these things as mysterious and novel. But what I see is not just the superficial things: the power, the flowers, the glory, the applause. I see the bullpens and how people can blow hot and cold. I understand politics on a deeper level." The "bullpens" (牛棚) was a reference to Red Guards' detention houses during the Cultural Revolution.[19]
After seven rejections, Xi joined the Communist Youth League of China in 1971 on his eighth attempt after he befriended a local official.[20] He reunited with his father in 1972, because of a family reunion ordered by premier Zhou Enlai. From 1973, he applied to join the CCP ten times and was finally accepted on his tenth attempt in 1974.[21] [22] [23] From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student in Beijing. The engineering majors there spent about 15 percent of their time studying Marxism–Leninism and 5 percent of their time doing farm work and "learning from the People's Liberation Army."
Early political career
From 1979 to 1982, Xi was secretary for his father's former subordinate Geng Biao, the vice premier and secretary-general of the CMC. In 1982, he was sent to Zhengding County in Hebei as deputy party secretary of Zhengding County. He was promoted in 1983 to secretary, becoming the top official of the county.[24] Xi subsequently served in four provinces during his regional political career: Hebei (1982–1985), Fujian (1985–2002), Zhejiang (2002–2007), and Shanghai (2007).[25] Xi held posts in the Fuzhou Municipal Party Committee and became the president of the Party School in Fuzhou in 1990. In 1997, he was named an alternate member of the 15th CCP Central Committee. However, of the 151 alternate members of the Central Committee elected at the 15th Party Congress, Xi received the lowest number of votes in favour, placing him last in the rankings of members, ostensibly due to his status as a princeling.[26]
From 1998 to 2002, Xi studied Marxist theory and ideological education in Tsinghua University,[27] graduating with a doctorate in law and ideology in 2002.[28] In 1999, he was promoted to the office of Vice Governor of Fujian, and became governor a year later. In Fujian, Xi made efforts to attract investment from Taiwan and to strengthen the private sector of the provincial economy.[29] In February 2000, he and then-provincial party secretary Chen Mingyi were called before the top members of PSC – general secretary Jiang Zemin, premier Zhu Rongji, vice president Hu Jintao and Discipline Inspection secretary Wei Jianxing – to explain aspects of the Yuanhua scandal.[30]
In 2002, Xi left Fujian and took up leading political positions in neighbouring Zhejiang. He eventually took over as provincial Party Committee secretary after several months as acting governor, occupying a top provincial office for the first time in his career. In 2002, he was elected a full member of the 16th Central Committee, marking his ascension to the national stage. While in Zhejiang, Xi presided over reported growth rates averaging 14% per year.[31] His career in Zhejiang was marked by a tough and straightforward stance against corrupt officials. This earned him a name in the national media and drew the attention of China's top leaders.[32] Between 2004 and 2007, Li Qiang acted as Xi's chief of staff through his position as secretary-general of the Zhejiang Party Committee, where they developed close mutual ties.[33]
Following the dismissal of Shanghai Party secretary Chen Liangyu in September 2006 due to a social security fund scandal, Xi was transferred to Shanghai in March 2007, where he was the party secretary there for seven months.[34] [35] In Shanghai, Xi avoided controversy and was known for strictly observing party discipline. For example, Shanghai administrators attempted to earn favour with him by arranging a special train to shuttle him between Shanghai and Hangzhou for him to complete handing off his work to his successor as Zhejiang party secretary Zhao Hongzhu. However, Xi reportedly refused to take the train, citing a loosely enforced party regulation that stipulated that special trains can only be reserved for "national leaders."[36] While in Shanghai, he worked on preserving unity of the local party organisation. He pledged there would be no 'purges' during his administration, despite the fact many local officials were thought to have been implicated in the Chen Liangyu corruption scandal. On most issues, Xi largely echoed the line of the central leadership.[37]
Rise to power
Xi was appointed to the nine-man PSC at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007. He was ranked above Li Keqiang, an indication that he was going to succeed Hu Jintao as China's next leader. In addition, Xi also held the first secretary of the CCP's Central Secretariat. This assessment was further supported at the 11th National People's Congress in March 2008, when Xi was elected as vice president of the PRC.[38] Following his elevation, Xi held a broad range of portfolios. He was put in charge of the comprehensive preparations for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, as well as being the central government's leading figure in Hong Kong and Macau affairs. In addition, he also became the new president of the Central Party School of the CCP, its cadre-training and ideological education wing. In the wake of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Xi visited disaster areas in Shaanxi and Gansu. He made his first foreign trip as vice president to North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen from 17 to 25 June 2008.[39] After the Olympics, Xi was assigned the post of committee chair for the preparations of the 60th Anniversary Celebrations of the founding of the PRC. He was also reportedly at the helm of a top-level CCP committee dubbed the 6521 Project, which was charged with ensuring social stability during a series of politically sensitive anniversaries in 2009.[40]
Xi's position as the apparent successor to become the paramount leader was threatened with the rapid rise of Bo Xilai, the party secretary of Chongqing at the time. Bo was expected to join the PSC at the 18th Party Congress, with most expecting that he would try to eventually maneuver himself into replacing Xi.[41] Bo's policies in Chongqing inspired imitations throughout China and received praise from Xi himself during Xi's visit to Chongqing in 2010. Records of praises from Xi were later erased after he became paramount leader. Bo's downfall would come with the Wang Lijun incident, which opened the door for Xi to come to power without challengers.[42]
Xi is considered one of the most successful members of the Princelings, a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Chinese Communist revolutionaries. Former prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, when asked about Xi, said he felt he was "a thoughtful man who has gone through many trials and tribulations."[43] Lee also commented: "I would put him in the Nelson Mandela class of persons. A person with enormous emotional stability who does not allow his personal misfortunes or sufferings affect his judgment. In other words, he is impressive."[44] Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson described Xi as "the kind of guy who knows how to get things over the goal line."[45] Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd said that Xi "has sufficient reformist, party and military background to be very much his own man."[46]
Trips as Vice President
In February 2009, in his capacity as vice-president, Xi embarked on a tour of Latin America, visiting Mexico,[47] Jamaica,[48] Colombia,[49] Venezuela,[50] Brazil,[51] and Malta, after which he returned to China.[52] On 11 February 2009, while visiting Mexico, Xi spoke in front of a group of overseas Chinese and explained China's contributions during the international financial crisis, saying that it was "the greatest contribution towards the whole of human race, made by China, to prevent its 1.3 billion people from hunger." He went on to remark: "There are some bored foreigners, with full stomachs, who have nothing better to do than point fingers at us. First, China doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export hunger and poverty; third, China doesn't come and cause you headaches. What more is there to be said?"[53] The story was reported on some local television stations. The news led to a flood of discussions on Chinese Internet forums and it was reported that the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was caught off-guard by Xi's remarks, as the actual video was shot by some accompanying Hong Kong reporters and broadcast on Hong Kong TV, which then turned up on various Internet video websites.[54] In the European Union, Xi visited Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania from 7 to 21 October 2009.[55] He visited Japan, South Korea, Cambodia, and Myanmar on his Asian trip from 14 to 22 December 2009.[56] He later visited the United States, Ireland and Turkey in February 2012. This visit included meeting with then U.S. president Barack Obama at the White House and vice president Joe Biden (with Biden as the official host);[57] and stops in California and Iowa. In Iowa, he met with the family that previously hosted him during his 1985 tour as a Hebei provincial official.[58]
Accession to top posts
See also: Generations of Chinese leadership and Succession of power in China.
A few months before his ascendancy to the party leadership, Xi disappeared from official media coverage and cancelled meeting with foreign officials for several weeks beginning on 1 September 2012, causing rumors. He then reappeared on 15 September.[59] On 15 November 2012, Xi was elected to the posts of general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC by the 18th Central Committee of the CCP. This made him, informally, the paramount leader and the first to be born after the founding of the PRC. The following day Xi led the new line-up of the PSC onto the stage in their first public appearance.[60] The PSC was reduced from nine to seven, with only Xi and Li Keqiang retaining their seats; the other five members were new.[61] [62] [63] In a marked departure from the common practice of Chinese leaders, Xi's first speech as general secretary was plainly worded and did not include any political slogans or mention his predecessors.[64] Xi mentioned the aspirations of the average person, remarking, "Our people ... expect better education, more stable jobs, better income, more reliable social security, medical care of a higher standard, more comfortable living conditions, and a more beautiful environment." Xi also vowed to tackle corruption at the highest levels, alluding that it would threaten the CCP's survival; he was reticent about far-reaching economic reforms.[65]
In December 2012, Xi visited Guangdong in his first trip outside Beijing since taking the Party leadership. The overarching theme of the trip was to call for further economic reform and a strengthened military. Xi visited the statue of Deng Xiaoping and his trip was described as following in the footsteps of Deng's own southern trip in 1992, which provided the impetus for further economic reforms in China after conservative party leaders stalled many of Deng's reforms in the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. On his trip, Xi consistently alluded to his signature slogan, the "Chinese Dream." "This dream can be said to be the dream of a strong nation. And for the military, it is a dream of a strong military," Xi told sailors.[66] Xi's trip was significant in that he departed from the established convention of Chinese leaders' travel routines in multiple ways. Rather than dining out, Xi and his entourage ate regular hotel buffet. He travelled in a large van with his colleagues rather than a fleet of limousines, and did not restrict traffic on the parts of the highway he travelled.[67]
Xi was elected president on 14 March 2013, in a confirmation vote by the 12th National People's Congress in Beijing. He received 2,952 for, one vote against, and three abstentions. He replaced Hu Jintao, who retired after serving two terms.[68] In his new capacity as president, on 16 March 2013 Xi expressed support for non-interference in China–Sri Lanka relations amid a United Nations Security Council vote to condemn that country over government abuses during the Sri Lankan Civil War.[69] On 17 March, Xi and his new ministers arranged a meeting with the chief executive of Hong Kong, CY Leung, confirming his support for Leung.[70] Within hours of his election, Xi discussed cyber security and North Korea with U.S. President Barack Obama over the phone. Obama announced the visits of treasury and state secretaries Jacob Lew and John F. Kerry to China the following week.[71]
Leadership
See main article: China under Xi Jinping.
Anti-corruption campaign
See main article: Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping. Xi vowed to crack down on corruption immediately after he ascended to power. In his inaugural speech as general secretary, Xi mentioned that fighting corruption was one of the toughest challenges for the party.[72] A few months into his term, Xi outlined the Eight-point Regulation, listing rules intended to curb corruption and waste during official party business; it aimed at stricter discipline on the conduct of officials. Xi vowed to root out "tigers and flies," that is, high-ranking officials and ordinary party functionaries.[73]
Xi initiated cases against former CMC vice-chairmen Xu Caihou and Guo Boxiong, former PSC member and security chief Zhou Yongkang and former Hu Jintao chief aide Ling Jihua.[74] Along with new disciplinary chief Wang Qishan, Xi's administration spearheaded the formation of "centrally-dispatched inspection teams". These were cross-jurisdictional squads whose task was to gain understanding of the operations of provincial and local party organizations, and enforce party discipline mandated by Beijing. Work teams had the effect of identifying and initiating investigations of high-ranking officials. Over one hundred provincial-ministerial level officials were implicated during a nationwide anti-corruption campaign. These included former and current regional officials, leading figures of state-owned enterprises and central government organs, and generals. Within the first two years of the campaign alone, over 200,000 officials received warnings, fines, and demotions.
The campaign has led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired CCP officials, including members of the PSC.[75] Xi's anti-corruption campaign is seen by critics, such as The Economist, as a political tool to remove potential opponents and consolidate power.[76] [77] Xi's establishment of a new anti-corruption agency, the National Supervision Commission, ranked higher than the supreme court, has been described by Amnesty International as a "systemic threat to human rights" that "places tens of millions of people at the mercy of a secretive and virtually unaccountable system that is above the law."[78] [79]
Xi has overseen significant reforms of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), CCP's highest internal control institution.[80] He and CCDI Secretary Wang Qishan further institutionalized CCDI's independence from the day-to-day operations of the CCP, improving its ability to function as a bona fide control body. According to The Wall Street Journal, anti-corruption punishment to officials at or above the vice ministerial level need approval from Xi.[81] The Wall Street Journal said that when he wants to neutralize a political rival, he asks inspectors to prepare pages of evidence. It also said he authorizes investigations on close associates of a high-ranking politician, to replace them with his proteges and puts rivals in less important positions to separate them from their political bases. Reportedly, these tactics have even been used against Wang Qishan, Xi's close friend.[82]
According to sinologist Wang Gungwu, Xi inherited a party that was faced with pervasive corruption.[83] [84] Xi believed corruption at the higher levels of the CCP put the party and country at risk of collapse. Wang adds that Xi has a belief that only the CCP is capable of governing China, and that its collapse would be disastrous for the Chinese people. Xi and the new generational leaders reacted by launching the anti-corruption campaign to eliminate corruption at the higher levels of the government.
Censorship
See main article: Censorship in China. Since Xi became general secretary, censorship has stepped up.[85] [86] Chairing the 2018 China Cyberspace Governance Conference, Xi committed to "fiercely crack down on criminal offenses including hacking, telecom fraud, and violation of citizens' privacy."[87] During a visit to Chinese state media, Xi stated that "party and government-owned media must hold the family name of the party" and that the state media "must embody the party's will, safeguard the party's authority."[88]
His administration has overseen more Internet restrictions imposed, and is described as being "stricter across the board" on speech than previous administrations.[89] Xi has taken a strong stand to control internet usage inside China, including Google and Facebook, advocating Internet censorship under the concept of internet sovereignty.[90] [91] The censorship of Wikipedia has been stringent; in April 2019, all versions of Wikipedia were blocked.[92] Likewise, the situation for users of Weibo has been described as a change from fearing one's account would be deleted, to fear of arrest.[93]
A law enacted in 2013 authorized a three-year prison term for bloggers who shared more than 500 times any content considered "defamatory."[94] The State Internet Information Department summoned influential bloggers to a seminar to instruct them to avoid writing about politics, the CCP, or making statements contradicting official narratives. Many bloggers stopped writing about controversial topics, and Weibo went into decline, with much of its readership shifting to WeChat users speaking to limited social circles. In 2017, telecommunications carriers were instructed to block individuals' use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) by February 2018.[95]
Consolidation of power
See also: New Zhijiang Army and Fujian clique.
Political observers have called Xi the most powerful Chinese leader since Mao Zedong, especially since the ending of presidential two-term limits in 2018.[96] [97] [98] [99] Xi has departed from the collective leadership practices of post-Mao predecessors. He has centralised his power and created working groups with himself at the head to subvert government bureaucracy, making himself become the unmistakable central figure of the administration.[100] In the opinion of at least one political scientist, Xi "has surrounded himself with cadres he met while stationed on the coast, Fujian and Shanghai and in Zhejiang."[101]
Observers have said that Xi has seriously diluted the influence of the once-dominant "Tuanpai," also called the Youth League Faction, which were CCP officials who rose through the Communist Youth League (CYLC).[102] He criticized the cadres of the CYLC, saying that [these cadres] can't talk about science, literature and art, work or life [with young people]. All they can do is just repeat the same old bureaucratic, stereotypical talk."[103]
In 2018, the National People's Congress (NPC) passed constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the president and vice president, the creation of a National Supervisory Commission, as well as enhancing the central role of the CCP.[104] [105] Xi was reappointed as president, now without term limits,[106] [107] while Li Keqiang was reappointed premier.[108] According to the Financial Times, Xi expressed his views of constitutional amendment at meetings with Chinese officials and foreign dignitaries. Xi explained the decision in terms of needing to align two more powerful posts—general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC—which have no term limits. However, Xi did not say whether he intended to be party general secretary, CMC chairman and state president, for three or more terms.[109]
In its sixth plenary session in November 2021, CCP adopted a historical resolution, a kind of document that evaluated the party's history. This was the third of its kind after ones adopted by Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping.[110] [111] In comparison with the other historical resolutions, Xi's one did not herald a major change in how the CCP evaluated its history.[112] To accompany the historical resolution, the CCP promoted the terms Two Establishes and Two Safeguards, calling the CCP to unite around and protect Xi's core status within the party.[113] The 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, held between 16 and 22 October 2022, has overseen amendments in the CCP constitution and the re-election of Xi as general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC for a third term, with the overall result of the Congress being further strengthening of Xi's power.[114] Xi's re-election made him the first party leader since Mao Zedong to be chosen for a third term, though Deng Xiaoping ruled the country informally for a longer period.[115] The new Politburo Standing Committee elected just after the CCP Congress was filled almost completely with people close to Xi, with four out of the seven members of the previous PSC stepping down.[116] Xi was further re-elected as the PRC president and chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission on 10 March 2023 during the opening of the 14th National People's Congress, while Xi ally Li Qiang succeeded Li Keqiang as the Premier.[117]
Cult of personality
See main article: Xi Jinping's cult of personality.
Xi has had a cult of personality constructed around himself since entering office[118] [119] with books, cartoons, pop songs and dance routines honouring his rule.[120] Following Xi's ascension to the leadership core of the CCP, he had been referred to as Xi Dada (Uncle or Papa Xi),[121] though this stopped in April 2016.[122] The village of Liangjiahe, where Xi was sent to work, is decorated with propaganda and murals extolling the formative years of his life.[123] The CCP's Politburo named Xi Jinping lingxiu, a reverent term for "leader" and a title previously only given to Mao Zedong and his immediate successor Hua Guofeng.[124] [125] [126] He is also sometimes called the "pilot at the helm" .[127] On 25 December 2019, the Politburo officially named Xi as "People's Leader", a title only Mao had held previously.[128]
Economy and technology
See main article: Economy of China.
Xi was initially seen as a market reformist,[129] and a central committee under him announced "market forces" would begin to play a "decisive" role in allocating resources. This meant that the state would gradually reduce its involvement in the distribution of capital, and restructure state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to allow further competition, potentially by attracting foreign and private sector players in industries previously highly regulated. This policy aimed to address the bloated state sector that had unduly profited from re-structuring by purchasing assets at below-market prices, assets no longer being used productively. Xi launched the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone in 2013, which was seen as part of the economic reforms.[130] However, by 2017, Xi's promise of economic reforms was said to have stalled by experts.[131] In 2015, the Chinese stock market bubble popped, which led Xi to use state forces to fix it. From 2012 to 2022, the share of the market value of private sector firms in China's top listed companies increased from 10% to over 40%.[132] He has overseen the relaxation of restrictions on foreign direct investment (FDI) and increased cross-border holdings of stocks and bonds.
Xi has increased state control over the economy, voicing support for SOEs,[133] while also supporting the private sector.[134] CCP control of SOEs has increased, while limited steps towards market liberalization, such as increasing mixed ownership of SOEs were undertaken. Under Xi, "government guidance funds," public-private investment funds set up by or for government bodies, have raised more than $900 billion for early funding to companies that work in sectors the government deems as strategic.[135] His administration made it easier for banks to issue mortgages, increased foreign participation in the bond market, and increased the national currency renminbi's global role, helping it to join IMF's basket of special drawing right.[136] In 2018, he promised to continue reforms but warned nobody "can dictate to the Chinese people."[137]
Xi has made eradicating extreme poverty through targeted poverty alleviation a key goal.[138] In 2021, Xi declared a "complete victory" over extreme poverty, saying nearly 100 million have been lifted out of poverty under his tenure, though experts said China's poverty threshold was lower than that of the World Bank.[139] In 2020, premier Li Keqiang, citing the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said that China still had 600 million people living with less than 1000 yuan ($140) a month, although The Economist said the methodology NBS used was flawed.[140] When Xi took office in 2012, 51% of people in China were living on less than $6.9 per day, in 2020 this had fallen 25%.[141]
China's economy has grown under Xi, doubling from $8.5 trillion in 2012 to $17.8 trillion in 2021,[142] while China's nominal GDP per capita surpassed the world average in 2021,[143] though growth has slowed from 8% in 2012 to 6% in 2019.[144] Xi has stressed the importance of "high-quality growth" rather than "inflated growth."[145] He has stated China has abandoned a growth-at-all-costs strategy which Xi refers to as "GDP heroism."[146] Instead, Xi said other social issues such as environmental protection are important.
