Preceramic Period in Belize explained
The Preceramic Period of Belizean and Mesoamerican history began with the arrival of the first Palaeoindians during 20000 BC11000 BC, and ended with the Maya development of ceramics during 2000 BC900 BC.
Geography
During the pre-Columbian era, Belize formed part of Mesoamerica. Traditionally, the first-order subdivisions of the latter follow cultural or political boundaries of Preclassic, Classic, or Postclassic civilisations, eg Mayas and Aztecs. The Maya Region of Mesoamerica is one such. It, in turn, is further subdivided physiographically into at least three regions, ie the Lowlands, the Highlands, and the Pacific. Belize lay within the first of these regions, usually termed the Maya Lowlands.
Climate
During the Younger Dryas stage, as the Pleistocene progressed to the Holocene epoch, Belize's climate became increasingly warmer and wetter, its expansive savannah fields increasingly covered by dense tropical broadleaf forests, and its low-lying coast submerged by a 10 ft (3 m) rise in sea levels. It is not certain how exactly the first Palaeoindian settlers adapted to such changes, as little Preceramic plant matter has been recovered in the country and surrounding Maya Lowlands. It has been suggested, however, that the increasing availability of small, freshwater food-sources, eg molluscs, turtles, and aquatic birds, which attended wetter climatic conditions during the early Holocene, may have driven a slow transition away from a diet heavily reliant on large game towards a broader-spectrum or varied diet incorporating various species of small game and aquatic food-sources.
Demographics
Few skeletal findings in Belize and the broader central Maya Lowlands have been dated to the Preceramic, resulting in limited understanding of the period's demographics. Remains recovered from caves across the Yucatan Peninsula have been reliably dated to 13000 BC12000 BC, such findings constituting the earliest available evidence of human presence in the Lowlands. Genetic studies of Yucatanese remains, and of Lowland remains generally, have tended to confirm demographic models involving multiple migrations from North and South America into the Maya Lowlands. For instance, recent genetic studies on Preceramic skeletal remains from southern Belize found common ancestry between these and Preceramic proto-Chichban speakers from the PanamaColombia region, indicating that the latter settled in southern Belize during 5500 cal BC3600 cal BC, and intermixed with pre-existing Palaeoindian residents. Further studies also found common ancestry between this population and modern Mayas, suggesting that later Maya settlers of Belize intermixed with pre-existing Palaeoindian residents. Generally, however, Palaeoindians in Belize and the Lowlands are not thought to be direct ancestors of later Mayas, the implication being that the latter did not intermix with the former upon settlement.
Technology
Lithic
Lithic technology during the first part of the Preceramic is characterised mainly by Clovis-style ie fluted lanceolate and Fell's Cave-style ie fluted fishtail bifaces. Bifaces recovered from Belize and the Maya Lowlands, however, can seldom be reliably radiocarbon dated. A recent exception to this was provided by excavations in Mayahak Cab Pek and Tzibte Yux, rockshelters in southern Belize, which yielded radiocarbon dates of 10450 cal BC10085 cal BC and 8275 cal BC6650 cal BC for one alternately-bevelled biface and three or four possibly Lowe-style stemmed bifaces, respectively. The relationship of these radiocarbon-dated bifaces to others recovered in Belize is not clear. In particular, it is thought that Sawmill-, Allspice-, and Ya'axche-style bifaces may predate the aforementioned ones, but this conjecture remains unconfirmed.
Bifaces seem to have been phased out in most of Belize and the surrounding Maya Lowlands by circa 6000 BC, with non-bifacial lithic tools replacing them by circa 3400 BC.
In 1983, the Belize Archaic Archaeological Reconnaissance Project (BAAR) proposed a six-phase classification of lithic technology as found in northern Belize. This classification was subsequently criticised and rejected, being described as 'so badly flawed that the resulting chronology has little merit.' An alternative six-phase classification has since been proposed.
Phases or types of Preceramic bifacial points recovered in Belize.| class=unsortable | Phase | Type | Origin | Count | class=unsortable | Form | Length | Width | Width | Thickness | class=unsortable | Notes |
|---|
| Allspice | Provisional | Local | 4 | Stemmed | 85.7 | 37.8 | 33.2 | 10.7 | cf |
| Clovis | Established | North America | 3 | Fluted | 71.6 | 31.0 | 26.6 | 7.2 | cf |
| Fishtail | Established | South America | 4 | Fluted | 63.2 | 43.7 | 25.3 | 7.1 | cf |
| Lowe | Established | Local | 63 | Stemmed | 83.5 | 55.6 | 29.0 | 9.8 | cf |
| Sawmill | Established | Local | 23 | Stemmed | 67.9 | 39.4 | 14.9 | 7.8 | cf |
| Ya'axche | Provisional | Local | 2 | Stemmed | 65.7 | 52.8 | 29.9 | 10.9 | cf | |
Other
Evidence of Preceramic weaving, eg cordage, sandals, baskets, nets, and bags, has been recovered across Mesoamerica, though not in Belize. It has been suggested that their absence in the country is rather due to poor preservation of organic material, rather than due to a lack of weaving by Palaeoindian settlers.