Xi has circulated a policy called "dual circulation," meaning reorienting the economy towards domestic consumption while remaining open to foreign trade and investment.[147] Xi has prioritised boosting productivity.[148] Xi has attempted to reform the property sector to combat the steep increase in prices and cut the economy's dependence on it.[149] In the 19th CCP National Congress, Xi declared "Houses are built to be inhabited, not for speculation."[150] In 2020, Xi's government formulated the "three red lines" policy that aimed to deleverage the heavily indebted property sector.[151] Xi has supported a property tax, for which he has faced resistance from members of the CCP.[152] His administration pursued a debt-deleveraging campaign, seeking to slow and cut the unsustainable amount of debt China has accrued during its growth.[153]
Xi's administration has promoted "Made in China 2025" plan that aims to make China self-reliant in key technologies, although publicly China de-emphasised this plan due to the outbreak of a China–United States trade war. Since the outbreak of the trade war in 2018, Xi has revived calls for "self-reliance," especially on technology.[154] Domestic spending on R&D has significantly increased, surpassing the European Union (EU) and reaching a record $564 billion in 2020. The Chinese government has supported technology companies like Huawei through grants, tax breaks, credit facilities and other assistance, enabling their rise but leading to US countermeasures.[155] In 2023, Xi put forward new productive forces, this refers to a new form of productive forces derived from continuous sci-tech breakthroughs and innovation that drive strategic emerging and future industries in a more intelligent information era.[156] Xi has been involved in the development of Xiong'an, a new area announced in 2017, planned to become a major metropolis near Beijing; the relocation aspect is estimated to last until 2035 while it is planned to developed into a "modern socialist city" by 2050.[157]
In 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that Xi ordered a halt to Ant Group's initial public offering (IPO), in reaction to its founder Jack Ma criticizing government regulation in finance.[158] Xi's administration has overseen a decrease in offshore IPOs by Chinese companies, with most Chinese IPOs taking place either in Shanghai or Shenzhen, and has increasingly directed funding to IPOs of companies that works in sectors it deems as strategic, including electric vehicles, biotechnology, renewable energy, artificial intelligence, semiconductors and other high-technology manufacturing.
Since 2021, Xi has promoted the term "common prosperity," which he defined as an "essential requirement of socialism," described as affluence for all and said entailed reasonable adjustments to excess incomes.[159] [160] Common prosperity has been used as the justification for large-scale crackdowns and regulations towards the perceived "excesses" of several sectors, most prominently tech and tutoring industries.[161] Actions taken include fining large tech companies[162] and passing laws such as the Data Security Law. China introduced severe restrictions on private tutoring companies, effectively destroying the whole industry.[163] Xi opened a new stock exchange in Beijing targeted for small and medium enterprises (SMEs).[164] There have been other cultural regulations including restrictions on minors playing video games and crackdowns on celebrity culture.[165] [166]
Reforms
In November 2013, at the conclusion of the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee, the Communist Party delivered a far-reaching reform agenda that alluded to changes in both economic and social policy. Xi signaled at the plenum that he was consolidating control of the massive internal security organization that was formerly the domain of Zhou Yongkang.[167] A new National Security Commission was formed with Xi at its helm, which commentators have said would help Xi consolidate over national security affairs.[168] [169]
The Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms—another ad hoc policy coordination body led by Xi upgraded to a commission in 2018—was also formed to oversee the implementation of the reform agenda.[170] [171] Termed "comprehensive deepening reforms", they were said to be the most significant since Deng Xiaoping's 1992 Southern Tour. The plenum also announced economic reforms and resolved to abolish the laogai system of "re-education through labour," which was largely seen as a blot on China's human rights record. The system has faced significant criticism for years from domestic critics and foreign observers. In January 2016, a two-child policy replaced the one-child policy,[172] which was in turn was replaced with a three-child policy in May 2021.[173] In July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.[174]
Political reforms
See also: Neoauthoritarianism (China). Xi's administration taken a number of changes to the structure of the CCP and state bodies, especially in a large overhaul in 2018. Beginning in 2013, the CCP under Xi has created a series of Central Leading Groups: supra-ministerial steering committees, designed to bypass existing institutions when making decisions, and ostensibly make policy-making a more efficient process. Xi was also believed to have diluted the authority of premier Li Keqiang, taking authority over the economy which has generally been considered to be the domain of the premier.[175] [176]
February 2014 oversaw the creation of the Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization with Xi as its leader. The State Internet Information Office (SIIO), previously under the State Council Information Office (SCI), was transferred to the central leading group and renamed in English into the Cyberspace Administration of China.[177] As part of managing the financial system, the Financial Stability and Development Committee, a State Council body, was established in 2017. Chaired by vice premier Liu He during its existence, the committee was disestablished by the newly established Central Financial Commission during the 2023 Party and state reforms.[178] Xi has increased the role of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission at the expense of the State Council.[179]
2018 has seen larger reforms to the bureaucracy. In that year, several central leading groups including reform, cyberspace affairs, finance and economics. and foreign affairs were upgraded to commissions.[180] [181] The powers of the Central Propaganda Department was strengthened, which now oversaw the newly established China Media Group (CMG).[182] Two State Council departments. one dealing with overseas Chinese, and other one dealing with religious affairs, were merged into the United Front Work Department while another commission dealing with ethnic affairs was brought under formal UFWD leadership. In 2020, all elections at all levels of the people's congress system and NPC were mandated to adhere to the leadership of the CCP.[183]
2023 has seen further reforms to the CCP and state bureaucracy, most notably the strengthening of Party control over the financial and technology domains.[184] This included the creation of two CCP bodies for overseeing finance; the Central Financial Commission (CFC), as well as the revival of the Central Financial Work Commission (CFWC) that was previously dissolved in 2002. Additionally, a new CCP Central Science and Technology Commission would be established to broadly oversee the technology sector, while a newly created Social Work Department was tasked with CCP interactions with several sectors, including civic groups, chambers of commerce and industry groups, as well as handling public petition and grievance work. Regulatory bodies saw large overhauls.[185] Several regulatory responsibilities were also transferred from the People's Bank of China (PBoC) to another regulatory body, while the PBoC reopened offices around the country that were closed in a previous reorganization.[186]
In 2024, the CCP's role was strengthened further with the State Council required to follow CCP ideology and policies.[187]
Legal reforms
The party under Xi announced a raft of legal reforms at the Fourth Plenum held in the fall 2014, and he called for "Chinese socialistic rule of law" immediately afterwards. The party aimed to reform the legal system, which had been perceived as ineffective at delivering justice and affected by corruption, local government interference and lack of constitutional oversight. The plenum, while emphasizing the absolute leadership of the party, also called for a greater role of the constitution in the affairs of state and a strengthening of the role of the National People's Congress Standing Committee in interpreting the constitution.[188] It also called for more transparency in legal proceedings, more involvement of ordinary citizens in the legislative process, and an overall "professionalization" of the legal workforce. The party also planned to institute cross-jurisdictional circuit legal tribunals as well as giving provinces consolidated administrative oversight over lower level legal resources, which is intended to reduce local government involvement in legal proceedings.[189]
Military reforms
See also: Modernization of the People's Liberation Army and 2015 People's Republic of China military reform. Since taking power in 2012, Xi has undertaken an overhaul of the People's Liberation Army, including both political reform and its modernization.[190] Military-civil fusion has advanced under Xi.[191] [192] Xi has been active in his participation in military affairs, taking a direct hands-on approach to military reform. In addition to being the Chairman of the CMC and leader of the Central Leading Group for Military Reform founded in 2014 to oversee comprehensive military reforms, Xi has delivered numerous high-profile pronouncements vowing to clean up malfeasance and complacency in the military. Xi has repeatedly warned that the depoliticization of the PLA from the CCP would lead to a collapse similar to that of the Soviet Union.[193] Xi held the New Gutian Conference in 2014, gathering China's top military officers, re-emphasizing the principle of "the party has absolute control over the army" first established by Mao at the 1929 Gutian Conference.[194]
Xi announced a reduction of 300,000 troops from the PLA in 2015, bringing its size to 2 million troops. Xi described this as a gesture of peace, while analysts such as Rory Medcalf have said that the cut was done to reduce costs as well as part of PLA's modernization.[195] In 2016, he reduced the number of theater commands of the PLA from seven to five.[196] He has also abolished the four autonomous general departments of the PLA, replacing them with 15 agencies directly reporting to the CMC. Two new branches of the PLA were created under his reforms, the Strategic Support Force[197] and the Joint Logistics Support Force.[198] In 2018, the PAP was placed under the sole control of the CMC; the PAP was previously under the joint command of the CMC and the State Council through the Ministry of Public Security.[199]
On 21 April 2016, Xi was named commander-in-chief of the country's new Joint Operations Command Center of the PLA by Xinhua News Agency and the broadcaster China Central Television.[200] [201] Some analysts interpreted this move as an attempt to display strength and strong leadership and as being more "political than military."[202] According to Ni Lexiong, a military affairs expert, Xi "not only controls the military but also does it in an absolute manner, and that in wartime, he is ready to command personally."[203] According to a University of California, San Diego expert on Chinese military, Xi "has been able to take political control of the military to an extent that exceeds what Mao and Deng have done."[204]
Under Xi, China's official military budget has more than doubled,[205] reaching a record $224 billion in 2023.[206] hough predating Xi, his administration has taken a more assertive stance towards maritime affairs, and has boosted CCP control over the maritime security forces.[207] The PLA Navy has grown rapidly under Xi, with China adding more warships, submarines, support ships and major amphibious vessels than the entire number of ships under the United Kingdom navy between 2014 and 2018.[208] In 2017, China established the navy's first overseas base in Djibouti.[209] Xi has also undertaken an expansion of China's nuclear arsenal, with him calling China to "establish a strong system of strategic deterrence." The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) has estimated China's total amount of nuclear arsenals to be 410 in 2023, with the US Department of Defense estimating that China's arsenal could reach 1,000 by 2030.[210]
Foreign policy
See main article: Foreign policy of Xi Jinping.
See also: List of international trips made by Xi Jinping. Xi has taken a harder line on security issues as well as foreign affairs, projecting a more nationalistic and assertive China on the world stage.[211] His political program calls for a China more united and confident of its own value system and political structure.[212] Foreign analysts and observers have frequently said that Xi's main foreign policy objective is to restore China's position on the global stage as a great power.[213] [214] Xi advocates "baseline thinking" in China's foreign policy: setting explicit red lines that other countries must not cross.[215] In the Chinese perspective, these tough stances on baseline issues reduce strategic uncertainty, preventing other nations from misjudging China's positions or underestimating China's resolve in asserting what it perceives to be in its national interest. Xi stated during the 20th CCP National Congress that he wanted to ensure China "leads the world in terms of composite national strength and international influence" by 2049.[216]
Xi has promoted "major-country diplomacy", stating that China is already a "big power" and breaking away from previous Chinese leaders who had a more precautious diplomacy.[217] He has adopted a hawkish foreign policy posture called "wolf warrior diplomacy,"[218] while his foreign policy thoughts are collectively known as "Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy."[219] In March 2021, he said that "the East is rising and the West is declining", saying that the power of the Western world was in decline and their COVID-19 response was an example of this, and that China was entering a period of opportunity because of this.[220] Xi has frequently alluded to "community with a shared future for mankind," which Chinese diplomats have said doesn't imply an intention to change the international order,[221] but which foreign observers say China wants a new order that puts it more at the centre.[222] Under Xi, China has, along with Russia, also focused on increasing relations with the Global South in order to blunt the effect of international sanctions.[223]
Xi has put an emphasis on increasing China's "international discourse power" to create a more favorable global opinion of China in the world.[224] In this pursuit, Xi has emphasised the need to "tell China's story well", meaning expanding China's external propaganda and communications.[225] Xi has expanded the focus and scope of the united front, which aims to consolidate support for CCP in non-CCP elements both inside and outside China, and has accordingly expanded the United Front Work Department.[226] Xi has unveiled the Global Development Initiative (GDI),[227] the Global Security Initiative (GSI),[228] and the Global Civilisation Initiative (GCI), in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively, aiming to increase China's influence in the international order.[229]
During the Xi administration, China seeks to shape international norms and rules in emerging policy areas where China has an advantage as an early participant.[230] Xi describes such areas as "new frontiers," and they include policy areas such as space, deep sea, polar regions, the Internet, nuclear safety, anticorruption, and climate change.
National security
Xi has devoted a large amount of work towards national security, calling for a "holistic national security architecture" that encompasses "all aspects of the work of the party and the country."[231] He introduced the holistic security concept in 2014, which he defined as taking "the security of the people as compass, political security as its roots, economic security as its pillar, military security, cultural security, and cultural security as its protections, and that relies on the promotion of international security."[232] During a private talk with U.S. president Obama and vice president Biden, he said that China had been a target of "colour revolutions," foreshadowing his focus on national security.[233] Since its creation by Xi, the National Security Commission has established local security committees, focusing on dissent. In the name of national security, Xi's government has passed numerous laws including a counterespionage law in 2014,[234] national security[235] and a counterterrorism law in 2015,[236] a cybersecurity law[237] and a law restricting foreign NGOs in 2016,[238] a national intelligence law in 2017,[239] and a data security law in 2021.[240] Under Xi, China's mass surveillance network has dramatically grown, with comprehensive profiles being built for each citizen.[241]
Hong Kong
During his leadership, Xi has supported and pursued a greater political and economic integration of Hong Kong to mainland China, including through projects such as the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge.[242] He has pushed for the Greater Bay Area project, which aims to integrate Hong Kong, Macau, and nine other cities in Guangdong.[243] Xi's integration efforts have led to decreased freedoms and the weakening of Hong Kong's distinct identity from mainland China.[244] Many of the views held by the central government and eventually implemented in Hong Kong were outlined in a white paper published by the State Council in 2014 named The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, which outlined that the China's central government has "comprehensive jurisdiction" over Hong Kong.[245] Under Xi, the Chinese government also declared the Sino-British Joint Declaration to be legally void.
In August 2014, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) made a decision allowing universal suffrage for the 2017 election of the chief executive of Hong Kong, but also requiring the candidates to "love the country, and love Hong Kong," as well as other measures that ensured the Chinese leadership would be the ultimate decision-maker on the selection, leading to protests,[246] and the eventual rejection of the reform bill in the Legislative Council due to a walk-out by the pro-Beijing camp to delay to vote.[247] In the 2017 chief executive election, Carrie Lam was victorious, reportedly with the endorsement of the CCP Politburo.[248]
Xi has supported the Hong Kong Government and Carrie Lam against the protesters in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, which broke out after a proposed bill that would allow extraditions to China.[249] He has defended the Hong Kong police's use of force, saying that "We sternly support the Hong Kong police to take forceful actions in enforcing the law, and the Hong Kong judiciary to punish in accordance with the law those who have committed violent crimes."[250] While visiting Macau on 20 December 2019 as part of the 20th anniversary of its return to China, Xi warned of foreign forces interfering in Hong Kong and Macau,[251] while also hinting that Macau could be a model for Hong Kong to follow.[252]
In 2020, the NPCSC passed a national security law in Hong Kong that dramatically expanded government clampdown over the opposition in the city; amongst the measures were the dramatic restriction on political opposition and the creation of a central government office outside Hong Kong jurisdiction to oversee the enforcement of the law. This was seen as the culmination of a long-term project under Xi to further closely integrate Hong Kong with the mainland. Xi visited Hong Kong as president in 2017 and 2022, in the 20th and 25th anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong respectively.[253] In his 2022 visit, he swore in John Lee as chief executive, a former police officer that was backed by the Chinese government to expand control over the city.[254] [255]
Human rights
See main article: Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party.
According to the Human Rights Watch, Xi has "started a broad and sustained offensive on human rights" since he became leader in 2012.[256] The HRW also said that repression in China is "at its worst level since the Tiananmen Square massacre."[257] Since taking power, Xi has cracked down on grassroots activism, with hundreds being detained.[258] He presided over the 709 crackdown on 9 July 2015, which saw more than 200 lawyers, legal assistants and human rights activists being detained.[259] His term has seen the arrest and imprisonment of activists such as Xu Zhiyong, as well as numerous others who identified with the New Citizens' Movement. Prominent legal activist Pu Zhiqiang of the Weiquan movement was also arrested and detained.[260]
In 2017, the local government of the Jiangxi province told Christians to replace their pictures of Jesus with Xi Jinping as part of a general campaign on unofficial churches in the country.[261] [262] [263] According to local social media, officials "transformed them from believing in religion to believing in the party." According to activists, "Xi is waging the most severe systematic suppression of Christianity in the country since religious freedom was written into the Chinese constitution in 1982," and according to pastors and a group that monitors religion in China, has involved "destroying crosses, burning bibles, shutting churches and ordering followers to sign papers renouncing their faith."[264]
Under Xi, the CCP has embraced assimilationist policies towards ethnic minorities, scaling back affirmative action in the country by 2019,[265] and scrapping a wording in October 2021 that guaranteed the rights of minority children to be educated in their native language, replacing it with one that emphasized teaching the national language.[266] In 2020, Chen Xiaojiang was appointed as head of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, the first Han Chinese head of the body since 1954.[267] On 24 June 2022, Pan Yue, another Han Chinese, became the head of the commission, with him reportedly holding assimilationist policies toward ethnic minorities.[268] Xi outlined his official views relations between the majority Han Chinese and ethnic minorities by saying "[n]either Han chauvinism nor local ethnic chauvinism is conducive to the development of a community for the Chinese nation."[269]
Xinjiang
See main article: Persecution of Uyghurs in China. Following several terrorist attacks in Xinjiang in 2013 and 2014, the CCP leaders held a secret meeting to find a solution to the attacks,[270] leading to Xi to launch the Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism in 2014, which involved mass detention, and surveillance of ethnic Uyghurs there.[271] The campaign included the detainment of 1.8 million people in internment camps, mostly Uyghurs but also including other ethnic and religious minorities, by 2020, and a birth suppression campaign that led to a large drop in the Uyghur birth rate by 2019.[272] Human rights groups and former inmates have described the camps as "concentration camps," where Uyghurs and other minorities have been forcibly assimilated into China's majority ethnic Han society.[273] This program has been called a genocide by western observers, while a report by the UN Human Rights Office said they may amount to crimes against humanity.[274] [275]
Internal Chinese government documents leaked to the press in November 2019 showed that Xi personally ordered a security crackdown in Xinjiang, saying that the party must show "absolutely no mercy" and that officials use all the "weapons of the people's democratic dictatorship" to suppress those "infected with the virus of extremism."[276] [277] The papers also showed that Xi repeatedly discussed about Islamic extremism in his speeches, likening it to a "virus" or a "drug" that could be only addressed by "a period of painful, interventionary treatment." However, he also warned against the discrimination against Uyghurs and rejected proposals to eradicate Islam in China, calling that kind of viewpoint "biased, even wrong." Xi's exact role in the building of internment camps has not been publicly reported, though he's widely believed to be behind them and his words have been the source for major justifications in the crackdown in Xinjiang.[278]
During a four-day visit to Xinjiang in July 2022, Xi urged local officials to always listen to the people's voices and to do more in preservation of ethnic minority culture. He also inspected the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and praised its "great progress" in reform and development.[279] During another visit to Xinjiang in August 2023, Xi said in a speech that the region was "no longer a remote area" and should open up more for tourism to attract domestic and foreign visitors.[280] [281]
COVID-19 pandemic
See also: Chinese government response to COVID-19 and COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China. On 20 January 2020, Xi commented for the first time on the emerging COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, and ordered "efforts to curb the spread" of the virus.[282] He gave premier Li Keqiang some responsibility over the COVID-19 response, in what has been suggested by The Wall Street Journal was an attempt to potentially insulate himself from criticism if the response failed.[283] The government initially responded to the pandemic with a lockdown and censorship, with the initial response causing widespread backlash within China.[284] He met with Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO), on 28 January.[285] Der Spiegel reported that in January 2020 Xi pressured Tedros Adhanom to hold off on issuing a global warning about the outbreak of COVID-19 and hold back information on human-to-human transmission of the virus, allegations denied by the WHO.[286] On 5 February, Xi met with Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen in Beijing, the first foreign leader allowed into China since the outbreak. After the COVID-19 outbreak got under control in Wuhan, Xi visited the city on 10 March.[287]
After getting the outbreak in Wuhan under control, Xi has favoured what has officially been termed "dynamic zero-COVID policy"[288] that aims to control and suppress the virus as much as possible within the country's borders. This has involved local lockdowns and mass-testing.[289] While initially credited for China's suppression of the COVID-19 outbreak, the policy was later criticized by foreign and some domestic observers for being out of touch with the rest of the world and taking a heavy toll on the economy. This approach has especially come under criticism during a 2022 lockdown on Shanghai, which forced millions to their homes and damaged the city's economy,[290] denting the image of Li Qiang, close Xi ally and Party secretary of the city.[291] Conversely, Xi has said that the policy was designed to protect people's life safety.[292] On 23 July 2022, the National Health Commission reported that Xi and other top leaders have taken the local COVID-19 vaccines.[293]
At the 20th CCP Congress, Xi confirmed the continuation of the zero-COVID policy,[294] stating he would "unswervingly" carry out "dynamic zero-COVID" and promising to "resolutely win the battle,"[295] though China started a limited easing of the policies in the following weeks.[296] In November 2022, protests broke out against China's COVID-19 policies, with a fire in a high-rise apartment building in Ürümqi being the trigger.[297] The protests were held in multiple major cities, with some of the protesters demanding the end of Xi's and the CCP's rule. The protests were mostly suppressed by December, though the government further eased COVID-19 restrictions in the time since.[298] On 7 December 2022, China announced large-scale changes to its COVID-19 policy, including allowing quarantine at home for mild infections, reducing of PCR testing, and decreasing the power of local officials to implement lockdowns.[299]
Environmental policy
See main article: Environmental policy in China. Xi identifies environmental protection as one of China's five major priorities for national progress.
In September 2020, Xi announced that China will "strengthen its 2030 climate target (NDC), peak emissions before 2030 and aim to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060." If accomplished, this would lower the expected rise in global temperature by 0.2–0.3 °C – "the biggest single reduction ever estimated by the Climate Action Tracker."[300] Xi mentioned the link between the COVID-19 pandemic and nature destruction as one of the reasons for the decision, saying that "Humankind can no longer afford to ignore the repeated warnings of nature."[301] On 27 September, Chinese scientists presented a detailed plan how to achieve the target.[302] In September 2021, Xi announced that China will not build "coal-fired power projects abroad, which was said to be potentially "pivotal" in reducing emissions. The Belt and Road Initiative did not include financing such projects already in the first half of 2021.[303]
Xi has popularized a metaphor of "two mountains" to emphasize the importance of environmental protection.[304] The concept is that a mountain made of gold or silver is valuable, but green mountains with clear waters are more valuable. The slogan's meaning is that economic development priorities must also provide for economic protection.
Xi Jinping did not attend COP26 personally. However, a Chinese delegation led by climate change envoy Xie Zhenhua did attend.[305] [306] During the conference, the United States and China agreed on a framework to reduce GHG emission by co-operating on different measures.[307]
Governance style
Known as a very secretive leader, little is known publicly about how Xi makes political decisions, or how he came to power.[308] [309] Xi's speeches generally get released months or years after they are made. Xi has also never given a press conference since becoming paramount leader, except in rare joint press conferences with foreign leaders.[310] The Wall Street Journal reported that Xi prefers micromanaging in governance, in contrast to previous leaders such as Hu Jintao who left details of major policies to lower-ranking officials. Reportedly, ministerial officials try to get Xi's attention in various ways, with some creating slide shows and audio reports. The Wall Street Journal also reported that Xi created a performance-review system in 2018 to give evaluations on officials on various measures, including loyalty. According to The Economist, Xi's orders have generally been vague, leaving lower level officials to interpret his words.[311] Chinese state media Xinhua News Agency said that Xi "personally reviews every draft of major policy documents" and "all reports submitted to him, no matter how late in the evening, were returned with instructions the following morning."[312] With regard to behavior of Communist Party members, Xi emphasizes the "Two Musts" (members must not be arrogant or rash and must keep their hard-working spirit) and the "Six Nos" (members must say no to formalism, bureaucracy, gift-giving, luxurious birthday celebrations, hedonism, and extravagance). Xi called for officials to practice self-criticism which, according to observers, is in order to appear less corrupt and more popular among the people.[313] [314] [315] According to Japanese diplomat Hideo Tarumi, who served as the Japanese ambassador to China, Xi has engaged in heavy process of centralization in order to maintain the legitimacy of the rule of Chinese Communist Party.[316]
Political positions
Chinese Dream
See main article: Chinese Dream.
Xi and CCP ideologues coined the phrase "Chinese Dream" to describe his overarching plans for China as its leader. Xi first used the phrase during a high-profile visit to the National Museum of China on 29 November 2012, where he and his Standing Committee colleagues were attending a "national revival" exhibition. Since then, the phrase has become the signature political slogan of the Xi era.[317] [318] The origin of the term "Chinese Dream" is unclear. While the phrase has been used before by journalists and scholars,[319] some publications have posited the term likely drew its inspiration from the concept of the American Dream.[320] The Economist noted the abstract and seemingly accessible nature of the concept with no specific overarching policy stipulations may be a deliberate departure from the jargon-heavy ideologies of his predecessors.[321] Xi has linked the "Chinese Dream" with the phrase "great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation."[322]
Culture
See also: Xi Jinping Thought on Culture. In recent years, top political leaders of the CCP such as Xi have overseen the rehabilitation of ancient Chinese philosophical figures like Han Fei into the mainstream of Chinese thought alongside Confucianism. At a meeting with other officials in 2013, he quoted Confucius, saying "he who rules by virtue is like the Pole Star, it maintains its place, and the multitude of stars pay homage." While visiting Shandong, the birthplace of Confucius, in November, he told scholars that the Western world was "suffering a crisis of confidence" and that the CCP has been "the loyal inheritor and promoter of China's outstanding traditional culture."[323]
According to several analysts, Xi's leadership has been characterised by a resurgence of the ancient political philosophy Legalism.[324] [325] Han Fei gained new prominence with favourable citations; one sentence of Han Fei's that Xi quoted appeared thousands of times in official Chinese media at the local, provincial, and national levels.[326] Xi has additionally supported the Neo-Confucian philosopher Wang Yangming, telling local leaders to promote him.[327]
On 15 October 2014, Xi Jinping emulated the Yan'an Talks with his 'Speech at the Forum on Literature and Art.'[328] Consistent with Mao's view in the Yan'an Talks, Xi believes works of art should be judged by political criteria. In 2021, Xi quoted the Yan'an Talks during the opening ceremony of the 11th National Congress of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the 10th National Congress of the Chinese Writers Association. According to Xi, art should be judged by political criteria. This view rejects the concept of art-for-art's-sake and contends that art should serve the goal of national rejuvenation. Xi criticizes market-driven art which he deems sensationalist, particularly works which "exaggerate society's dark side" for profit. He ordered the arts industry to "tell China's stories and spread Chinese voices to strengthen the country's international communication capacity."[329]
Xi has also overseen a revival of traditional Chinese culture, breaking from the CCP's previous path, which had often attacked it.[330] He has called traditional culture the "soul" of the nation and the "foundation" of the CCP's culture.[331] Xi has also called for integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China's traditional culture. Hanfu, the traditional dress of Han Chinese, has seen a revival under him, associated with the revival of traditional culture.[332] He has established the "four matters of confidence," which has later been added to the CCP constitution, calling for CCP members, government officials and the Chinese people to be "confident in our chosen path, confident in our guiding theories, confident in our political system, and confident in our culture." He has unveiled Global Civilisation initiative in 2023, calling for "respecting the diversity of civilisations, advocating the common values of humanity, valuing the inheritance and innovation of civilisations, and strengthening international people-to-people exchanges and cooperation"
Ideology
See also: Eight-point Regulation.
Xi has said that "only socialism can save China."[333] Xi has also declared socialism with Chinese characteristics to be the "only correct path to realize national rejuvenation."[334] According to BBC News, while the CCP was perceived to have abandoned its communist ideology since it initiated economic reforms in the 1970s, Xi is believed by some observers to be more believing in the "idea of a communist project,"[335] being described as a Marxist–Leninist by former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd.[336] Xi's emphasis on prioritizing ideology has included re-asserting the Party's goal of eventually realizing communism and reprimanding those who dismiss communism as impractical or irrelevant. Xi described the communist ideal as the "calcium" in a Party member's spine, without which the Party member would suffer the "osteoporosis" of political decay and be unable to stand upright.
Subscribing to the view that socialism will eventually triumph over capitalism, Xi has said "Marx and Engels's analysis of the basic contradictions of capitalist society is not outdated, nor is the historical materialist view that capitalism is bound to die out and socialism bound to win."[337] Xi has overseen the increase of "Socialist Political Economy With Chinese Characteristics" as a major study topic for academics in China, aiming to decrease the influence of Western-influenced economics. Though he has called a stop to what he considers to be "disorderly expansion of capital," he has also said that "it is necessary to stimulate the vitality of capital of all types, including nonpublic capital, and give full play to its positive role."
Xi has supported greater CCP control over the PRC, saying "government, the military, society and schools, north, south, east and west – the party leads them all."[338] During the 100th anniversary of the CCP in 2021, he said that "without the Communist Party of China, there would be no new China and no national rejuvenation," and that "the leadership of the Party is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics and constitutes the greatest strength of this system."[339] He has said that China, despite many setbacks, has achieved great progress under the CCP, saying that "socialism with Chinese characteristics has become the standard-bearer of 21st-century socialist development."[340] However, he has also warned that it will take a long time for China under the CCP to complete its rejuvenation, and during this timeframe, party members must be vigilant to not let CCP rule collapse. Xi has spoken out against "historical nihilism," meaning historical viewpoints that challenge the official line of the CCP. Xi said that one of the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union has been historical nihilism.[341]
Xi has ruled out a multi-party system for China, saying that "constitutional monarchy, imperial restoration, parliamentarism, a multi-party system and a presidential system, we considered them, tried them, but none worked."[342] However, Xi considers China to be a democracy, saying that "China's socialist democracy is the most comprehensive, genuine and effective democracy."[343] China's definition of democracy is different from liberal democracies and is rooted in Marxism–Leninism, and is based on the phrases "people's democratic dictatorship" and "democratic centralism." Xi has additionally coined the term "whole-process people's democracy" which he said was about having "the people as masters."[344] Foreign analysts and observers have widely disputed that China is a democracy, saying that it is a one-party authoritarian state and Xi an authoritarian leader. Some observers, including German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock,[345] have called Xi a dictator, citing the large centralisation of power around him unseen compared to his predecessors.[346] [347] Xi has additionally rejected Westernisation as the only way to modernize, instead promoting what he says is "Chinese-style modernisation."[348] He has identified five concepts as part of Chinese-style modernisation, including modernisation of a huge population, common prosperity, material and cultural-ethical advancement, harmony between humanity and nature, and peaceful development.[349]
Xi Jinping Thought
See main article: Xi Jinping Thought.
In September 2017, the CCP Central Committee decided that Xi's political philosophies, generally referred to as "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era," would become part of the Party Constitution.[350] [351] Xi first made mention of the "Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era" in his opening day speech delivered to the 19th Party Congress in October 2017. His Politburo Standing Committee colleagues, in their own reviews of Xi's keynote address at the Congress, prepended the name "Xi Jinping" in front of "Thought."[352] On 24 October 2017, at its closing session, the 19th Party Congress approved the incorporation of Xi Jinping Thought into the Constitution of the CCP, while in March 2018, the National People's Congress changed the state constitution to include Xi Jinping Thought.[353]
Xi himself has described the Thought as part of the broad framework created around socialism with Chinese characteristics, a term coined by Deng Xiaoping that places China in the primary stage of socialism. In official party documentation and pronouncements by Xi's colleagues, the Thought is said to be a continuation of Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development, as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody "Marxism adopted to Chinese conditions" and contemporary considerations. It has additionally been described as the "21st century Marxism" by two professors in the Central Party School of the CCP. Wang Huning, a top political adviser and a close ally of Xi, has been described as pivotal to developing Xi Jinping Thought. The concepts and context behind Xi Jinping Thought are elaborated in Xi's The Governance of China book series, published by the Foreign Languages Press for an international audience. Volume one was published in September 2014, followed by volume two in November 2017.[354]
Xuexi Qiangguo, an app for teaching Xi Jinping Thought had become the most popular smartphone app in China in 2019, as the CCP launched a new campaign that calls on its cadres to immerse themselves in the political doctrine every day.[355]
Personal life
Family
Xi's first marriage was to Ke Lingling, the daughter of Ke Hua, China's ambassador to the United Kingdom in the early 1980s. They divorced within a few years.[356] The two were said to fight "almost every day," and after the divorce Ke moved to England. In 1987, Xi married the prominent Chinese folk singer Peng Liyuan.[357] Xi and Peng were introduced by friends as many Chinese couples were in the 1980s. Xi was reputedly academic during their courtship, inquiring about singing techniques.[358] Peng Liyuan, a household name in China, was better known to the public than Xi until his political elevation. The couple frequently lived apart due largely to their separate professional lives. Peng has played a much more visible role as China's "first lady" compared to her predecessors; for example, Peng hosted U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama on her high-profile visit to China in March 2014.[359]
Xi and Peng have a daughter named Xi Mingze, who graduated from Harvard University in the spring of 2015. While at Harvard, she used a pseudonym and studied Psychology and English.[360] Xi's family has a home in Jade Spring Hill, a garden and residential area in north-western Beijing run by the CMC.[361]
In June 2012, Bloomberg News reported that members of Xi's extended family have substantial business interests, although there was no evidence he had intervened to assist them.[362] The Bloomberg News website was blocked in mainland China in response to the article.[363] Since Xi embarked on an anti-corruption campaign, The New York Times reported members of his family were selling their corporate and real estate investments beginning in 2012.[364] Relatives of highly placed Chinese officials, including seven current and former senior leaders of the Politburo of the CCP, have been named in the Panama Papers, including Deng Jiagui,[365] Xi's brother-in-law. Deng had two shell companies in the British Virgin Islands while Xi was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, but they were dormant by the time Xi became general secretary of the CCP in November 2012.[366]
Personality
Peng described Xi as hardworking and down-to-earth: "When he comes home, I've never felt as if there's some leader in the house. In my eyes, he's just my husband."[367] In 1992, The Washington Post journalist Lena H. Sun had an interview with Xi, then CCP secretary of Fuzhou; Sun described Xi as considerably more at ease and confident than many officials his age, and said that he talked without consulting notes.[368] He was described in a 2011 The Washington Post article by those who know him as "pragmatic, serious, cautious, hard-working, down to earth and low-key." He was described as a good hand at problem solving and "seemingly uninterested in the trappings of high office."[369] The Chinese state media has also cast him as a fatherly figure and a man of the people, determined to stand up for Chinese interests.
Soccer
Xi is an avid soccer fan.[370] While working in Hebei, it was reported that Xi often asked his friend Nie Weiping, a professional Go player, for soccer tickets.[371] During a visit to Ireland in 2012 as China's vice-president, Xi showcased his soccer technique at Croke Park. In 2011, Xi outlined a vision to turn China from a footballing minnow to a soccer superpower. He outlined a three-stage plan for the national team: to qualify for another World Cup, to host a World Cup and to win a World Cup.[372] In 2015, Xi approved China's 50-point plan for the sport, which included including soccer in the national school curriculum and setting up 50,000 soccer schools in the country by 2025.[373] However, according to CNN, poor financial decisions and alleged high-level corruption coupled with a three-year pandemic have left the sport in tatters. In 2023, Xi said he is "not so sure" of the abilities of the national team.[374]
Interests
Unlike previous Chinese leaders, Chinese state media has given a more encompassing view of Xi's private life, although still strictly controlled. According to Xinhua News Agency, Xi would swim one kilometer and walk every day as long as there was time, and is interested in foreign writers, especially Russian. Some of his favorite foreign authors include Leo Tolstoy, Mikhail Sholokhov,[375] Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Jack London.[376] Xi is reported to also like films and TV shows such as Saving Private Ryan,[377] Sleepless in Seattle, The Godfather[378] and Game of Thrones,[379] and he has praised Chinese independent film-maker Jia Zhangke.[380]
Opinion polling
It is hard to gauge the opinion of the Chinese public on Xi, as no independent surveys exist in China and social media is heavily censored.[381] However, he is believed to be widely popular in the country.[382] [383] According to a 2014 poll co-sponsored by the Harvard Kennedy School's Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Xi ranked 9 out of 10 in domestic approval ratings.[384] A YouGov poll released in July 2019 found that about 22% of people in mainland China list Xi as the person they admire the most, a plurality, although this figure was less than 5% for residents of Hong Kong.[385] In the spring of 2019, the Pew Research Center made a survey on confidence on Xi Jinping among six-country medians based on Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines and South Korea, which indicated that a median 29% have confidence in Xi Jinping to do the right thing regarding world affairs, meanwhile a median of 45% have no confidence; these numbers are slightly higher than those of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un (23% confidence, 53% no confidence).[386] A poll by Politico and Morning Consult in 2021 found that 5% of Americans have a favorable opinion of Xi, 38% unfavorable, 17% no opinion and 40%, a plurality, never hearing of him.[387]
In 2017, The Economist named him the most powerful person in the world.[388] In 2018, Forbes ranked him as the most powerful and influential person in the world, replacing Russian President Vladimir Putin, who had been ranked so for five consecutive years.[389] Since 2013, Reporters Without Borders, an international non-profit and non-governmental organization with the stated aim of safeguarding the right to freedom of information, included Xi among the list of press freedom predators.[390]
Honors
Key to the City
Xi holds a "key to the city," an honor granted to attending guests to symbolize their significance, in:
Honorary doctorates
Other honors
Works
- Book: Xi, Jinping . Theory and Practice on Modern Agriculture . 1999 . Fujian Education Press . Fuzhou .
- Book: Xi, Jinping. A Tentative Study on China's Rural Marketization. 2001. Tsinghua University (Doctoral Dissertation). Beijing. https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082909/https://qiwen.lu/uploads/xilunwen.pdf. dead. 17 January 2013.
- Book: Xi, Jinping. Zhijiang Xinyu. 2007. Zhengjiang People's Publishing House. Hangzhou. 9787213035081.
- Book: Xi, Jinping. The Governance of China. I. 2014. Foreign Languages Press. Beijing. 9787119090573.
- Book: Xi, Jinping. General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series. I. 2014. People's Publishing House & Study Publishing House. Beijing. 9787119090573.
- Book: Xi, Jinping. General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series. II. 2016. People's Publishing House & Study Publishing House. Beijing. 9787514706284.
- Book: Xi, Jinping. The Governance of China. II. 2017. Foreign Languages Press. Beijing. 9787119111643 .
- Book: Xi, Jinping . Quotations from Chairman Xi Jinping . 2018 . Some units of the PLA .
- Book: Xi, Jinping. The Belt And Road Initiative. 2019. Foreign Languages Press. Beijing. 978-7119119960 .
- Book: Xi, Jinping. The Governance of China. III. 2020. Foreign Languages Press. Beijing. 9787119124117 .
- Book: Xi, Jinping. On Propaganda and Ideological Work of Communist Party. 2020. Central Party Literature Press. Beijing. 9787507347791.
- Book: Xi, Jinping. On History of the Communist Party of China. 2021. Central Party Literature Press. Beijing. 9787507348033.
- Book: Xi, Jinping. The Governance of China. IV. 2022. Foreign Languages Press. Beijing. 9787119130941 .
References
Works cited
- Book: Bouée, Charles-Edouard. China's Management Revolution: Spirit, Land, Energy. Palgrave Macmillan. 2010. 978-0-230-28545-3. Charles-Édouard Bouée.
- Book: China's Emerging Technological Edge: Assessing the Role of High-End Talent. Simon. Denis Fred. Cong. Cao. 2009. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-88513-3.
- Book: Lam, Willy. Chinese Politics in the Era of Xi Jinping: Renaissance, Reform, or Retrogression?. 2015. Routledge. 978-0765642097. Willy Lam.
- Book: Heilmann, Sebastian. China's Political System. Rowman & Littlefield. 2017. 978-1442277342. Sebastian Heilmann.
- Book: Bougon, François. Inside the Mind of Xi Jinping. 2018. C. Hurst & Co.. 9781849049849.
- Book: Goodman, David S. G.. Handbook of the Politics of China. 2015. Edward Elga. 9781782544371. David S. G. Goodman.
- Book: Economy, Elizabeth C.. The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State. 2018. Oxford University Press. 9780190866075. Elizabeth Economy.
- Book: CPC Futures: The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics . 2022 . . 9789811852060 . Singapore . 10.56159/eai.52060 . 1354535847 . free. Pieke . Hofman . Frank N. . Bert . Frank N. Pieke.
- Book: Wong, Chun Han. Party of One: The Rise of Xi Jinping and China's Superpower Future . 2023 . . 9781982185732 . 48 .
Further reading
- Bulman. David J.. A. Jaros. Kyle. Localism in retreat? Central-provincial relations in the Xi Jinping era. Journal of Contemporary China. 2021. 30. 131. 697–716. 10.1080/10670564.2021.1889228. 233928573. none.
- Denton. Kirk. China Dreams and the 'Road to Revival. Current Events in Historical Perspective. 8. 2014. 3. –1–12. none.
- Economy. Elizabeth C.. China's New Revolution: The Reign of Xi Jinping. Foreign Affairs. 97. 2018. 60. none.
- Foot. Rosemary. Amy. King. Assessing the deterioration in China–US relations: US governmental perspectives on the economic-security nexus. China International Strategy Review. 2019. 1. 1–12 . 10.1007/s42533-019-00005-y. 195241090. none . free.
- Cabestan . Jean-Pierre . China's foreign and security policy institutions and decision-making under Xi Jinping . British Journal of Politics and International Relations . 2020 . 1369148120974881. none.
- Dhar . Bablu Kumar . Mahazan . Mutalib . Leadership of Xi Jinping behind Unstoppable Sustainable Economic Growth of China . International Journal of Organizational Leadership . 9 . 2020 . 39–47 . none .
- Avery Goldstein . Goldstein . Avery . China's Grand Strategy under Xi Jinping: Reassurance, Reform, and Resistance . International Security . 45 . 1 . 2020 . 164–201 . 10.1162/isec_a_00383 . 220633947 . none .
- News: Johnson . Ian . Changing of the Guard: Elite and Deft, Xi Aimed High Early in China . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930091232/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/30/world/asia/aiming-for-top-xi-jinping-forged-ties-early-in-china.html . 30 September 2012 . subscription . live . 29 September 2012 . The New York Times . none .