Subsistence
The diet of the first Palaeoindian settlers has not been fully elucidated. Faunal remains from Actun Halal in southern Belize suggest these early settlers consumed jute snails, horses, peccaries, common agouti, and spectacled bears. Floral and faunal evidence from the El Gigante rockshelter in Honduras suggests their diet included hog plums, pears, mammee apples, mesquite beans, acorns, deer, birds, turtles, crabs, and snails. Similar evidence from the Santa Marta rockshelter in Chiapas suggests the likely consumption of green tomatoes, craboo, figs, deer, peccary, rabbits, snakes, iguanas, tortoises, and jute snails, and the possible consumption of cacao and teosinte.
The early settlers are thought to have begun farming by circa 4500 BC, with the practice becoming increasingly common by circa 3400 BC. Floral remains from northern and central Belize suggest maize, cassava, chilis, squash, and beans were the main cultivars, these being increasingly relied upon for nutrition during 3000 BC1500 BC. This increasing reliance on farmed produce is thought to have resulted in forest disturbance, deforestation, and landscape modification.
Sites
Preceramic artefacts have been recovered mainly from northern and central Belize. Preceramic findings in southern Belize 'had been suspiciously absent' since the 1980s, being limited to a few surface finds until quite recently. Generally, few Preceramic living spaces have been identified in the Maya Lowlands. Seven Preceramic sites in Belize have been recently proposed as such, ie Saki Tzul, Mayahak Cab Pek, Tzibte Yux, Actun Halal, Caye Coco, Ladyville, and Xunantunich. An additional four have been recently proposed as working spaces, eg as lithic workshops, namely, Colha, Kelly, Ladyville, and Callar Creek.
Prominent excavated sites in Belize with Preceramic artefacts, material, or structures.| Name | Location | Size |
|---|
| Actun Halal | Cayo | Small |
| August Pine Ridge | Orange Walk | Small |
| Basil Jones | Ambergris Caye | Small |
| Betz Landing | Corozal | Small |
| Blackman Eddy | Cayo | Small |
| Blue Creek | Orange Walk | Small |
| Cahal Pech | Cayo | Large |
| Callar Creek | Cayo | Small |
| Caye Coco | Corozal | Small |
| Cayo Frances Lagoon | Ambergris Caye | Small |
| Cob Swamp | Corozal | Small |
| Cobweb Swamp | Corozal | Small |
| Colha | Corozal | Small |
| Crawford Bank | Belize | Small |
| Cuello | Corozal | Small |
| Fred Smith | Corozal | Small |
| Honey Camp Lagoon | Orange Walk | Small |
| Kelly | Belize | Small |
| Ladyville | Belize | Small |
| Lowe Ranch | Belize | Small |
| Mayahak Cab Pek | Toledo | Small |
| Pulltrouser Swamp | Corozal | Small |
| Saki Tzul | Toledo | Small |
| Sand Hill | Belize | Small |
| Tzibte Yux | Toledo | Small |
| Xunantunich | Cayo | Large | |
Timeline
Prominent Preceramic events in Belize or the Maya Lowlands.| Start | End | class=unsortable | Unit | class=unsortable | Event | class=unsortable | Notes |
|---|
| 13000 | 12000 | BC | Earliest appearance of Palaeoindians | cf |
| 10450 | 10085 | cal BC | Earliest appearance of bifaces | ie an alternately-bevelled point; cf |
| 7000 | 7000 | BC | Latest appearance of Ice Age megafauna | including horses; cf |
| 7000 | 6000 | BC | Latest appearance of bifaces | cf |
| 4500 | 4500 | BC | Earliest appearance of domesticated plant cultivars | cf |
| 3400 | 3400 | BC | Earliest appearance of lithic tools other than bifaces | ie blades, macroblades, pointed unifaces; cf |
| 2500 | 1500 | BC | Earliest appearance of intensified agriculture | ie deforestation, erosion; cf |
| 2200 | 1900 | BC | Drought | cf | |
Scholarship
The earliest work on Preceramic artefacts from Belize is thought to be that of Augustus Pitt Rivers, who exhibited a flint implement for the Society of Antiquaries of London on 2 March 1871, which had been recovered from the country 'some years ago' by a Royal Navy officer. The discovery, however, did not spark much interest, as work in the region focussed on Classic Period sites and artefacts.