- Book: McGregor, Richard . Xi Jinping: The Backlash . Penguin Books Australia . 2019 . 978-1760893040 . none.
- includes McGregor, Richard. "Xi Jinping's Quest to Dominate China." Foreign Affairs 98 (Sept 2019): 18+.
- Magnus, George. Red Flags: Why Xi's China is in Danger (Yale UP, 2018).
- Book: Li, Cheng. Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era: Reassessing Collective Leadership. 2016. Brookings Institution Press. 978-0-8157-2694-4. en.
- Mulvad . Andreas Møller . Xiism as a hegemonic project in the making: Sino-communist ideology and the political economy of China's rise . Review of International Studies . 45 . 3 . 2019 . 449–470. 10.1017/S0260210518000530 . 150473371 . none.
- News: Evan Osnos . Osnos . Evan . China's Valentine's Day in Washington . The New Yorker . 14 February 2012 . none . Review of comment accompanying Xi's visit.
- News: Evan Osnos . Osnos . Evan . Born Red: How Xi Jinping, an unremarkable provincial administrator, became China's most authoritarian leader since Mao . The New Yorker . 30 March 2015 . none . Describes Xi Jinping's life.
- Osnos, Evan, "China's Age of Malaise: Facing a grim economy, disillusioned youth, and fleeing entrepreneurs, Xi Jinping turns to the past," The New Yorker, 30 October 2023, pp. 34–45. "Xi [...] has abandoned Deng [Xiaoping]'s 'courageous experiments' and ushered [China] into a straitened new age." (p. 34.) "Year by year, Xi appears more at home in the world of the man he calls his 'best and closest friend,' Vladimir Putin." (p. 36.) "Can Xi's China still manage the pairing of autocracy and capitalism?" (p. 37.) "At his core, a longtime observer told me, Xi is 'Mao with money.'" (p. 38.) "Xi [has] got[ten] rid of anyone with power, [an] entrepreneur said: 'If you have influence, you have power. If you have capital, you have power.'" (p. 40.)
- Smith. Stephen N.. Harmonizing the periphery: China's neighborhood strategy under Xi Jinping. Pacific Review. 34. 2021. 1. 56–84. 10.1080/09512748.2019.1651383. 202329851. none.
- Vogel . Ezra . The Leadership of Xi Jinping: A Dengist Perspective . Journal of Contemporary China . 2021 . 30 . 131 . 693–696. 10.1080/10670564.2021.1884955 . none. free .
- Zhang . Feng . The Xi Jinping Doctrine of China's International Relations . Asia Policy . 14 . 3 . 2019 . none . 4 September 2019 . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904061419/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P4-2275866529/the-xi-jinping-doctrine-of-china-s-international-relations . dead .
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: Association for Conversation of Hong Kong Indigenous Languages Online Dictionary . 1 July 2015 . hkilang.org . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150701164520/http://www.hkilang.org/NEW_WEB/page/dictionary. 1 July 2015 . 12 September 2019.
- News: Profile: Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping. 7 November 2012. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 26 August 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131019083336/http://www.rferl.org/content/china-profile-xi-jinping/24764283.html. 19 October 2013.
- News: http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2009-04/28/content_11270872.htm . zh:與丈夫習仲勛相伴58年 齊心: 這輩子無比幸福 . 28 April 2009 . . zh-Hant. With her husband Xi Zhongxun for 58 years: very happy in this life. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130128102212/http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2009-04/28/content_11270872.htm. 28 January 2013. 18 March 2013.
- Web site: http://book.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2013/0527/c69360-21628126.html . Xu. Xinyi. 27 May 2013. People's Daily. zh-Hant. zh:習近平"家風"揭秘 齊心自述與習仲勛婚姻往事. Xi Jinping's "family traditions" are unmasked: Qi Xin's autobiographical account of her marriage to Xi Zhongxun. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170428053410/http://book.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2013/0527/c69360-21628126.html. 28 April 2017. 27 April 2017.
- Book: Chan, Alfred L. . Xi Jinping: Political Career, Governance, and Leadership, 1953-2018 . 2022-03-24 . . 978-0-19-761525-6 . en . Childhood and Youth: Privilege and Trauma, 1953–1979 . https://academic.oup.com/book/41435/chapter/352774284 . 12 January 2024 . 27 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240227172004/https://academic.oup.com/book/41435/chapter/352774284 . live .
- Web site: Takahashi. Tetsushi. Connecting the dots of the Hong Kong law and veneration of Xi. Nikkei Shimbun. 1 June 2002. 23 October 2020. 3 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211203074351/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Beijing-Diary/Connecting-the-dots-of-the-Hong-Kong-law-and-veneration-of-Xi. live.
- Web site: Li . Cheng . Xi Jinping's Inner Circle (Part 2: Friends from Xi's Formative Years) . 15 July 2020 . . 6–22 . 26 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200926055927/https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm44cl.pdf . live.
- News: The power behind the thrones: 10 political movers and shakers who will shape 2020. Tisdall. Simon. 29 December 2019. The Guardian. 16 January 2020. en-GB. 0029-7712. Simon Tisdall. 5 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211105032127/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/29/power-behind-the-thrones-10-movers-and-shakers-for-2020. live.
- News: Who Is 'Uncle He?' The Man in Charge of China's Economy. Wei. Lingling. 27 February 2018. The Wall Street Journal. 16 January 2020. 3 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211003102625/https://www.wsj.com/articles/blessed-by-xi-jinping-the-new-captain-of-chinas-economy-1519688592. live.
- Web site: 习近平: "我坚信我的父亲是一个大英雄" . 14 October 2013 . General Administration of Press and Publication . 国家新闻出版广电总局 . 6 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150646/http://www.gapp.gov.cn/contents/2091/157500.shtml . 5 March 2018 . zh . 女儿习和平...在"文化大革命"中被迫害致死, 是习仲勋难以抹去的心痛. . Xi Jinping: "I firmly believe my father is a great hero".
- News: Cultural Revolution Shaped Xi Jinping, From Schoolboy to Survivor . Buckley. Chris . Tatlow. Didi Kirsten. 24 September 2015 . The New York Times. 6 March 2018. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150638/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/25/world/asia/xi-jinping-china-cultural-revolution.html . 5 March 2018 . limited.
- Book: shi, Z.C. . 习近平的七年知青岁月 . 中国中央党校出版社 . 2017 . 978-7-5035-6163-4 . zh . 2024-08-18 .
- Web site: http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzM2NTc1MjAwOA==.html . zh:不忘初心: 是什么造就了今天的习主席?. 30 January 2018. Youku. zh-Hans . What Were His Original Intentions? The President Xi of Today . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204306/http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzM2NTc1MjAwOA
.html
. 30 January 2018 . 30 January 2018.
- Web site: 《足迹》第1集：过“五关”有多难 . Xinhua Agency . 2022-05-23 . zh . 2024-08-18.
- Web site: 旗帜丨习近平的七年知青岁月 . CNS . 2018-07-01 . zh . 2024-08-18.
- News: Lim . Louisa . 9 November 2012 . For China's Rising Leader, A Cave Was Once Home . . live . 27 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180616053635/https://www.npr.org/2012/11/09/164684418/for-chinas-rising-leader-a-cave-was-once-home . 16 June 2018.
- News: Demick. Barbara. Pierson. David. 14 February 2012. China's political star Xi Jinping is a study in contrasts. Toronto Star. live. 24 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225355/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/02/14/chinas_political_star_xi_jinping_is_a_study_in_contrasts.html. 13 October 2017.
- News: Matt Rivers . 19 March 2018 . This entire Chinese village is a shrine to Xi Jinping . . 11 February 2021 . 26 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210226054335/https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/19/asia/china-xi-jinping-village-intl/index.html . live.
- News: Page. Jeremy. 23 December 2020. How the U.S. Misread China's Xi: Hoping for a Globalist, It Got an Autocrat. en-US. The Wall Street Journal. 25 December 2020. 0099-9660. 24 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201224233237/https://www.wsj.com/articles/xi-jinping-globalist-autocrat-misread-11608735769. live.
- News: Osnos . Evan . Evan Osnos . 30 March 2015 . Born Red . . live . 11 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191004153259/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/04/06/born-red . 4 October 2019.
- Web site: Xi Jinping 习近平 . . 14 October 2021 . 27 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210927053240/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/china_20180318_xi_jinping_profile.pdf . live.
- News: 28 February 2018 . "The Current" – Wednesday February 28, 2018 Full Text Transcript . . live . 28 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180324194159/http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-february-28-2018-1.4555132/wednesday-february-28-2018-full-text-transcript-1.4556381#segment3 . 24 March 2018.
- News: China's Next Chairman – Xi Jinping . Ranade. Jayadva. 25 October 2010. Centre for Air Power Studies. 27 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130724125447/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AZy479_jx11YJ%3Awww.aerospaceindia.org%2FIssue%2520Briefs%2F2010%2F25%2520October%25202010%2520-%2520CHINA%25E2%2580%2599S%2520NEXT%2520CHAIRMAN%25E2%2580%2594XI%2520JINPING.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjpQjUAtfkdEgw0cxv3UMunFfoLBcy0_po2aPN4xvPoQ-K9lFpIdgtf7PAw5ebYoTd8NwaRSswzfWmws278UPehKckL3Zb0TXlci2R0HsZGceCYRpBiD6EfBrspdjUh8CZzwcMg&sig=AHIEtbRjgFp8BCiHybWUtaP2uVF8BVuVZA . 24 July 2013. live.
- News: Johnson . Ian . 2012-09-30 . Elite and Deft, Xi Aimed High Early in China . en-US . . 2023-04-04 . 0362-4331 . 30 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930091232/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/30/world/asia/aiming-for-top-xi-jinping-forged-ties-early-in-china.html . live.
- News: Xi Jinping: From graft-fighting governor to China's most powerful leader since Mao Zedong. 11 March 2018. The Straits Times. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818052957/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/xi-jinping-from-graft-fighting-governor-to-chinas-most-powerful-leader-since-mao. 18 August 2019. 18 August 2019.
- News: 中共十五大习近平位列候补委员最后一名为何. zh:中共十五大习近平位列候补委员最后一名为何 . 22 April 2011. Canyu.org. 7 September 2019. zh-Hans. Why Is Xi Jinping, At the 15th CCP National Congress, Being Waited On To Fill The Last Committee Member Position?. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141334/http://www.canyu.org/n24349c6.aspx. 12 June 2018. usurped.
- Web site: Xi Jinping – Politburo Standing Committee member of CPC Central Committee . 22 October 2007. People's Daily. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150630190420/http://en.people.cn/90001/90776/6288506.html. 30 June 2015. 30 October 2019.
- News: Most corrupt officials are from poor families but Chinese royals have a spirit that is not dominated by money. Watts. Jonathan. 26 October 2007. The Guardian. 11 June 2008. London, England. https://web.archive.org/web/20130901014357/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/26/china.uknews4. 1 September 2013. live.
- News: From Fujian, China's Xi Offers Economic Olive Branch to Taiwan. Tiezzi. Shannon. 4 November 2014. The Diplomat. en-US. limited. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160610145941/https://thediplomat.com/2014/11/from-fujian-chinas-xi-offers-economic-olive-branch-to-taiwan/. 10 June 2016. 17 March 2016.
- News: Fujian leaders face Beijing top brass. Yu. Xiao. 18 February 2000. South China Morning Post. 7 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20181029030831/https://www.scmp.com/article/308424/fujian-leaders-face-beijing-top-brass. 29 October 2018. live.
- News: Xi Jinping's time in Zhejiang: doing the business. Ho. Louise. 25 October 2012. South China Morning Post. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160429160349/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1068825/chinas-leadership-transition-xi-jinpings-time-zhejiang. 29 April 2016. 9 December 2019.
- News: http://opinion.dwnews.com/news/2014-12-25/59626005.html . zh:习近平为官之道 拎着乌纱帽干事. Wang. Lei. 25 December 2014. Duowei News. 7 September 2019. zh-hans. Xi Jinping's Governmental Path – Carries Official Administrative Posts. https://web.archive.org/web/20150203225014/http://opinion.dwnews.com/news/2014-12-25/59626005.html. 3 February 2015.
- News: Tian . Yew Lun . Chen . Laurie . Cash . Joe . 11 March 2023 . Li Qiang, Xi confidant, takes reins as China's premier . . 24 May 2023 . 24 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230524163326/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/li-qiang-xi-confidant-takes-reins-chinas-premier-2023-03-11/ . live.
- News: http://news.sohu.com/20070324/n248946143.shtml. zh:习近平任上海市委书记 韩正不再代理市委书记. 24 March 2007. Sohu. 7 September 2019. zh-Hans. Xi Jinping is Secretary of Shanghai Municipal Party Committee – Han Zheng is No Longer Acting Party Secretary. https://web.archive.org/web/20071016061557/http://news.sohu.com/20070324/n248946143.shtml. 16 October 2007. live.
- News: 15 November 2012 . China new leaders: Xi Jinping heads line-up for politburo . en-GB . . live . 25 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190909102154/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-20322288 . 9 September 2019.
- News: http://www.boxun.com/news/gb/china/2013/07/201307110449.shtml#.VTxXVvnF_tU. zh:从上海到北京 习近平贴身秘书只有钟绍军. 11 July 2013. Mingjing News. 12 September 2019. zh-hans. From Shanghai to Beijing, Zhong Shaojun Has Been Xi Jinping's Only Personal Secretary. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141343/http://www.boxun.com/news/gb/china/2013/07/201307110449.shtml#.VTxXVvnF_tU. 12 June 2018. live.
- News: http://www.caijing.com.cn/2007-10-22/100034588.html . zh:新晋政治局常委: 习近平. 22 October 2007. Caijing. 12 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175301/http://www.caijing.com.cn/2007-10-22/100034588.html. 22 December 2015. zh-hans. Newly Appointed Member of Politburo Standing Committee: Xi Jinping.
- Web site: 16 March 2008 . Wen Jiabao re-elected China PM . 13 August 2022 . . en . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813171805/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/3/16/wen-jiabao-re-elected-china-pm . live.
- Web site: 5 June 2008 . Vice-President Xi Jinping to Visit DPRK, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214209/http://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/wsrc/t462294.htm . 23 July 2011 . 20 October 2010 . .
- News: China's Leaders See a Calendar Full of Anniversaries, and Trouble. Wines. Michael. 9 March 2009. The New York Times. 8 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20160721045913/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/world/asia/10china.html. 21 July 2016. en-US. 0362-4331. limited.
- News: Bo Xilai: power, death and politics. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221204/https://www.ft.com/content/d67b90f0-d140-11e1-8957-00144feabdc0. 11 December 2022. subscription. live. Anderlini. Jamil. 20 July 2012. Financial Times. 11 January 2020.
- News: The Resistible Rise of Xi Jinping. Palmer. James. 19 October 2017. Foreign Policy. 11 January 2020. 6 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200206195505/https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/10/19/the-resistible-rise-of-xi-jinping/. live.
- News: Xi Jinping: China's New Boss And The 'L' Word. Ansfield. Jonathan. 22 December 2007. Newsweek. 20 October 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100330064319/http://www.newsweek.com/id/81558. 30 March 2010.
- News: China's Nelson Mandela. Elegant. Simon. 19 November 2007. Time. 8 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20090728171010/http://china.blogs.time.com/2007/11/19/chinas_nelson_mandela/. 28 July 2009. live.
- News: China Appoints Xi Vice President, Heir Apparent to Hu. Elegant. Simon. 15 March 2008. Bloomberg News. limited. 20 October 2010. 21 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121021142400/https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aDpLoVnlKn6E&refer=home. live.
- News: Rudd seeks to pre-empt PM's China white paper with his own version. Uren. David. 5 October 2012. The Australian. 8 September 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20121122083821/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/rudd-seeks-to-pre-empt-pms-china-white-paper-with-his-own-version/story-fn59niix-1226488505695. 22 November 2012.
- News: Chinese vice president arrives in Mexico for official visit. 10 February 2009. People's Daily. 11 September 2019. 3 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200203050935/http://en.people.cn/90001/90776/90883/6589461.html. dead.
- News: 15 February 2009 . Chinese VP Receives Key to the City of Montego Bay . Jamaica Information Service . live . 7 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065907/https://jis.gov.jm/chinese-vp-receives-key-to-the-city-of-montego-bay/ . 14 July 2019.
- Web site: Chinese vice president continues visit in Colombia. 17 February 2009. People's Daily. 11 September 2019. 3 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200203050932/http://en.people.cn/90001/90776/90883/6594636.html. dead.
- Web site: Chinese VP praises friendly cooperation with Venezuela, Latin America. Xinhua. 18 February 2009. CCTV. 20 October 2022. 21 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221021011922/http://www.cctv.com/english/20090218/112381.shtml. live.
- Web site: Xi Jinping proposes efforts to boost cooperation with Brazil . 20 February 2009. China Daily. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110206063031/http://china.org.cn/international/2009-02/20/content_17311463.htm. 6 February 2011. 11 September 2019.
- News: Chinese vice president begins official visit. 22 February 2009. Times of Malta. en-gb. 11 September 2019. 3 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200203050934/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/chinese-vice-president-begins-official-visit.245968. live.
- News: Chinese VP blasts meddlesome foreigners. Sim. Chi Yin. 14 February 2009. AsiaOne. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110711171035/http://news.asiaone.com/News/the%2BStraits%2BTimes/Story/A1Story20090214-121872.html. 11 July 2011. 20 October 2010.
- News: http://udn.com/NEWS/MAINLAND/MAI1/4742366.shtml . zh:習近平出訪罵老外 外交部捏冷汗. Lai. Jinhong. 18 February 2009. United Daily News. 27 February 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090221023838/http://udn.com/NEWS/MAINLAND/MAI1/4742366.shtml. 21 February 2009. zh-hans. Xi Jinping Goes and Scolds at Foreigners, Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Cold Sweat.
- Web site: A Journey of Friendship, Cooperation and Culture – Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Zhijun Sums Up Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping's Trip to 5 European Countries. 21 October 2009. Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations. 11 September 2019. 3 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200203050934/http://www.china-un.ch/eng/xwdt/t622138.htm. live.
- Web site: China's Cousin-Cousin Relations with Myanmar. Raman. B.. 25 December 2009. South Asia Analysis Group. https://web.archive.org/web/20100317074826/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers36/paper3566.html. 17 March 2010. usurped. 14 February 2012.
- News: Bull . Alister . Chris Buckley . 24 January 2012 . China leader-in-waiting Xi to visit White House next month . . 28 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201614/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/24/us-usa-china-xi-idUSTRE80N06E20120124 . 29 October 2013.
- News: Xi Jinping of China Makes a Return Trip to Iowa. Johnson. Kirk. 15 February 2012. The New York Times. 12 September 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190621114147/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/world/asia/xi-jinping-of-china-makes-a-return-trip-to-iowa.html. 21 June 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. limited.
- Beech . Hannah . 15 September 2012 . China's Heir Apparent Xi Jinping Reappears in Public After a Two-Week Absence . . en-US . 0040-781X . 20 August 2022 . 14 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814104509/https://world.time.com/2012/09/15/chinas-heir-apparent-xi-jinping-reappears-in-public-after-a-two-week-absence/ . live.
- News: 17 November 2012 . China Confirms Leadership Change . . 15 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160729201558/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-20322288 . 29 July 2016.
- News: 15 November 2012 . Xi Jinping: China's 'princeling' new leader . . live . 28 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028230023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/xi-jinping-china-s-princeling-new-leader/story-uKjI60ipqpRSEew3Zi7jzL.html . 28 October 2018.
- News: Wong . Edward . Edward Wong . 14 November 2012 . Ending Congress, China Presents New Leadership Headed by Xi Jinping . . live . limited . 16 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121208103006/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/world/asia/communists-conclude-party-congress-in-china.html?ref=asia&_r=0 . 8 December 2012.
- News: FlorCruz . Jaime A . Mullen . Jethro . 16 November 2012 . After months of mystery, China unveils new top leaders . . live . 16 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121115195006/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/14/world/asia/china-leadership-transition/index.html . 15 November 2012.
- News: Johnson . Ian . 15 November 2012 . A Promise to Tackle China's Problems, but Few Hints of a Shift in Path . . live . limited . 16 July 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140726121506/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/world/asia/new-chinese-leader-offers-few-hints-of-a-shift-in-direction.html?pagewanted=all . 26 July 2014.
- News: 15 November 2012 . Full text: China's new party chief Xi Jinping's speech . . live . 7 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190914232334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-20338586 . 14 September 2019.
- News: Page . Jeremy . 13 March 2013 . New Beijing Leader's 'China Dream' . . live . 8 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191011195356/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324128504578348774040546346 . 11 October 2019.
- News: Chen . Zhuang . 10 December 2012 . The symbolism of Xi Jinping's trip south . . live . 22 July 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140708094339/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-20662947 . 8 July 2014.
- News: Demick . Barbara . Barbara Demick . 3 March 2013 . China's Xi Jinping formally assumes title of president . . live . 16 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130316021753/http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-china-xi-presidency-20130313,0,1240600.story . 16 March 2013.
- News: 16 March 2013 . China's Xi Jinping hints at backing Sri Lanka against UN resolution . . . live . 16 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130316222016/http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/china-s-xi-jinping-hints-at-backing-sri-lanka-against-un-resolution-343378 . 16 March 2013.
- News: Cheung . Tony . Ho . Jolie . 17 March 2013 . CY Leung to meet Xi Jinping in Beijing and explain cross-border policies . . live . 16 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130318073700/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1192587/cy-leung-meet-xi-jinping-beijing-and-explain-cross-border-policies . 18 March 2013.
- News: 15 March 2013 . China names Xi Jinping as new president . Inquirer.net . . live . 16 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130317020402/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/373967/china-names-xi-jinping-as-new-president . 17 March 2013.
- News: 15 November 2012 . Xi Jinping's inaugural Speech . . live . 7 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190914232334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-20338586 . 14 September 2019.
- News: Elite in China Face Austerity Under Xi's Rule. Jacobs. Andrew. 27 March 2013. The New York Times. 7 September 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20181130054920/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/world/asia/xi-jinping-imposes-austerity-measures-on-chinas-elite.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. 30 November 2018. Andrew Jacobs (journalist).
- News: President Xi's Anti-Corruption Campaign Biggest Since Mao. Oster. Shai. 4 March 2014. Bloomberg News. 7 September 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20141209164917/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-03/china-s-xi-broadens-graft-crackdown-to-boost-influence.html. 9 December 2014. Shai Oster.
- News: China's Soft-Power Deficit Widens as Xi Tightens Screws Over Ideology. 5 December 2014. 7 September 2019. Brookings Institution. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041925/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43160&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=25&cHash=d5d24d2f82c5981963c0180d300e62cd#.VOOBN_nF9uM. 4 March 2016. live.
- News: 22 October 2017 . Charting China's 'great purge' under Xi . en-GB . . 7 January 2022 . 6 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210606041942/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-41670162 . live.
- News: 11 December 2014 . Tiger in the net . . 17 August 2022 . 0013-0613 . 17 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220817202459/https://www.economist.com/china/2014/12/11/tiger-in-the-net . live.
- News: China's former military chief of staff jailed for life for corruption . 13 September 2019 . The Guardian. 20 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191010131232/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/20/chinas-former-military-chief-of-staff-jailed-for-life-for-corruption . 10 October 2019 . live.
- News: 20 March 2018 . China's anti-corruption campaign expands with new agency . . live . 13 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190924060145/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-43453769 . 24 September 2019.
- News: 13 June 2014 . 31个省级纪委改革方案获批复 12省已完成纪委"重建" . 31 Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection Reform Plans Approved 12 Provinces Have Completed "Reconstruction" . . dead . 7 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204141/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2014-06/13/c_126612534.htm . 3 July 2014.
- News: Chin . Josh . 15 December 2021 . Xi Jinping's Leadership Style: Micromanagement That Leaves Underlings Scrambling . en-US . . 13 August 2022 . 0099-9660 . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813143342/https://www.wsj.com/articles/xi-jinpings-leadership-style-micromanagement-that-leaves-underlings-scrambling-11639582426 . live.
- News: Wong . Chun Han . 16 October 2022 . Xi Jinping's Quest for Control Over China Targets Even Old Friends . en-US . . 17 October 2022 . 0099-9660 . 16 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016230010/https://www.wsj.com/articles/xi-jinping-china-anticorruption-11665925166 . live.
- Web site: 19 March 2021 . China re-connects: joining a deep-rooted past to a new world order . 2023-02-11 . . en . 11 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211132318/https://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/articles/china-re-connects-joining-deep-rooted-past-new-world-order . live.
- News: Wang . Gungwu . Wang Gungwu . 7 September 2019 . Ancient past, modern ambitions: historian Wang Gungwu's new book on China's delicate balance . . 11 February 2023 . 11 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230211175223/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3026041/ancient-past-modern-ambitions-historian-wang-gungwus-new-book . live.
- News: China's Xi Jinping unveils his top party leaders, with no successor in sight. Denyer. Simon. 25 October 2017. The Washington Post. 25 October 2017. Censorship has been significantly stepped up in China since Xi took power.. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813203127/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/chinas-communist-party-unveils-new-leadership-with-no-obvious-successor-to-xi-jinping/2017/10/25/efe67876-b8fc-11e7-9b93-b97043e57a22_story.html. 13 August 2019. live.
- News: none. The great firewall of China: Xi Jinping's internet shutdown. Economy. Elizabeth. Elizabeth Economy. 29 June 2018. The Guardian. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191010172129/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jun/29/the-great-firewall-of-china-xi-jinpings-internet-shutdown. 10 October 2019. 4 November 2019. Before Xi Jinping, the internet was becoming a more vibrant political space for Chinese citizens. But today the country has the largest and most sophisticated online censorship operation in the world..
- News: 21 April 2018 . Xi outlines blueprint to develop China's strength in cyberspace . . dead . 22 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180421162040/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/21/c_137127374.htm . 21 April 2018.
- Web site: Zhuang . Pinghui . 19 February 2016 . China's top party mouthpieces pledge 'absolute loyalty' as president makes rare visits to newsrooms . 14 August 2022 . . en . 31 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230331170900/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1914136/chinas-top-party-mouthpieces-pledge-absolute-loyalty . live.
- News: Tiananmen Censorship Reflects Crackdown Under Xi Jinping. Risen. Tom. 3 June 2014. U.S. News & World Report. 8 September 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190411190520/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/03/tiananmen-censorship-reflects-crackdown-under-xi-jinping. 11 April 2019.
- News: Tiezzi. Shannon. 24 June 2014. China's 'Sovereign Internet'. en-US. The Diplomat. live. 4 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053110/https://thediplomat.com/2014/06/chinas-sovereign-internet/. 4 August 2017.
- News: Ford. Peter. 18 December 2015. On Internet freedoms, China tells the world, 'leave us alone'. The Christian Science Monitor. live. 4 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170804055927/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2015/1218/On-Internet-freedoms-China-tells-the-world-leave-us-alone. 4 August 2017. 0882-7729.
- News: 14 May 2019. Wikipedia blocked in China in all languages. BBC News. live. 15 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190515001341/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48269608. 15 May 2019.
- News: 'It's getting worse': China's liberal academics fear growing censorship. Phillips. Tom. 6 August 2015. The Guardian. 8 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190918070042/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/06/china-xi-jinping-crackdown-liberal-academics-minor-cultural-revolution. 18 September 2019. live.
- News: How China stopped its bloggers. Grigg. Angus. 4 July 2015. The Australian Financial Review. 8 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20180626001441/https://www.afr.com/technology/social-media/how-china-stopped-its-bloggers-20150701-gi34za. 26 June 2018. live.
- News: 10 July 2017 . China Tells Carriers to Block Access to Personal VPNs by February . en . . 12 August 2022 . 1 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190501104638/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-10/china-is-said-to-order-carriers-to-bar-personal-vpns-by-february . live.
- News: Xi Jinping becomes most powerful leader since Mao with China's change to constitution. Phillips. Tom. 24 October 2017. The Guardian. 24 October 2017. 0261-3077. https://web.archive.org/web/20171024053607/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/xi-jinping-mao-thought-on-socialism-china-constitution. 24 October 2017. live.
- News: 24 October 2017 . China elevates Xi to most powerful leader in decades . . live . 22 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180501062515/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/china-congress-xi-jinping-1.4368588 . 1 May 2018.
- News: China elevates Xi Jinping's status, making him the most powerful leader since Mao. 24 October 2017. Irish Independent. 22 June 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180622220327/https://www.independent.ie/world-news/china-elevates-xi-jinpings-status-making-him-the-most-powerful-leader-since-mao-36256294.html. 22 June 2018.
- News: Collins . Stephen . 9 November 2017 . Xi's up, Trump is down, but it may not matter . . live . 22 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180623004701/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/08/politics/president-donald-trump-xi-jinping-china/index.html . 23 June 2018.
- News: Xi for life? China turns its back on collective leadership.. Holtz. Michael. 28 February 2018. The Christian Science Monitor. 23 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180624035940/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2018/0228/Xi-for-life-China-turns-its-back-on-collective-leadership. 24 June 2018. live.
- Book: Andrésy . Agnès . Xi Jinping: Red China, The Next Generation . 2015 . UPA . 9780761866015 . 88 . 22 August 2020 . 11 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240711081521/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6jTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 . live .
- News: Pollard . Martin . 26 October 2022 . China's Xi deals knockout blow to once-powerful Youth League faction . . 24 May 2023 . 24 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230524163327/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-deals-knockout-blow-once-powerful-youth-league-faction-2022-10-26/ . live.
- News: Gan . Nectar . 23 September 2017 . Latest Xi Jinping book gives clues on decline of Communist Party's youth wing . . live . 8 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171014163041/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2112461/latest-xi-jinping-book-gives-clues-decline-communist?mc_cid=1f9bc1ec42&mc_eid=1f9d28130a . 14 October 2017.
- News: Shi . Jiangtao . Huang . Kristin . 26 February 2018 . End to term limits at top 'may be start of global backlash for China' . . live . 28 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180227155138/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2134791/end-term-limits-top-may-be-start-global-backlash-china . 27 February 2018.
- News: Phillips . Tom . 4 March 2018 . Xi Jinping's power play: from president to China's new dictator? . . live . 4 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180304005848/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/04/xi-jinping-from-president-to-china-new-dictator . 4 March 2018.
- News: Wen . Philip . 17 March 2018 . China's parliament re-elects Xi Jinping as president . . live . 17 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180317042406/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-xi/chinas-parliament-re-elects-xi-jinping-as-president-idUSKCN1GT03C . 17 March 2018.
- News: Bodeen . Christopher . 17 March 2018 . Xi reappointed as China's president with no term limits . . live . 17 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180317190611/https://apnews.com/78ea5b0646564a6eb98d9d20d5fbcbb6 . 17 March 2018.
- News: Zhou . Xin . 18 March 2018 . Li Keqiang endorsed as China's premier; military leaders confirmed . . live . 7 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190827155325/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2137707/li-keqiang-endorsed-chinas-premier-while-military-commission . 27 August 2019.
- News: Mitchell . Tom . 7 September 2019 . China's Xi Jinping says he is opposed to life-long rule . . live . 17 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192157/https://www.ft.com/content/2b449400-413a-11e8-803a-295c97e6fd0b . 17 April 2018 . President insists term extension is necessary to align government and party posts.
- Web site: Wang . Cat . 7 November 2021 . The significance of Xi Jinping's upcoming 'historical resolution' . 11 August 2022 . . en . 10 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220810013800/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3154996/xi-jinpings-historical-resolution-what-it-and-why-it-important . live.
- Web site: Ni . Vincent . 11 November 2021 . Chinese Communist party elevates Xi's status in 'historical resolution' . 11 August 2022 . . en . 25 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220625192901/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/11/chinese-communist-party-elevates-xi-jinping-status-historical-resolution . live.
- News: Wong, Chun Han . Zhai, Keith . 17 November 2021 . How Xi Jinping Is Rewriting China's History to Put Himself at the Center . en-US . . 11 August 2022 . 0099-9660 . 10 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220810135113/https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-xi-jinping-is-rewriting-chinas-history-to-put-himself-at-the-center-11637157022 . live.
- News: Bandurski . David . 8 February 2022 . Two Establishes . 12 August 2022 . China Media Project . en-US . 29 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220729191420/https://chinamediaproject.org/the_ccp_dictionary/two-establishes/ . live.
- News: Davidson . Helen . Graham-Harrison . Emma . 23 October 2022 . China's leader Xi Jinping secures third term and stacks inner circle with loyalists . . 23 October 2022 . 23 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221023041913/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/23/xi-jinping-to-rule-china-for-precedent-breaking-third-term . live.
- News: Wingfield-Hayes . Rupert . 23 October 2022 . Xi Jinping's party is just getting started . en-GB . . 23 October 2022 . 17 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317004249/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63225277 . live.
- Web site: 22 October 2022 . Shake-up at the top of China's Communist Party as Xi Jinping starts new term . 23 October 2022 . . en . 22 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221022234719/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3196911/shake-top-chinas-communist-party-xi-jinping-starts-new-term . live.
- News: 10 March 2023 . Xi Jinping unanimously elected Chinese president, PRC CMC chairman . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230310033619/https://english.news.cn/20230310/0fb19441ee4145a588911118edd300a3/c.html . 10 March 2023 . 10 March 2023 . Xinhua News Agency.
- News: 18 September 2014 . The power of Xi Jinping . . live . subscription . 20 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055514/https://www.economist.com/news/china/21618882-cult-personality-growing-around-chinas-president-what-will-he-do-his-political . 7 November 2017.
- News: Jiayang . Fan . Taisu . Zhang . Ying . Zhu . 8 March 2016 . Behind the Personality Cult of Xi Jinping . en-US . . live . 26 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190726173241/https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/08/the-personality-cult-of-xi-jinping-china-leader-communist-party/ . 26 July 2019.
- News: Xi Jinping: Does China truly love 'Big Daddy Xi' – or fear him?. Phillips. Tom. 19 September 2015. The Guardian. 31 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001038/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/19/xi-jinping-does-china-truly-love-big-daddy-xi-or-fear-him. 27 April 2019. 0261-3077.
- News: Blanchard . Ben . 28 October 2016 . All hail the mighty uncle – Chinese welcome Xi as the 'core' . . live . 23 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010629/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-politics-xi-idUSKCN12S0AA . 24 June 2018.
- News: 28 April 2015 . Xi's Nickname Becomes Out of Bounds for China's Media . en . . 11 August 2022 . 12 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012225210/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-28/no-more-big-daddy-xi-as-china-s-spin-doctors-revise-playbook . live.
- News: Rivers . Matt . 19 March 2018 . This entire Chinese village is a shrine to Xi Jinping . . live . 23 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010733/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/19/asia/china-xi-jinping-village-intl/index.html . 24 June 2018.
- News: Why China is reviving Mao's grandiose title for Xi Jinping. Gan. Nectar. 28 December 2017. South China Morning Post. en. 26 July 2019. 24 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724182232/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2117421/xi-jinpings-latest-grandiose-title-aims-take. live.
- News: Xi Jinping is no longer any old leader. 17 February 2018. The Economist. 26 July 2019. 0013-0613. 24 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724182222/https://www.economist.com/china/2018/02/17/xi-jinping-is-no-longer-any-old-leader. live.
- News: Shepherd . Christian . Wen . Philip . 20 October 2017 . With tears and song, China welcomes Xi as great, wise leader . en . . 26 July 2019 . 26 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190726171857/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-congress-idUSKBN1CO0AV . live.
- Web site: Qian . Gang . 2 November 2020 . A Brief History of the Helmsmen . 16 August 2022 . China Media Project . en-US . 16 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220816101848/https://chinamediaproject.org/2020/11/02/a-brief-history-of-the-helmsman/ . live.
- News: China crowns Xi with special title, citing rare crisis. Nakazawa. Katsuji. 9 January 2020. Nikkei Asian Review. 10 January 2020. 9 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200109211043/https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/China-up-close/China-crowns-Xi-with-special-title-citing-rare-crisis. live.
- Whyte . Martin K. . 15 March 2021 . China's economic development history and Xi Jinping's "China dream:" an overview with personal reflections . Chinese Sociological Review . 53 . 2 . 115–134 . 10.1080/21620555.2020.1833321 . 228867589 . 2162-0555. free.
- News: Denyer . Simon . 25 August 2013 . Creeping reforms as China gives Shanghai Free Trade Zone go-ahead . . 4 January 2023 . 3 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230603015413/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/creeping-reforms-as-china-gives-shanghai-free-trade-zone-go-ahead/2013/08/25/95f66472-0bf7-11e3-89fe-abb4a5067014_story.html . live.
- News: Buckley . Chris . Bradsher . Keith . 4 March 2017 . Xi Jinping's Failed Promises Dim Hopes for Economic Change in 2nd Term . en-US . . 22 August 2022 . 0362-4331 . 22 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220822135411/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/04/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-economic-reform.html . live.
- News: Orlik . Tom . Hancock . Tom . 3 March 2023 . What Wall Street Gets Wrong About Xi Jinping's New Money Men . . 4 March 2023 . 11 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240711081522/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-03-03/xi-s-new-money-men-worry-investors-but-could-push-chinese-economic-reform?srnd=premium&leadSource=uverify%20wall . live .
- News: Chinese President Xi Jinping's show of support for state-owned firms 'no surprise', analysts say. Wang. Orange. 28 September 2018. South China Morning Post. 31 January 2020. Leng. Sidney. 9 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109022556/https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2166261/chinese-president-xi-jinpings-show-support-state-owned-firms. live.
- News: Xi says it's wrong to 'bad mouth' China's state firms... but country needs private sector as well. Gan. Nectar. 28 September 2018. South China Morning Post. 31 January 2020. 31 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200131193729/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/2166108/xi-jinping-reassures-chinas-state-owned-enterprises-and-private. live.
- News: Lockett . Hudson . 2022-06-12 . How Xi Jinping is reshaping China's capital markets . . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221237/https://www.ft.com/content/d5b81ea0-5955-414c-b2eb-886dfed4dffe . 11 December 2022 . subscription . live . 2022-11-21.
- News: China and Economic Reform: Xi Jinping's Track Record. https://web.archive.org/web/20170305071055/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/04/business/china-xi-jinping-economic-reform-scorecard.html . 5 March 2017 . limited . live. Bradsher. Keith. 4 March 2017. The New York Times. 31 January 2020. en-US. 0362-4331.
- News: Xi says no one can 'dictate to the Chinese people'. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221207/https://www.ft.com/content/658e78ce-0287-11e9-99df-6183d3002ee1. 11 December 2022. subscription. live. Wildau. Gabriel. 18 December 2018. Financial Times. 31 January 2020.
- News: 25 February 2021 . Xi Puts His Personal Stamp on China's Fight Against Poverty . en . . 14 August 2022 . 18 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220218100001/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-25/china-s-xi-puts-personal-stamp-on-nation-s-fight-against-poverty . live.
- News: 25 February 2021 . China's Xi declares victory in ending extreme poverty . en-GB . . 14 August 2022 . 28 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220728095225/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-56194622 . live.
- News: 18 June 2020 . China's poverty line is not as stingy as commentators think . . Hong Kong . 14 August 2022 . 0013-0613 . 14 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814221948/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/06/18/chinas-poverty-line-is-not-as-stingy-as-commentators-think . live.
- Web site: World Bank Open Data . 12 January 2024 . 14 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240414183532/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC . live .
- Web site: GDP (current US$) – China Data . 13 August 2022 . . 6 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190906052638/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=CN . live.
- Web site: April 2023 . World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 . 16 May 2023 . . 13 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194731/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April . live.
- Web site: GDP growth (annual %) – China Data . 13 August 2022 . . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813205801/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CN . live.
- Web site: Hui . Mary . 16 February 2022 . What China means when it says it wants "high quality" GDP growth . 13 August 2022 . . en . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813205819/https://qz.com/2119395/what-china-means-by-high-quality-economic-growth/ . live.
- Book: Marquis . Christopher . Qiao . Kunyuan . 2022 . . Kunyuan Qiao . 978-0-300-26883-6 . New Haven . 1348572572 . Christopher Marquis.
- News: Wei . Lingling . 12 August 2020 . China's Xi Speeds Up Inward Economic Shift . en-US . . 13 August 2022 . 0099-9660 . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813205801/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-xi-speeds-up-inward-economic-shift-11597224602 . live.
- News: 14 August 2021 . China's future economic potential hinges on its productivity . . 13 August 2022 . 0013-0613 . 12 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220812223255/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2021/08/14/chinas-future-economic-potential-hinges-on-its-productivity . live.
- News: 27 July 2021 . China's Escalating Property Curbs Point to Xi's New Priority . en . . 11 August 2022 . 28 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221128122733/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-27/china-s-escalating-property-curbs-underline-xi-s-new-priority . live.
- News: 18 October 2017 . Housing Should Be for Living In, Not for Speculation, Xi Says . en . . 11 August 2022 . 25 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220425013308/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-18/xi-renews-call-housing-should-be-for-living-in-not-speculation . live.
- News: Lin . Andy . Hale . Thomas . Hudson . Hudson . 8 October 2021 . Half of China's top developers crossed Beijing's 'red lines' . . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221223/https://www.ft.com/content/d5803d64-5cc5-46f0-bed0-1bc207440f9c . 11 December 2022 . subscription . live . 11 August 2022.
- News: Wei . Lingling . 19 October 2021 . In Tackling China's Real-Estate Bubble, Xi Jinping Faces Resistance to Property-Tax Plan . en-US . . 11 August 2022 . 0099-9660 . 8 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220808195428/https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-tackling-chinas-real-estate-bubble-xi-jinping-faces-resistance-to-property-tax-plan-11634650751 . live.
- Web site: Tran . Hung . 14 March 2023 . China's debt-reduction campaign is making progress, but at a cost . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230314200320/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/chinas-debt-reduction-campaign-is-making-progress-but-at-a-cost/ . 14 March 2023 . 14 March 2023 . Atlantic Council.