The first significant work was that of the Belize Archaic Archaeological Reconnaissance Project (BAAR), begun in 1980. BAAR identified some 150 possibly Preceramic sites across the country, and conducted excavations in nine of these, all in northern Belize.
See also
Notes and references
References
Journals
- Akers. Pete D.. Brook. George A.. Railsback. L. Bruce. Liang. Fuyuan. Iannone. Gyles. Webster. James W.. Reeder. Philip P.. Cheng. Hai. Edwards. R. Lawrence. 1 October 2016. An extended and higher-resolution record of climate and land use from stalagmite MC01 from Macal Chasm, Belize, revealing connections between major dry events, overall climate variability, and Maya sociopolitical changes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 459. 268–288. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.07.007. 2016PPP...459..268A. subscription.
- Awe. Jaime J.. Ebert. Claire E.. Stemp. W. James. Brown. M. Kathryn. Sullivan. Lauren A.. Garber. James F.. 2021. Lowland Maya Genesis: The Late Archaic to Late Early Formative Transition in the Upper Belize River Valley. Ancient Mesoamerica. 32. 3. 519–544. 10.1017/S0956536121000420. 245125325. subscription.
- Cagnato. Clarissa. 2021. Gathering and Sowing Across the Central Maya Lowlands: A Review of Plant Use by Preceramic Peoples to the Early to Middle Preclassic Maya. Ancient Mesoamerica. 32. 3. 486–501. 10.1017/S0956536121000225. 245125329. subscription.
- Churcher. C. S.. 2020 . Pleistocene mammals from Extinction Cave, Belize . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. subscription. 57. 3. 366–376. 10.1139/cjes-2018-0178. 2020CaJES..57..366C. 182629185.
- Fox. A. H. Lane. 1871 . Flint Implement from Honduras. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London . Second Series. 5 . 2. 93–95. 10.1017/S0950797300011616. 2027/hvd.hw2a3c?urlappend=%3Bseq=109 .
- Franks . A. W. . Remarks on Stone Implements from Honduras . 37–40 . Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . 6 . 1877. 10.2307/2841243 . 2841243 . 2027/hvd.32044042253526?urlappend=%3Bseq=51 .
- Kelly. Thomas C.. 1993 . Preceramic Projectile-Point Typology in Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica. 4. 2. 205–227. 10.1017/S0956536100000900. 161869542.
- Kennett. Douglas J.. Lipson. Mark. Prufer. Keith M.. Mora-Marin. David. George. Richard J.. Rohland. Nadin. Robinson. Mark. Trask. Willa R.. Edgar. Heather H. J.. Hill. Ethan C.. Ray. Erin E.. Lynch. Paige. 22 March 2022. South-to-north migration preceded the advent of intensive farming in the Maya region. Nature Communications. 13. 1. 1530. 10.1038/s41467-022-29158-y. 35318319. 8940966. 2022NatCo..13.1530K.
- Lohse. Jon C.. 2020 . Early Holocene Cultural Diversity in Central America: Comment on Prufer et al. (2019) "Linking Late Paleoindian Stone Tool Technologies and Populations in North, Central and South America". Lithic Technology. subscription. 45. 2. 59–67. 10.1080/01977261.2020.1713609. 212821933.
- Lohse. Jon C.. Awe. Jaime J.. Griffith. Cameron. Rosenswig. Robert M.. Valdez. Fred. 2006. Preceramic Occupations in Belize: Updating the Paleoindian and Archaic Record. Latin American Antiquity. 17. 2. 209–226. 10.2307/25063047. 25063047. 163373104. subscription.
- Metcalfe. Sarah. Breen. Ann. Murray. Malcolm. Furley. Peter. Fallick. Anthony. McKenzie. Angus. 2009. Environmental change in northern Belize since the latest Pleistocene. Journal of Quaternary Science. 24. 6. 627–641. 10.1002/jqs.1248. 2009JQS....24..627M. 129891521. subscription.
- Nielsen . Jasper . Andersen . Bente Jul . Collecting in Corozal : late Postclassic Maya Effigy Censers from Belize in the Danish National Museum (1860-1865) . Mayab . 2004 . 17 . 84–98. 1130-6157.