- News: Fifield . Anna . 2 November 2018 . As China settles in for trade war, leader Xi emphasizes 'self reliance' . . 31 January 2020 . 31 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200131193728/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/as-china-settles-in-for-trade-war-leader-xi-emphasizesself-reliance/2018/11/01/2961b2b2-d8de-11e8-9559-712cbf726d1c_story.html . live.
- News: Yap . Chuin-Wei . 25 December 2019 . State Support Helped Fuel Huawei's Global Rise . en-US . . 16 September 2022 . 0099-9660 . 25 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191225174935/https://www.wsj.com/articles/state-support-helped-fuel-huaweis-global-rise-11577280736 . live.
- Web site: Xinhua Commentary: "New productive forces" a winning formula for China's future. 2023-09-21. Xinhuanet.
- News: 18 May 2023 . Xiongan is Xi Jinping's pet project . . 19 May 2023 . 0013-0613 . 19 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230519023705/https://www.economist.com/china/2023/05/18/xiongan-is-xi-jinpings-pet-project . live.
- News: Wei . Jing Yang and Lingling . 12 November 2020 . China's President Xi Jinping Personally Scuttled Jack Ma's Ant IPO . en-US . . 11 August 2022 . 0099-9660 . 13 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201113061215/https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-president-xi-jinping-halted-jack-ma-ant-ipo-11605203556 . live.
- Web site: 19 October 2021 . Full Text: Xi Jinping's Speech on Boosting Common Prosperity – Caixin Global . 11 August 2022 . . en . 30 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221030001458/https://www.caixinglobal.com/2021-10-19/full-text-xi-jinpings-speech-on-boosting-common-prosperity-101788302.html . live.
- News: Hass . Ryan . 9 September 2021 . Assessing China's "common prosperity" campaign . en-US . . 11 August 2022 . 3 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220703091105/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/09/09/assessing-chinas-common-prosperity-campaign/ . live.
- News: Shen . Samuel . Ranganathan . Vidya . 3 November 2021 . China stock pickers reshape portfolios on Xi's 'common prosperity' . en . . 11 August 2022 . 8 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220808115133/https://www.reuters.com/technology/china-stock-pickers-reshape-portfolios-xis-common-prosperity-2021-11-02/ . live.
- News: Moore . Elena . 10 April 2021 . China Fines Alibaba $2.8 Billion For Breaking Anti-Monopoly Law . en . . 16 September 2021 . 16 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210916024333/https://www.npr.org/2021/04/10/986112628/china-fines-alibaba-2-8-billion-for-breaking-anti-monopoly-law . live.
- News: 12 August 2021 . China's Education Crackdown Pushes Costly Tutors Underground . en . . 13 August 2022 . 24 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220324173146/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-12/china-s-education-crackdown-pushes-costly-tutors-underground . live.
- News: 15 November 2021 . Trading kicks off on Beijing Stock Exchange, 10 stocks surge . en . . 22 August 2022 . 27 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211127204552/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/trading-kicks-off-beijing-stock-exchange-10-stocks-surge-2021-11-15/ . live.
- News: Stevenson . Alexandra . Chien . Amy Chang . Li . Cao . 27 August 2021 . China's Celebrity Culture Is Raucous. The Authorities Want to Change That. . en-US . . 13 August 2022 . 0362-4331 . 12 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220812152735/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/27/business/media/china-celebrity-culture.html . live.
- News: Buckley . Chris . 30 August 2021 . China Tightens Limits for Young Online Gamers and Bans School Night Play . en-US . . 13 August 2022 . 0362-4331 . 18 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220818212528/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/30/business/media/china-online-games.html . live.
- News: Kroeber . Arthur R. . 17 November 2013 . Xi Jinping's Ambitious Agenda for Economic Reform in China . . live . 21 July 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140727211348/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/11/17-xi-jinping-economic-agenda-kroeber . 27 July 2014.
- News: Wuthnow . Joel . 30 June 2016 . China's Much-Heralded NSC Has Disappeared . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190825180323/https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/30/chinas-much-heralded-national-security-council-has-disappeared-nsc-xi-jinping/ . 25 August 2019 . 25 August 2019 . . en-US.
- Lampton . David M. . 3 September 2015 . Xi Jinping and the National Security Commission: policy coordination and political power . Journal of Contemporary China . 24 . 95 . 759–777 . 10.1080/10670564.2015.1013366 . 1067-0564 . 154685098 . free.
- Web site: Jun . Mai . 21 March 2018 . China unveils bold overhaul to tighten Communist Party control . 13 August 2022 . . en . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813171805/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2138291/china-unveils-bold-overhaul-tighten-communist-party . live.
- News: Keck . Zachary . 7 January 2014 . Is Li Keqiang Being Marginalized? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181029152046/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/is-li-keqiang-being-marginalized/ . 29 October 2018 . 7 September 2019 . The Diplomat.
- News: Sridahan. Vasudevan. 27 December 2015. China formally abolishes decades-old one-child policy. International Business Times. live. 7 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190828224908/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-formally-abolishes-decades-old-one-child-policy-1535006. 28 August 2019.
- News: Wee . Sui-Lee . 31 May 2021 . China Says It Will Allow Couples to Have 3 Children, Up From 2 . en-US . . 11 August 2022 . 0362-4331 . 4 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211104064050/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/31/world/asia/china-three-child-policy.html . live.
- Web site: Cheng . Evelyn . 21 July 2021 . China scraps fines, will let families have as many children as they'd like . 29 April 2022 . . en . 28 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230128131149/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/21/china-scraps-fines-for-families-violating-childbirth-limits.html . live.
- News: 28 September 2020 . Li Keqiang: China's marginalised premier . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017104619/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-19870221 . 17 October 2022 . 17 October 2022 . . en-GB.
- News: Wei . Lingling . 11 May 2022 . China's Forgotten Premier Steps Out of Xi's Shadow as Economic Fixer . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531130648/https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-premier-li-keqiang-xi-jinping-11652277107 . 31 May 2023 . 17 October 2022 . . en-US . 0099-9660.
- Web site: Attrill . Nathan . Fritz . Audrey . 24 November 2021 . China's cyber vision: How the Cyberspace Administration of China is building a new consensus on global internet governance . 29 December 2022 . . 29 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221229145556/https://ad-aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/2021-11/Chinas%20cyber%20vision.pdf?VersionId=M0ePH4Ij3w7WRJrLlhyxVvt269MWSYOs . live.
- News: Chen . Laurie . Tang . Ziyi . 16 March 2023 . China to create powerful financial watchdog run by Communist Party . . 17 March 2023 . 16 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230316162813/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-create-powerful-financial-watchdog-run-by-communist-party-2023-03-16/ . live.
- News: Mitchell . Tom . 25 July 2016 . Xi's China: The rise of party politics . subscription . live . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221251/https://www.ft.com/content/57371736-4b69-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a . 11 December 2022 . 31 January 2020 . Financial Times.
- News: 22 March 2018 . CPC releases plan on deepening reform of Party and state institutions . . 29 December 2022 . 5 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210205013244/http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/0322/c90000-9440252.html . live.
- News: Buckley . Chris . 2018-03-21 . China Gives Communist Party More Control Over Policy and Media . en-US . . 2022-12-29 . 0362-4331 . 12 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211112211222/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/world/asia/china-communist-party-xi-jinping.html . live.
- News: 22 March 2018 . 三台合一, 发出更强"中国之声" . Merge of Three Stations into One, Sending Out a Stronger "Voice of China" . . 29 December 2022 . 10 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210910022043/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/n1/2018/0322/c1001-29883390.html . live.
- Hao . Mingsong . Ke . Xiwang . 5 July 2023 . Personal Networks and Grassroots Election Participation in China: Findings from the Chinese General Social Survey . . en . 29 . 1 . 159–184 . 10.1007/s11366-023-09861-3 . 1080-6954 . free.
- News: Wong . Chun Han . Zhai . Keith . 16 March 2023 . China's Communist Party Overhaul Deepens Control Over Finance, Technology . . 16 March 2023 . 16 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230316221649/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-communist-party-overhaul-deepens-control-over-finance-technology-6acdd43c?mod=world_lead_pos5 . live.
- News: 7 March 2023 . China Overhauls Financial Regulatory Regime to Control Risks . . 17 March 2023 . 4 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404200523/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-07/china-to-set-up-enlarged-financial-regulatory-authority . live.
- News: Bradsher . Keith . Che . Chang . 2023-03-10 . Why China Is Tightening Its Oversight of Banking and Tech . en-US . . 2023-03-16 . 0362-4331 . 16 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230316221649/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/09/business/china-peoples-congress-financial-regulation.html . live.
- News: March 11, 2024 . China passes law granting Communist Party more control over cabinet . March 11, 2024 . Reuters.
- News: Communist Party pledges greater role for constitution, rights in fourth plenum. Zhou. Laura. 24 October 2014. South China Morning Post. 7 September 2019. Huang. Cary. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035405/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1623286/communist-party-pledges-greater-role-constitution-rights-fourth-plenum. 30 October 2018. live.
- News: Doyon . Jerome . Winckler . Hugo . 20 November 2014 . The Fourth Plenum, Party Officials and Local Courts . . 7 September 2019 . 18 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200518221059/https://jamestown.org/program/the-fourth-plenum-party-officials-and-local-courts/ . live.
- News: How China is replacing America as Asia's military titan. Lague. David. 23 April 2019. Reuters. 10 January 2020. Lim. Benjamin Kang. 21 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210121184056/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/china-army-xi/. live.
- Bitzinger . Richard A. . 2021 . China's Shift from Civil-Military Integration to Military-Civil Fusion . Asia Policy . en . 28 . 1 . 5–24 . 10.1353/asp.2021.0001 . 234121234 . 1559-2960.
- B. Kania . Elsa . Laskai . Lorand . 28 January 2021 . Myths and Realities of China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy . . resrep28654 . free . 30 August 2022 . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154559/https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/myths-and-realities-of-chinas-military-civil-fusion-strategy . live.
- News: Fifield . Anna . Anna Fifield . 29 September 2019 . China's Communist Party has one more reason to celebrate – a year longer in power than the U.S.S.R. . . 31 January 2020 . 1 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200201101821/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinas-communist-party-has-one-more-reason-to-celebrate--a-year-longer-in-power-than-the-soviet-union/2019/09/28/993bb832-dfc0-11e9-be7f-4cc85017c36f_story.html . live.
- News: http://china.dwnews.com/news/2014-11-04/59616798.html. Meng. Chuan. 4 November 2014. Duowei News. 8 September 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150121184703/http://china.dwnews.com/news/2014-11-04/59616798.html. 21 January 2015. zh-hans. zh:习近平军中"亮剑" 新古田会议一箭多雕. Xi Jinping And Central Army's New "Bright Sword" Conference In Gutian Killed Many Birds With Only A Single Stone.
- News: China Announces Cuts of 300,000 Troops at Military Parade Showing Its Might. https://web.archive.org/web/20150902221802/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/03/world/asia/beijing-turns-into-ghost-town-as-it-gears-up-for-military-parade.html . 2 September 2015 . limited . live. Wong. Edward. 2 September 2015. The New York Times. 10 January 2020. Perlez. Jane. en-US. 0362-4331. Buckley. Chris.
- News: It's Official: China's Military Has 5 New Theater Commands. Tiezzi. Shannon. 2 February 2016. The Diplomat. 10 January 2020. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806062854/https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/its-official-chinas-military-has-5-new-theater-commands/. live.
- News: China's Strategic Support Force: A Force for Innovation?. Kania. Elsa. 18 February 2017. The Diplomat. 31 January 2020. 11 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201111233353/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/chinas-strategic-support-force-a-force-for-innovation/. live.
- News: Blanchard . Ben . 14 September 2016 . China sets up new logistics force as part of military reforms . . 31 January 2020 . 24 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201224052700/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-defence-idUSKCN11K05F . live.
- Book: Wuthnow, Joel . China's Other Army: The People's Armed Police in an Era of Reform . 16 April 2019 . Institute for National Strategic Studies . Washington . 3 October 2019 . 4 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200704193636/https://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/82/China%20SP%2014%20Final%20for%20Web.pdf . live.
- News: Xi Jinping named as 'commander in chief' by Chinese state media. 21 April 2016. The Guardian. 25 April 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160425012825/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/21/xi-jinping-named-commander-in-chief-chinese-state-media. 25 April 2016.
- News: Chinese President Xi Jinping named as military's 'commander-in-chief'. Kayleigh. Lewis. 23 April 2016. The Independent. 25 April 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160427091000/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinese-president-xi-jinping-commander-in-chief-military-armed-forces-a6997396.html. 27 April 2016.
- News: President Xi Jinping is New Commander-in-Chief of the Military. Sison. Desiree. 22 April 2016. China Topix. 25 April 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160423120421/http://www.chinatopix.com/articles/84000/20160422/president-xi-jinping-is-new-commander-in-chief-of-the-military.htm. 23 April 2016.
- News: China's Xi moves to take more direct command over military. 24 April 2016. Columbia Daily Tribune. 25 April 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160425105101/http://www.columbiatribune.com/news/perspectives/china-s-xi-moves-to-take-more-direct-command-over/article_b5e96afb-97e6-533e-b33e-db5beab72bf3.html. 25 April 2016.
- News: Xi Jinping Presses Military Overhaul, and Two Generals Disappear. Buckley. Chris. 11 October 2017. The New York Times. 26 October 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171025083913/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/world/asia/xi-jinping-military-china-purge.html. 25 October 2017. Myers. Steven Lee.
- News: Han . Chen . Allen-Ebrahimian . Bethany . 2022-10-15 . What China looks like after a decade of Xi Jinping's rule . 2023-04-19 . . en . 19 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419151133/https://www.axios.com/2022/10/15/china-party-congress-2022-xi-jinping-third-term . live.
- News: He . Laura . McCarthy . Simone . Chang . Wayne . 7 March 2023 . China to increase defense spending 7.2%, sets economic growth target of 'around 5%' for 2023 . . 19 April 2023 . 19 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419085526/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/04/economy/china-two-sessions-gdp-growth-target-military-spending-intl-hnk/index.html . live.
- Web site: Miura . Kacie . The Domestic Sources of China's Maritime Assertiveness Under Xi Jinping . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230519151838/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/Miura_The%20Domestic%20Sources%20of%20China%27s%20Maritime%20Assertiveness%20Under%20Xi%20Jinping.pdf . 19 May 2023 . 19 May 2023 . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
- News: Lague . David . Kang Lim . Benjamin . 30 April 2019 . China's vast fleet is tipping the balance in the Pacific . . 19 April 2023 . 16 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516230034/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/china-army-navy/ . live.
- Sun . Degang . Zoubir . Yahia H. . 2021-07-04 . Securing China's 'Latent Power': The Dragon's Anchorage in Djibouti . . en . 30 . 130 . 677–692 . 10.1080/10670564.2020.1852734 . 1067-0564 . 229393446.
- News: Jacobs . Andrew . Perlez . Jane . 2017-02-25 . U.S. Wary of Its New Neighbor in Djibouti: A Chinese Naval Base . en-US . . 2023-04-19 . 0362-4331 . 14 May 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170514232101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/25/world/africa/us-djibouti-chinese-naval-base.html . live.
- News: Xi Jinping has nurtured an ugly form of Chinese nationalism . . 11 August 2022 . 0013-0613 . 11 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220811010009/https://www.economist.com/china/2022/07/13/xi-jinping-has-nurtured-an-ugly-form-of-chinese-nationalism . live.
- News: Xi Jinping rules out Western-style political reform for China. Meng. Angela. 6 September 2014. South China Morning Post. 7 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20180818085415/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1586307/xi-jinping-rules-out-western-style-political-reform-china?page=all. 18 August 2018. live.
- News: Buckley . Chris . 26 February 2018 . Xi Jinping Thought Explained: A New Ideology for a New Era . en-US . . 21 August 2022 . 0362-4331 . 31 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221031175407/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/26/world/asia/xi-jinping-thought-explained-a-new-ideology-for-a-new-era.html . live.
- Barrass . Gordon . Inkster . Nigel . 2 January 2018 . Xi Jinping: The Strategist Behind the Dream . Survival . 60 . 1 . 41–68 . 10.1080/00396338.2018.1427363 . 158856300 . 0039-6338 . 29 August 2022 . 7 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107173510/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00396338.2018.1427363 . live.
- Book: Zhao, Suisheng . The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy . 2023 . . 978-1-5036-3088-8 . Stanford, California . 86 . 10.1515/9781503634152 . 1331741429 . Suisheng Zhao.
- News: 26 October 2022 . Xi's Vow of World Dominance by 2049 Sends Chill Through Markets . . 14 March 2023 . 18 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221118215004/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-26/xi-s-vow-of-world-dominance-by-2049-sends-chill-through-markets . live.
- Hu . Weixing . 2 January 2019 . Xi Jinping's 'Major Country Diplomacy': The Role of Leadership in Foreign Policy Transformation . Journal of Contemporary China . 28 . 115 . 1–14 . 10.1080/10670564.2018.1497904 . 158345991 . 1067-0564 . 29 August 2022 . 7 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231107173600/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10670564.2018.1497904 . live.
- Web site: Auto . Hermes . 5 April 2021 . China's 'wolf warrior' diplomats back to howl at Xinjiang critics . 11 August 2022 . . en . 11 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220811202130/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinas-wolf-warrior-diplomats-back-to-howl-at-xinjiang-critics . live.
- News: Bishop . Bill . 8 March 2019 . Xi's thought on diplomacy is "epoch-making" . 11 August 2022 . . en . 11 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220811202130/https://www.axios.com/2019/03/08/xis-diplomacy-epoch-making . live.
- News: Buckley . Chris . 3 March 2021 . 'The East Is Rising': Xi Maps Out China's Post-Covid Ascent . en-US . . 12 August 2022 . 0362-4331 . 12 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220812104749/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/03/world/asia/xi-china-congress.html . live.
- Zhang . Denghua . May 2018 . The Concept of 'Community of Common Destiny' in China's Diplomacy: Meaning, Motives and Implications . Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies . 5 . 2 . 196–207 . 10.1002/app5.231 . free. 1885/255057 . free . 2050-2680 .
- Tobin . Liza . 2018 . The University Of Texas At Austin, The University Of Texas At Austin . Xi's Vision for Transforming Global Governance: A Strategic Challenge for Washington and Its Allies (November 2018) . Texas National Security Review . en . 10.26153/TSW/863 . free . 13 August 2022 . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813212508/https://tnsr.org/2018/11/xis-vision-for-transforming-global-governance-a-strategic-challenge-for-washington-and-its-allies/ . live.
- News: Seib . Gerald F. . 15 July 2022 . Putin and Xi's Bet on the Global South . en-US . . 21 August 2022 . 0099-9660 . 21 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220821143216/https://www.wsj.com/articles/putin-and-xis-bet-on-the-global-south-11657897521 . live.
- Web site: Jones . Hugo . 24 November 2021 . China's Quest for Greater 'Discourse Power' . 29 August 2022 . . en-US . 29 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220829000458/https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/chinas-quest-for-greater-discourse-power/ . live.
- Web site: 16 April 2021 . Telling China's Story Well . 29 August 2022 . China Media Project . en-US . 28 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220828224140/https://chinamediaproject.org/the_ccp_dictionary/telling-chinas-story-well/ . live.
- News: Kynge . James . James Kynge . Hornby . Lucy . Anderlini . Jamil . 26 October 2017 . Inside China's secret 'magic weapon' for worldwide influence . . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221240/https://www.ft.com/content/fb2b3934-b004-11e7-beba-5521c713abf4 . 11 December 2022 . subscription . live . 21 August 2022.
- News: 9 June 2022 . China's Global Development Initiative is not as innocent as it sounds . . 7 March 2023 . 6 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306172739/https://www.economist.com/china/2022/06/09/chinas-global-development-initiative-is-not-as-innocent-as-it-sounds . live.
- News: Yao . Kevin . Tian . Yew Lun . 22 April 2022 . China's Xi proposes 'global security initiative', without giving details . en . . 13 August 2022 . 5 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220805003810/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-says-unilateral-sanctions-will-not-work-2022-04-21/ . live.
- News: Cai . Jane . 12 June 2023 . How China's Xi Jinping promotes mix of Marxism and traditional culture to further Communist Party and 'Chinese dream' . . 12 June 2023 . 12 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230612111635/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3223805/how-chinas-xi-jinping-promotes-mix-marxism-and-traditional-culture-further-communist-party-and . live.
- Book: Tsang . Steve . Steve Chang . The Political Thought of Xi Jinping . Cheung . Olivia . . 2024 . 9780197689363.
- News: 30 December 2020 . Xi Sees Threats to China's Security Everywhere Heading Into 2021 . en . . 21 August 2022 . 6 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210706110907/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-30/xi-sees-threats-to-china-s-security-everywhere-heading-into-2021 . live .
- Book: Shinn . David H. . China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement . Eisenman . Joshua . 2023 . . 978-0-231-21001-0 . New York . David H. Shinn.
- News: Buckley . Chris . Myers . Steven Lee . 6 August 2022 . In Turbulent Times, Xi Builds a Security Fortress for China, and Himself . en-US . . 21 August 2022 . 0362-4331 . 7 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807000022/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/06/world/asia/xi-jinping-china-security.html/ . live .
- News: 1 November 2014 . China passes counter-espionage law . en . . 21 August 2022 . 3 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200703084848/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-lawmaking-spy-idUSKBN0IL2N520141101 . live .
- News: Wong . Chun Han . 1 July 2015 . China Adopts Sweeping National-Security Law . en-US . . 21 August 2022 . 0099-9660 . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813073827/https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-adopts-sweeping-national-security-law-1435757589 . live .
- News: Blanchard . Ben . 28 December 2015 . China passes controversial counter-terrorism law . en . . 21 August 2022 . 24 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200424234111/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-security-idUSKBN0UA07220151228 . live .
- News: Wagner . Jack . 1 June 2017 . China's Cybersecurity Law: What You Need to Know . . 21 August 2022 . 12 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181212184441/https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/chinas-cybersecurity-law-what-you-need-to-know/ . live .
- News: Wong . Edward . 28 April 2015 . Clampdown in China Restricts 7,000 Foreign Organizations . en-US . . 21 August 2022 . 0362-4331 . 4 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200604091747/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/29/world/asia/china-foreign-ngo-law.html . live .
- News: 27 June 2017 . China passes tough new intelligence law . en . . 21 August 2022 . 8 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170708131558/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-security-lawmaking-idUSKBN19I1FW . live .
- News: Haldane . Matt . 1 September 2021 . What China's new data laws are and their impact on Big Tech . . 21 August 2022 . 21 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220821205207/https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3147040/what-chinas-new-data-laws-are-and-their-impact-big-tech . live .
- News: Mozur . Paul . Xiao . Muyi . Liu . John . 26 June 2022 . 'An Invisible Cage': How China Is Policing the Future . en-US . . 21 August 2022 . 0362-4331 . 25 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220725021212/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/25/technology/china-surveillance-police.html . live .
- News: Bland . Ben . 2 September 2018 . Greater Bay Area: Xi Jinping's other grand plan . . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221214/https://www.ft.com/content/fe5976d8-ab81-11e8-94bd-cba20d67390c . 11 December 2022 . subscription . live . 11 January 2020.
- Web site: 2024-03-03 . Young Hong Kongers Who Defied Xi Are Now Partying in China . live . https://archive.today/20240318022916/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-03-03/young-hong-kongers-who-defied-xi-are-now-partying-in-china . 2024-03-18 . Bloomberg.
- News: Yu . Verna . 5 November 2019 . China signals desire to bring Hong Kong under tighter control . . 11 January 2020 . 12 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112000411/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/05/chinas-xi-jinping-expresses-high-degree-of-trust-in-hong-kongs-carrie-lam . live .
- News: Buckley . Chris . Wang . Vivian . Ramzy . Austin . 28 June 2021 . Crossing the Red Line: Behind China's Takeover of Hong Kong . en-US . . 13 August 2022 . 0362-4331 . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813084412/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/world/asia/china-hong-kong-security-law.html . live .
- News: Buckley . Chris . Forsythe . Michael . 2014-08-31 . China Restricts Voting Reforms for Hong Kong . en-US . . 2023-03-18 . 0362-4331 . 27 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150227110910/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/world/asia/hong-kong-elections.html?_r=0 . live .
- News: Chan . Wilfred . 19 June 2015 . Hong Kong legislators reject China-backed reform bill . . 19 March 2023 . 19 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230319001757/https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/18/asia/hong-kong-reform-vote/index.html . live .
- News: Cheng . Kris . 7 February 2017 . Carrie Lam is the only leadership contender Beijing supports, state leader Zhang Dejiang reportedly says . . 19 March 2023 . 11 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240711081540/https://hongkongfp.com/2017/02/07/carrie-lam-is-the-only-leadership-contender-beijing-supports-state-leader-zhang-dejiang-reportedly-says/ . live .
- News: Sin . Noah . Kwok . Donny . 16 December 2019 . China's Xi vows support for Hong Kong leader during 'most difficult' time . . 11 January 2020 . 12 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112040524/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests/chinas-xi-vows-support-for-hong-kong-leader-during-most-difficult-time-idUSKBN1YK025 . live .
- News: Zhou . Laura . 14 November 2019 . Xi Jinping again backs Hong Kong police use of force in stopping unrest . . 11 January 2020 . 22 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201122130444/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3037811/xi-jinping-again-backs-hong-kong-police-use-force-stopping . live .
- News: 20 December 2019 . China's Xi warns of 'foreign forces' at Macao anniversary . . 11 January 2020 . 11 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200111192031/https://www.dw.com/en/chinas-xi-warns-of-foreign-forces-at-macao-anniversary/a-51747054 . live .
- News: Siu . Phila . Cheung . Gary . 19 December 2019 . Xi Jinping seen as indirectly lecturing Hong Kong as he tells Macau residents to make 'positive voices' heard and resolve problems with rationality . . 11 January 2020 . 11 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200111192029/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3042846/macau-handover-anniversary-xi-jinping-tells-residents-make . live .
- News: Yip . Martin . Fraser . Simon . 30 June 2022 . China's President Xi arrives in Hong Kong for handover anniversary . en-GB . . 13 August 2022 . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813114744/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-61991980 . live .
- News: Ioanes . Ellen . 2 July 2022 . Xi Jinping asserts his power on Hong Kong's handover anniversary . . 13 August 2022 . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813114742/https://www.vox.com/2022/7/2/23192550/xi-hong-kong-john-lee-china . live .
- News: Chan . Ho-him . Riordan . Primrose . 8 May 2022 . Beijing-backed hardliner John Lee chosen as Hong Kong's next leader . . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221231/https://www.ft.com/content/a6466afa-0981-4a82-9787-8c630651d44f . 11 December 2022 . subscription . live . 13 August 2022.
- Book: World Report 2018: Rights Trends in China. China: Events of 2017 . 9 January 2018. Human Rights Watch. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190828203028/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/china-and-tibet. 28 August 2019. 7 September 2019.
- News: Repression in China at worst level since Tiananmen Square, HRW warns. Withnall. Adam. 17 January 2019. The Independent. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190524133120/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-repression-freedom-police-censorship-tiananmen-square-human-rights-watch-a8732501.html. 24 May 2019. 7 September 2019.
- News: China widens crackdown against grassroot activists. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221247/https://www.ft.com/content/b4de464a-7242-11e9-bf5c-6eeb837566c5. 11 December 2022. subscription. live. 9 May 2019. Financial Times. 11 January 2020.
- News: Wang Quanzhang: The lawyer who simply vanished. Sudworth. John. 22 May 2017. BBC News. 11 January 2020. 7 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211107070034/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-39974953. live.
- News: Chinese dream turns sour for activists under Xi Jinping. 10 July 2014. Bangkok Post. 17 July 2014. 13 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200813235059/https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/419842/chinese-dream-turns-sour-for-activists-under-xi-jinping. live.
- News: Replace pictures of Jesus with Xi to escape poverty, Chinese villagers urged. Gan. Nectar. 14 November 2017. South China Morning Post. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190717174448/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2119699/praise-xi-jinping-not-jesus-escape-poverty-christian. 17 July 2019. 26 July 2019.
- News: Jesus won't save you – President Xi Jinping will, Chinese Christians told. Denyer. Simon. 14 November 2017. The Washington Post. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190531100111/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/14/jesus-wont-save-you-president-xi-jinping-will-chinese-christians-told/. 31 May 2019. 7 September 2019.
- News: 'We are scared, but we have Jesus': China and its war on Christianity. Haas. Benjamin. 28 September 2018. The Guardian. 7 September 2019. en-GB. 0261-3077. https://web.archive.org/web/20190823155226/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/28/we-are-scared-but-we-have-jesus-china-and-its-war-on-christianity. 23 August 2019. live.
- News: Group: Officials destroying crosses, burning bibles in China. Bodeen. Christopher. 10 September 2018. Associated Press. 7 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191008144601/https://www.apnews.com/c09b2ee4b71540c8a7fd6178820c5970. 8 October 2019. dead.
- News: Lau . Mimi . 5 December 2019 . From Xinjiang to Ningxia, China's ethnic groups face end to affirmative action in education, taxes, policing . . 14 March 2023 . 23 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230923224656/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3040577/chinas-ethnic-groups-face-end-affirmative-action-education . live .
- News: Zhai . Keith . 8 October 2021 . China's Communist Party Formally Embraces Assimilationist Approach to Ethnic Minorities . . 14 March 2023.
- News: Linda, Lew . 19 December 2020 . China puts Han official in charge of ethnic minority affairs as Beijing steps up push for integration . . 9 October 2021 . 21 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201221205105/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3114638/china-puts-han-official-charge-ethnic-minority-affairs-beijing . live .
- News: Aaron . Glasserman . 2 March 2023 . China's Head of Ethnic Affairs Is Keen to End Minority Culture . . 12 March 2023 . 12 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230312191637/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/02/china-minorities-uyghur-racism/ . live .
- News: 28 August 2021 . Xi Focus: Xi stresses high-quality development of Party's work on ethnic affairs . . 19 March 2023 . 11 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240711081527/http://www.news.cn/english/2021-08/28/c_1310154568.htm . live .
- Khatchadourian . Raffi . 5 April 2021 . Surviving the Crackdown in Xinjiang . . 19 March 2023 . 10 April 2021 . https://archive.today/20210410193233/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/12/surviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang . live .
- News: Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221202/https://www.ft.com/content/48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77. 11 December 2022. subscription. live. Shepherd. Christian. 12 September 2019. Financial Times. 19 January 2020.
- News: 28 June 2020 . China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization . . live . 18 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201216200613/https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c . 16 December 2020.
- News: More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang. 11 July 2019. The Guardian. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190711031342/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/11/more-than-20-ambassadors-condemn-chinas-treatment-of-uighurs-in-xinjiang. 11 July 2019. 11 July 2019.
- News: 10 December 2021 . China's Xi responsible for Uyghur 'genocide', unofficial tribunal says . . 24 October 2022 . 24 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221024104722/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-responsible-uyghur-genocide-unofficial-tribunal-says-2021-12-10/ . live .
- News: 1 September 2022 . U.N. says China may have committed crimes against humanity in Xinjiang . . 24 October 2022 . 26 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221126235118/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/outgoing-un-human-rights-chief-says-serious-human-rights-violations-committed-2022-08-31/ . live .
- News: 'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims. Ramzy. Austin. Buckley. Chris. 16 November 2019. The New York Times. 6 December 2019. 8 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200108214926/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html. live.
- News: Huawei's human rights record needs scrutiny before Britain signs 5G contracts. Tugendhat. Tom. 19 January 2020. Hong Kong Free Press. 19 January 2020. 11 July 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240711081528/https://hongkongfp.com/2020/01/19/huaweis-human-rights-record-needs-scrutiny-britain-signs-5g-contracts/. live.
- News: Chin . Josh . 30 November 2021 . Leaked Documents Detail Xi Jinping's Extensive Role in Xinjiang Crackdown . en-US . . 13 August 2022 . 0099-9660 . 12 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220812142807/https://www.wsj.com/articles/leaked-documents-detail-xi-jinpings-extensive-role-in-xinjiang-crackdown-11638284709 . live .
- Web site: 2022-07-15 . Xi Jinping visits Xinjiang for first time since crackdown . . en.
- Web site: ONG HAN SEAN . 20 November 2023 . China's Xinjiang: A marvel of wild beauty and a land full of culture and charm . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231120143603/https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/travel/2023/11/20/xinjiang-is-a-land-that039s-full-of-culture-colour-and-charm . 20 November 2023 . . en . Our visit came on the heels of Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Ürümqi, where he reportedly stressed on the positive promotion of the region to show an open and confident Xinjiang. Xi also called for Xinjiang to be opened more widely for tourism to encourage visits from domestic and foreign tourists..
- Web site: 2023-09-11 . China: How is Beijing whitewashing its Xinjiang policy? . 2024-03-07 . . en . But amid growing global attention on Xinjiang, China has been eager to portray the region as a "success story" by welcoming more tourists. In a speech that he made while visiting the region last month, Xi said Xinjiang was "no longer a remote area" and should open up more to domestic and foreign tourism. . 7 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240307204440/https://www.dw.com/en/china-how-is-beijing-whitewashing-its-xinjiang-policy/a-66779242 . live .
- Web site: Griffiths . James . 17 February 2020 . Did Xi Jinping know about the coronavirus outbreak earlier than first suggested? . 13 August 2022 . . 23 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230623151800/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/17/asia/china-coronavirus-xi-jinping-intl-hnk/index.html . live .
- News: Page . Jeremy . 27 January 2020 . China's Xi Gives His No. 2 a Rare Chance to Shine in Coronavirus Fight, With Risks for Both . en-US . . 13 August 2022 . 0099-9660 . 30 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200130154514/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-xi-gives-his-no-2-a-rare-chance-to-shine-in-coronavirus-fight-with-risks-for-both-11580138767 . live .
- Web site: Griffiths . James . Wuhan is the latest crisis to face China's Xi, and it's exposing major flaws in his model of control . 29 August 2022 . . 24 January 2020 . 8 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200208194710/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/23/asia/wuhan-china-coronavirus-sars-response-intl-hnk/index.html . live .
- Web site: Steger . Isabella . 10 February 2020 . Xi Jinping emerges to meet the people for the first time in China's coronavirus outbreak . 13 August 2022 . . en . 1 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220901093801/https://qz.com/1799914/xi-jinping-appears-in-public-after-long-absence-during-coronavirus/ . live .
- News: 10 May 2020 . WHO dementiert Telefongespräch mit Chinas Präsident . de . . 14 May 2020 . 14 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200514025329/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/corona-ausbruch-who-dementiert-telefongespraech-mit-chinas-praesident-a-37678f1c-6960-453c-a317-8ef9feed8b7c . live .
- News: Yew . Lun Tian . Se . Young Lee . 10 March 2022 . Xi visits Wuhan, signaling tide turning in China's coronavirus battle . en . . 13 August 2022 . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813191157/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-idUSKBN20X01F . live .
- Web site: Cao . Desheng . Xi: Dynamic zero-COVID policy works . 13 August 2022 . China Daily.
- News: Wong . Chun Han . 25 July 2022 . China's Zero-Covid Policy Drags on Vaccination Drive . en-US . . 13 August 2022 . 0099-9660 . 11 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240711082025/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-zero-covid-policy-drags-on-vaccination-drive-11658745899 . live .
- Web site: Davidson . Helen . 10 June 2022 . Xi Jinping says 'persistence is victory' as Covid restrictions return to Shanghai and Beijing . 29 August 2022 . . en . 11 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240711082026/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/10/xi-jinping-says-persistence-is-victory-as-covid-restrictions-return-to-shanghai-and-beijing . live .
- News: Hadano . Tsukasa . Doi . Noriyuki . 29 June 2022 . Xi ally Li Qiang keeps Shanghai party chief job, but star fades . 29 August 2022 . . en-GB . 1 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220901143524/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Xi-ally-Li-Qiang-keeps-Shanghai-party-chief-job-but-star-fades . live .
- News: Cai . Jane . Tang . Frank . 29 June 2022 . China to press on with 'zero Covid', despite economic risks: Xi . 13 August 2022 . . en . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813082557/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3183550/china-press-zero-covid-despite-economic-risks-president-xi . live .
- News: 23 July 2022 . Covid in China: Xi Jinping and other leaders given domestic vaccine . en-GB . . 13 August 2022 . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813191157/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-62279377 . live .
- News: McDonell . Stephen . 16 October 2022 . Xi Jinping speech: Zero-Covid and zero solutions . . 11 November 2022 . 11 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221111235314/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63274391 . live .
- News: 17 December 2022 . Xi Jinping tied himself to zero-Covid. Now he keeps silent as it falls apart . . 16 December 2022 . 16 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221216085906/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/16/china/china-zero-covid-uturn-xi-jinping-intl-hnk-mic/index.html . live .
- News: Ramzy . Austin . 11 November 2022 . China Eases Zero-Covid Rules as Economic Toll and Frustrations Mount . . 11 November 2022 . 11 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221111073602/https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-eases-some-covid-19-rules-even-as-cases-pass-10-000-11668150369 . live .
- News: Che . Chang . Buckley . Chris . Chien . Amy Chang . Dong . Joy . 2022-12-05 . China Stems Wave of Protest, but Ripples of Resistance Remain . en-US . . 2022-12-05 . 0362-4331 . 5 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221205145355/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/world/asia/china-covid-protests.html . live .
- News: Olcott . Eleanor . Mitchell . Tom . 4 December 2022 . Chinese cities ease Covid restrictions following nationwide protests . . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221218/https://www.ft.com/content/bfbc7afb-3994-4e4c-b649-ca791675b296 . 11 December 2022 . subscription . live . 5 December 2022.
- News: Che . Chang . Chien . Amy Chang . Stevenson . Alexandra . 2022-12-07 . What Has Changed About China's 'Zero Covid' Policy . en-US . . 2022-12-08 . 0362-4331.
- Web site: 23 September 2020 . China going carbon neutral before 2060 would lower warming projections by around 0.2 to 0.3 degrees C . 27 September 2020 . Climate Action Tracker.
- News: 23 September 2020 . China, the world's top global emitter, aims to go carbon-neutral by 2060 . . 29 September 2020.
- News: 29 September 2020 . China's top climate scientists unveil road map to 2060 goal . . . 29 September 2020.
- News: Brant . Robin . 22 September 2021 . China pledges to stop building new coal energy plants abroad . . 29 September 2021.
- Book: Li, David Daokui . China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict . 2024 . . 978-0393292398 . New York, NY . David Daokui Li.
- News: Faulconbridge . Guy . 15 October 2021 . China's Xi will not attend COP26 in person, UK PM Johnson told . . 20 August 2022.
- News: Harvey . Fiona . Fiona Harvey . 10 November 2021 . China's top Cop26 delegate says it is taking 'real action' on climate targets . 11 November 2022 . The Guardian.
- News: Volcovici . Valeria . James . William . Spring . Jake . 11 November 2021 . U.S. and China unveil deal to ramp up cooperation on climate change . . 11 November 2021.
- News: 28 September 2022 . An investigation into what has shaped Xi Jinping's thinking . . 30 September 2022 . 0013-0613.
- News: Myers . Steven Lee . 5 March 2018 . Behind Public Persona, the Real Xi Jinping Is a Guarded Secret . en-US . . 13 August 2022 . 0362-4331.
- Web site: McGregor . Richard . 21 August 2022 . Xi Jinping's Radical Secrecy . 21 August 2022 . . en.
- News: Even in secret, China's leaders speak in code . . 13 August 2022 . 0013-0613.
- News: Blachard . Ben . 17 November 2017 . Glowing profile cracks door open on private life of China's Xi . en . . 9 December 2019.
- News: Forde . Brendan . 9 September 2013 . China's 'Mass Line' Campaign . . live . 23 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180624035650/https://thediplomat.com/2013/09/chinas-mass-line-campaign-2/ . 24 June 2018.
- News: Levin . Dan . 20 December 2013 . China Revives Mao-Era Self-Criticism, but This Kind Bruises Few Egos . . live . 23 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010400/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/world/asia/china-revives-mao-era-self-criticism-but-this-kind-bruises-few-egos.html . 24 June 2018.
- News: Tiezzi . Shannon . 27 December 2013 . The Mass Line Campaign in the 21st Century . . live . 23 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010506/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/the-mass-line-campaign-in-the-21st-century/ . 24 June 2018.
- Web site: China's Xi appeared 'humble' but now rules supreme, ambassador says. Chi Chun. Lee. Radio Free Asia. 2024-02-15. 2024-04-22.
- News: Xi Jinping and the Chinese dream. 4 May 2013. The Economist. 12 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20160510092423/http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21577070-vision-chinas-new-president-should-serve-his-people-not-nationalist-state-xi-jinping. 10 May 2016. 0013-0613.
- News: Xi Jinping calls for a Chinese dream. Moore. Malcolm. 17 March 2013. The Daily Telegraph. 20 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130320072154/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9935609/Xi-Jinping-calls-for-a-Chinese-Dream.html. 20 March 2013. live.
- News: Today's China Notes: Dreams, Obstacles. Fallows. James. 3 May 2013. The Atlantic. 7 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20180712023142/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/05/todays-china-notes-dreams-obstacles/275544/. 12 July 2018. live.
- News: The role of Thomas Friedman. M.. J.. 6 May 2013. The Economist. 12 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20171028145059/https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/05/chinese-dream-0. 28 October 2017. live.
- News: Chasing the Chinese dream . 4 May 2013. The Economist. 12 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20161028080732/http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21577063-chinas-new-leader-has-been-quick-consolidate-his-power-what-does-he-now-want-his. 28 October 2016. 0013-0613.
- Web site: Tao . Xie . 14 March 2014 . Opinion: Is the Chinese dream fantasy or reality? . 14 August 2022 . CNN.
- News: Leader Taps into Chinese Classics in Seeking to Cement Power. Buckley. Chris. 12 October 2014. The New York Times. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190912091736/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/world/leader-taps-into-chinese-classics-in-seeking-to-cement-power.html. 12 September 2019. 7 September 2019.
- Schneider . David K. . China's New Legalism . The National Interest . 2016 . 143 . 19–25 . 26557304.
- Web site: Crane . Sam . Why Xi Jinping's China is Legalist, Not Confucian . China Channel . 29 June 2018 . 24 November 2020 . 7 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201107225951/https://chinachannel.org/2018/06/29/legalism/ . dead.
- News: Is 'China's Machiavelli' Now Its Most Important Political Philosopher?. Mitchell. Ryan Mi. 16 January 2015. The Diplomat. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190912091739/https://thediplomat.com/2015/01/is-chinas-machiavelli-now-its-most-important-political-philosopher/. 12 September 2019. 7 September 2019.
- News: Johnson . Ian . 18 October 2017 . Forget Marx and Mao. Chinese City Honors Once-Banned Confucian. . en-US . . 13 August 2022 . 0362-4331.
- Book: Sorace, Christian . Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi . 2019 . . 9781760462499 . Acton, Australia . Aesthetics.
- Web site: Joyce Cheng . Bang Xiao . 2022-07-31 . Globally acclaimed author Yan Geling considering giving up writing in native Chinese over censorship . ABC.
- News: The Communist Party is redefining what it means to be Chinese. 17 August 2017. The Economist. 23 January 2020.
- News: Zi . Yang . 6 July 2016 . Xi Jinping and China's Traditionalist Restoration . . 23 January 2020.
- News: China's 'Hanfu' movement is making it hip to be old-fashioned. Here's why.. Buckley. Chris. 30 November 2018. The Australian Financial Review. 23 January 2020.
- News: Tian . Yew Lun . 9 September 2021 . Analysis: Unleashing reforms, Xi returns to China's socialist roots . en . . 17 September 2022.
- Web site: 9 October 2021 . Socialism with Chinese characteristics only correct path toward national rejuvenation: Xi . 17 September 2022 . China Daily.
- News: McDonell . Stephen . 22 September 2021 . Changing China: Xi Jinping's effort to return to socialism . en-GB . . 17 September 2022.
- News: Rudd . Kevin . Kevin Rudd . 10 October 2022 . The World According to Xi Jinping . en-US . . 12 October 2022.
- Web site: Hancock . Tom . 6 June 2022 . Marxism Makes a Comeback in China's Crackdown on 'Disorderly Capital' . 17 September 2022 . Bloomberg News.
- Web site: Gan . Nectar . 25 October 2017 . The Communist Party's tighter grip on China in 16 characters . 14 August 2022 . . en.
- Web site: 1 July 2021 . Full text of Xi Jinping's speech on the CCP's 100th anniversary . 14 August 2022 . . en-GB.
- Web site: Zheng . William . 16 September 2022 . Xi article gives insight into China's direction ahead of party congress . 17 September 2022 . . en.
- News: China is struggling to keep control over its version of the past . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180714135236/https://www.economist.com/china/2016/10/29/china-is-struggling-to-keep-control-over-its-version-of-the-past . 14 July 2018 . 13 August 2022 . . 0013-0613.
- News: 2 April 2014 . Xi says multi-party system didn't work for China . en . . 13 August 2022.
- Web site: Democracy . 13 August 2022 . Decoding China . 4 February 2021 . en-US.
- Web site: Chen . Stella . 23 November 2021 . Whole-Process Democracy . 13 August 2022 . China Media Project . en-US.
- Web site: 2023-09-16 . Germany's Baerbock calls China's Xi Jinping a dictator . 2023-09-18 . POLITICO . en.
- News: Phillips . Tom . 26 February 2018 . 'Dictator for life': Xi Jinping's power grab condemned as step towards tyranny . en-US . . 12 August 2019.
- News: Gueorguiev . Dimitar . 4 December 2019 . Is China a dictatorship? . en-US . . 14 July 2021 . Yes, Xi Jinping is a dictator..
- News: 8 February 2023 . Xi Rejects Westernization in Show of Faith in Self Reliance . . 10 February 2023.
- News: Xi . Jinping . 16 October 2022 . Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects . . 10 February 2023.
- News: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2017-09/18/c_1121683516.htm. zh:中共中央政治局召开会议 研究拟提请党的十八届七中全会讨论的文件-新华网. Liu. Xiaodong. Chen. Yu. 18 September 2017. Xinhua News Agency. zh-hans. The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee Convened to Study the Documents to be Submitted to the Seventh Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011094706/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2017-09/18/c_1121683516.htm. 11 October 2017. 4 October 2017.
- News: CCP Constitution Amendment May Signal Xi's Power – China Digital Times (CDT). Rudolph. Josh. 19 September 2017. China Digital Times (CDT). 4 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171003234252/http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2017/09/party-constitution-amendment-signal-xis-power/. 3 October 2017. live.
- News: CPC creates Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Zhang. Ling. 18 October 2017. Xinhua News Agency. 19 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171018195301/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-10/19/c_136689808.htm. 18 October 2017. dead.
- Web site: Ken . Suzuki . 27 November 2018 . China's New "Xi Jinping Constitution": The Road to Totalitarianism . 11 August 2022 . nippon.com . en.
- News: Second volume of Xi's book on governance published. Yang. Yi. 7 November 2017. Xinhua News Agency. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20171206143920/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-11/07/c_136733705.htm. 6 December 2017. 6 December 2017.
- News: China's most popular app is a propaganda tool teaching Xi Jinping Thought. Huang. Zheping. 14 February 2019. South China Morning Post. 7 September 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190920105809/https://www.scmp.com/tech/apps-social/article/2186037/chinas-most-popular-app-propaganda-tool-teaching-xi-jinping-thought. 20 September 2019.
- News: Xi Jinping: From 'sent-down youth' to China's top. Yuan. Elizabeth. 8 November 2012. CNN. 8 November 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20121108195546/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/07/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-profile/index.html. 8 November 2012.
- News: China's 'fifth generation' of leaders reflects nation's shifts. Magnier. Mark. 23 October 2007. Los Angeles Times. 21 December 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110823133224/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/23/world/fg-chileaders23. 23 August 2011.
- News: Meet China's Folk Star First Lady-in-Waiting. Page. Jeremy. 12 February 2012. The Wall Street Journal. 7 November 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120511045002/http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/02/13/peng-liyuan-meet-chinas-folk-song-singing-first-lady-in-waiting/. 11 May 2012.
- News: Michelle Obama Tours Beijing With China's First Lady. Beech. Hannah. 21 March 2014. Time. 17 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140626122108/http://time.com/33164/michelle-obama-china-beijing-peng-liyuan/. 26 June 2014.
- News: What Did China's First Daughter Find in America?. Osnos. Evan. 6 April 2015. The New Yorker. 29 October 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035420/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/what-did-chinas-first-daughter-find-in-america. 30 October 2018.
- News: Beijing Police Detain Hundreds For Trying to Visit Chinese Leaders Over New Year. Qiao. Long. 20 February 2015. Radio Free Asia. 1 March 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164338/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/hundreds-02202015111702.html. 1 March 2018.
- News: Xi Jinping Millionaire Relations Reveal Fortunes of Elite. Bennett. Amanda. 29 June 2012. Bloomberg News. 11 September 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120704222305/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-29/xi-jinping-millionaire-relations-reveal-fortunes-of-elite.html. 4 July 2012. Hirschberg. Peter.
- News: China blocks Bloomberg for exposing financial affairs of Xi Jinping's family. Branigan. Tania. 29 June 2012. The Guardian. 11 September 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131120041457/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/29/china-bloomberg-xi-jinping. 20 November 2013.
- News: As China's Leader Fights Graft, His Relatives Shed Assets. Forsythe. Michael. 17 June 2012. The New York Times. 16 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140716105611/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/18/world/asia/chinas-president-xi-jinping-investments.html. 16 July 2014. registration.
- News: The Panama Papers are super awkward for Beijing. Rauhala. Emily. 4 April 2016. The Washington Post. 7 September 2019. live. limited. https://web.archive.org/web/20160421044242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/04/the-panama-papers-are-super-awkward-for-beijing/. 21 April 2016.
- News: Xi Jinping's family linked to Panama Papers. Schmitz. Rob. 4 April 2016. Marketplace. 6 April 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160407224017/http://www.marketplace.org/2016/04/04/world/xi-jinpings-family-linked-panama-papers. 7 April 2016.
- News: China's Leaders. BBC News. 26 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130808233513/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/leadership/html/6.stm. 8 August 2013. live.
- News: Sun . Lena H. . 8 June 1992 . Post for a 'princeling' . . 12 June 2023.
- News: Xi Jinping, likely China's next leader, called pragmatic, low-key. Richburg. Keith B.. 15 August 2011. The Washington Post. 7 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191029173940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/xi-jinping-likely-chinas-next-leader-called-pragmatic-low-key/2011/08/15/gIQA5W83GJ_story.html. 29 October 2019. live.
- Web site: Xi shows off his football skill. China Daily. 2023-10-10.
- Web site: What saddens President Xi Jinping?. China Daily. 2014-10-11.
- Web site: Andrew McNicol . Andrew Raine . 2023-04-07 . Xi Jinping wanted China to be a global soccer power. What went wrong? . live . https://archive.today/20240712102342/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/07/china/xi-jinping-china-football-dream-fail-intl-hnk-dst/index.html . 2024-07-12 . CNN.
- Web site: Tariq Panja. China's Soccer Experiment Was a Flop. Now It May Be Over.. The New York Times. 2023-03-29.
- Web site: 2023-11-19 . Xi says 'not so sure' of Chinese football team's abilities . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20231214013447/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/china-xi-not-so-sure-football-team-abilities-world-cup-3931906 . 2023-12-14 . Channel NewsAsia.
- Web site: A look at what's on Chinese President Xi Jinping's shelves . . Xi Jinping talks about Western literature [...] "Dostoevsky is the deepest Russian writer, while Tolstoy is the widest. Comparing two of them, I prefer Tolstoy." "I like Sholokhov very much. His And Quiet Flows the Don reflects the changes of the time very deeply.".
- Web site: 14 October 2016 . Xi Jinping recalls literary influences, favorite books . People's Daily.
- News: Buckley . Chris . 8 February 2012 . China leader-in-waiting carries heavy political baggage to U.S. . 29 August 2022 . . en . At a 2007 dinner with the U.S. ambassador to Beijing, Xi mentioned his affection for Hollywood films, including World War II stories such as "Saving Private Ryan," according to U.S. diplomatic cables made public by WikiLeaks..
- News: 2022-10-19 . Xi Jinping: the making of a dictator . https://archive.today/20221020045843/https://www.economist.com/1843/2022/10/19/xi-jinping-the-making-of-a-dictator . 2022-10-20 . 2024-05-03 . . 0013-0613 . He likes football, claims to swim 1,000 metres a day and is a fan of "Sleepless in Seattle", "The Godfather" and "Saving Private Ryan"..
- News: 28 April 2019 . Xi Jinping shows his love of Game of Thrones but warns reality must not mirror fantasy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190505041030/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3007991/xi-jinping-shows-his-love-game-thrones-warns-reality-must-not . 5 May 2019 . 5 May 2019 . South China Morning Post.
- News: Branigan . Tania . 13 February 2012 . The Guardian profile: Xi Jinping . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131106055944/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/13/xi-jinping-profile-china . 6 November 2013 . 14 February 2012 . . UK.
- News: Lin . Liza . 13 October 2022 . Do Chinese People Like Xi Jinping? You Won't Find an Easy Answer Online . en-US . . 17 October 2022 . 0099-9660.
- News: Phillips . Tom . 14 October 2017 . Chairman Xi crushes dissent but poor believe he's making China great . en-GB . . live . 26 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190826122356/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/14/xi-jinping-crushes-dissent-but-making-china-great-again . 26 August 2019 . 0029-7712.
- News: Zhou . Christina . Mantesso . Sean . 6 March 2019 . 'No room for mercy in this system': Xi Jinping's rise from cave dweller to post-modern chairman . en-AU . . live . 26 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190826051002/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-06/the-astonishing-rise-of-chinese-president-xi-jinping/10794486 . 26 August 2019.
- News: The World's Most Popular Leader: China's President Xi. Tiezzi. Shannon. 20 December 2014. The Diplomat. en-US. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191027062238/https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-worlds-most-popular-leader-chinas-president-xi/. 27 October 2019. 27 October 2019.
- Web site: Michelle Obama is the world's most admired woman. Smith. Matthew. 18 July 2019. YouGov. en-us. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190729151150/https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2019/07/18/2019-worlds-most-admired. 29 July 2019. 17 August 2019.
- News: Silver . Laura . Devlin . Kat . Huang . Christine . 5 December 2019 . China's Economic Growth Mostly Welcomed in Emerging Markets, but Neighbors Wary of Its Influence . . 4 August 2020.
- Web site: 19–22 March 2021 . National Tracking Poll #2103129 . 29 August 2022 . Morning Consult and Politico.
- News: Xi Jinping has more clout than Donald Trump. The world should be wary. 14 October 2017. The Economist. 11 September 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190918133802/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2017/10/14/xi-jinping-has-more-clout-than-donald-trump-the-world-should-be-wary. 18 September 2019. 0013-0613. subscription.
- News: The World's Most Powerful People 2018. Ewalt. David M.. 31 May 2018. Forbes. 7 September 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180509222602/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2018/05/08/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2018/#7e7884216c47. 9 May 2018. David McWalter.
- Web site: 17 November 2016 . Xi Jinping . 1 November 2021 . .
- Web site: 23 November 2013 . Xi Jinping Meets with International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach and Receives the Olympic Order in Gold . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091315/http://www.chinaconsulatesf.org/eng/zgxw/t1101193.htm . 4 March 2016 . 7 September 2019 . Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in San Francisco.
- Web site: China's Xi receives royal welcome in Belgium before EU talks. EUbusiness.
- Web site: Xi Jinping Receives the Order of the Liberator from Venezuela . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200727231159/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpzxcxjzgjldrdlchwdbxagtwnrlgbjxgsfwbcxzlldrhw/t1177105.shtml . 27 July 2020 . 25 June 2020 . fmprc.gov.cn.
- Web site: Xi Jinping Receives Order of José Marti of Cuba . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200728011327/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpzxcxjzgjldrdlchwdbxagtwnrlgbjxgsfwbcxzlldrhw/t1177769.shtml . 28 July 2020 . 25 June 2020 . fmprc.gov.cn.
- Web site: 21 April 2015 . Pakistan confers Nishan-e-Pakistan on Chinese president Xi Jinping . 25 June 2020 . Hindustan Times . en.
- Web site: Xi Jinping Holds Talks with King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia Two Heads of State Jointly Announce Establishment of China-Saudi Arabia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190616192336/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpdstajyljxgsfw/t1333527.shtml . 16 June 2019 . 25 June 2020 . fmprc.gov.cn.
- News: 18 June 2016 . Chinese president receives Order of Republic of Serbia . . live . 7 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190616192355/https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2016&mm=06&dd=18&nav_id=98363 . 16 June 2019.
- News: 9 September 2016 . Lukashenko awards Order for Strengthening Peace and Friendship to Xi Jinping . . live . 7 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612193511/http://eng.belta.by/president/view/lukashenko-awards-order-for-strengthening-peace-and-friendship-to-xi-jinping-94925-2016/ . 12 June 2018.
- Web site: 22 November 2016 . Xi Jinping Delivers Important Speech at Peruvian Congress . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211123204621/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/XJPDEGDEBLZLJXGSFWBCXZBLLMJXDYTJHZZDESSCLDRFZSHY/t1418209.shtml . 23 November 2021 . . Luz Salgado welcomed Xi Jinping's visit to the Congress and conferred Xi Jinping the Grand-Cross Medal of Honor, the highest level of honor of the Peruvian Congress..
- Web site: 4 July 2017 . Presenting the Order of St Andrew the Apostle to President of China Xi Jinping . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190811022033/http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/54973 . 11 August 2019 . 7 September 2019 . The Kremlin.
- News: 10 February 2018 . PM Modi conferred 'Grand Collar of the State of Palestine . en . . live . 18 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180614192605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-conferred-grand-collar-of-the-state-of-palestine/articleshow/62862222.cms . 14 June 2018.
- News: Dennehy . John . 20 July 2018 . China visit: UAE leadership strikes strategic deals with Xi Jinping . . live . 22 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722070115/https://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/china-visit-uae-leadership-strikes-strategic-deals-with-xi-jinping-1.752319 . 22 July 2018.
- News: 习近平同塞内加尔总统萨勒举行会谈 . Xinhua . 12 July 2024.
- News: El Gobierno condecoró a Xi Jinping con la Orden del Libertador San Martín . infobae . 25 May 2021.
- Web site: 13 June 2019 . Xi Jinping Attends a Ceremony and Receives the Manas Order of the First Degree Awarded by President Sooronbay Jeenbekov of Kyrgyzstan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211123205630/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1672738.shtml . 23 November 2021 . . Sooronbay Jeenbekov awarded Xi Jinping the Manas Order of the First Degree. The Manas Order is the highest national prize of Kyrgyzstan awarded by Kyrgyz President and has three degrees, of which the first degree is the highest one..
- News: 15 June 2019 . ru:Си Цзиньпин награждён высшим орденом Таджикистана . ru . Xi Jinping awarded the highest order of Tajikistan . . https://news.ru/world/si-czinpin-nagrazhdyon-vysshim-ordenom-tadzhikistana/ . live . 5 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190905163817/https://news.ru/world/si-czinpin-nagrazhdyon-vysshim-ordenom-tadzhikistana/ . 5 September 2019.
- Web site: Виктор Николаев . 14 September 2022 . "I value this order very much": how the award ceremony for Xi Jinping was held . ru:"Я очень дорожу этим орденом": как прошла церемония награждения Си Цзиньпина . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221029101603/https://www.nur.kz/politics/universe/1987795-ya-ochen-dorozhu-etim-ordenom-kak-proshla-tseremoniya-nagrazhdeniya-si-tszinpina/ . 29 October 2022 . .
- Web site: 15 September 2022 . Si Szinpin "Oliy Darajali Do'stlik" ordeni bilan mukofotlandi . live . https://archive.today/20240307170334/https://www.xabar.uz/uz/siyosat/si-czinpin-dostlik-ordeni-bilan-mukofotlandi . 7 March 2024 . .
- News: Khoza . Amanda . 22 August 2023 . Ramaphosa honours Chinese President Xi Jinping with Order of SA for his 'principled commitment' . . 22 August 2023.
- News: A Familiar Face Back in Iowa: China's Vice President. 14 February 2012. NPR. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065854/https://www.npr.org/2012/02/14/146888717/iowa-a-top-destination-for-chinas-vice-president. 14 July 2019. 7 September 2019.
- News: The early adventures of Xi Jinping. Dailey. Kate. 15 February 2012. BBC News. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331084433/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17022158. 31 March 2019. 7 September 2019.
- Web site: Xi Jinping recibe las llaves de la ciudad de San José – Vídeo Dailymotion. 4 May 2021. Dailymotion. 10 February 2015. es-ES.
- News: Mancera entrega llaves de la ciudad a Xi Jinping. 4 May 2021. El Informador . es-ES.
- Web site: Xi Jinping Recibió Llaves de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. 4 May 2021. co.china-embassy.org.
- News: President Xi Jinping presented with 'key to Prague,' continuing the 'freedom of the city' tradition. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/china-watch/politics/12208417/Xi-Jinping-key-to-prague.html . 10 January 2022 . subscription . live. 8 May 2021. The Daily Telegraph.
- Web site: Xi Jinping recibe la llave de Madrid, ciudad que considera "inolvidable". 4 May 2021. efe.com. es.
- Web site: Xi proposes a 'new Silk Road' with Central Asia. Jiao. Wu. Zhang. Yunbi. 2013-09-08. China Daily. 2022-12-09.
- Web site: UJ acknowledges Chinese President Xi Jinping's role in advancing the Fourth Industrial Revolution with honorary doctoral degree. University of Johannesburg. 2019-04-11. 2022-12-09.
- Web site: China's Xi awarded Dr. h.c. degree of St. Petersburg State University. 2019-06-07. TASS. 2022-12-09.
- Web site: 2022-12-08 . Crown Prince, Chinese President hold official talks in Riyadh . 2024-03-07 . . After the exchange of the agreements and MoUs, a ceremony was held to award the Chinese President an honorary doctorate at King Saud University as a tribute to the President's achievements and his great efforts in management and leadership..
- News: 9 December 2022 . Xi receives honorary doctorate from King Saud University . . 9 December 2022.
- Web site: Xi Jinping Boulevard in Phnom Penh a 'new milestone' in Chinese-Cambodian relations. Yuanyue. Dang. South China Morning Post. 2024-05-29. 2024-07-06.
Pakistan
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Belarus
Peru