- Pearson. Georges A.. 3 July 2017. Bridging the Gap: An Updated Overview of Clovis across Middle America and its Techno-Cultural Relation with Fluted Point Assemblages from South America. PaleoAmerica. 3. 3. 203–230. 10.1080/20555563.2017.1328953. 135101506. subscription.
- Pendergast . David M. . The Center and the Edge: Archaeology in Belize, 1809–1992 . Journal of World Prehistory . March 1993 . 7 . 1 . 1–33 . 10.1007/BF00978219 . 25800626. 161362847. subscription.
- Pollock. A. L.. Beynen. P. E. van. DeLong. K. L.. Polyak. V.. Asmerom. Y.. Reeder. P. P.. 1 December 2016. A mid-Holocene paleoprecipitation record from Belize. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 463. 103–111. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.09.021. 2016PPP...463..103P. free.
- Prance. Ghillean T.. 1982. A Review of the Phytogeographic Evidences for Pleistocene Climate Changes in the Neotropics. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 69. 3. 594–624. 10.2307/2399085. 2399085.
- Prufer. Keith M.. Alsgaard. Asia V.. Robinson. Mark. Meredith. Clayton R.. Culleton. Brendan J.. Dennehy. Timothy. Magee. Shelby. Huckell. Bruce B.. Stemp. W. James. Awe. Jaime J.. Capriles. Jose M.. Kennett. Douglas J.. 18 July 2019. Linking late paleoindian stone tool technologies and populations in North, Central and South America. PLOS ONE. 14. 7. 1-20 of article no. e0219812. 10.1371/journal.pone.0219812. 31318917. 6638942. 2019PLoSO..1419812P. free.
- Prufer. Keith M.. Robinson. Mark. Kennett. Douglas J.. 2021. Terminal Pleistocene Through Middle Holocene Occupations in Southeastern Mesoamerica: Linking Ecology and Culture in the Context of Neotropical Foragers and Early Farmers. Ancient Mesoamerica. 32. 3. 439–460. 10.1017/S0956536121000195. 245125309. subscription.
- Rosenswig. Robert M.. 2021. Opinions on the Lowland Maya Late Archaic Period with Some Evidence from Northern Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica. 32. 3. 461–474. 10.1017/S0956536121000018. 245125324. subscription.
- Stemp. W. James. Awe. Jaime J.. Marcus. Joyce. Helmke. Christophe. Sullivan. Lauren A.. 2021. The Preceramic and Early Ceramic Periods in Belize and the Central Maya Lowlands. Ancient Mesoamerica. 32. 3. 416–438. 10.1017/S0956536121000444. 245125311. free.
- Stemp. W. James. Awe. Jaime J.. Prufer. Keith M.. Helmke. Christophe. 2016. Design and Function of Lowe and Sawmill Points from the Preceramic Period of Belize. Latin American Antiquity. 27. 3. 279–299. 10.7183/1045-6635.27.3.279. 163979743. subscription.
- Stemp. W. James. Harrison-Buck. Eleanor. 2019. Pre-Maya Lithic Technology in the Wetlands of Belize: The Chipped Stone from Crawford Bank. Lithic Technology. 44. 4. 183–198. 10.1080/01977261.2019.1629173. 197575862. subscription.
- Valdez Jr.. Fred. Sullivan. Lauren A.. Buttles. Palma J.. Aebersold. Luisa. 2021. The Origins and Identification of the Early Maya from Colha and Northern Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica. 32. 3. 502–518. 10.1017/S0956536121000468. 245125274. subscription.
- Wrobel. Gabriel D.. Hoggarth. Julie A.. Marshall. Aubree. 2021. Before the Maya: A Review of Paleoindian and Archaic Human Skeletons Found in the Maya Region. Ancient Mesoamerica. 32. 3. 475–485. 10.1017/S0956536121000250. 245125288. free.
Theses
- Burns. Jeffrey M.. 2018. MA. Preceramic Cave Use in Belize. Northern Arizona University. . subscription.
- Dennehy. Timothy J.. 2021. PhD. From Foragers to Farmers in Tropical Forests: How Paleoindian and Archaic Peoples in Southern Belize Adapted Their Lithics, Mobility, and Subsistence to a Changing Holocene Climate. Arizona State University. . subscription.
- McLellan. Alec. 2020. PhD. From Lamanai to Ka'kabish : human and environment interaction, settlement change, and urbanism in northern Belize. University College London.
- Orsini. Stephanie R.. 2016. MA. From turkeys to tamales: Paleoindian to Preclassic period faunal use at Maya Hak Cab Pek rockshelter in southern Belize. University of Mississippi. . subscription.
- Solmo. Keith F.. 2017. MA. Rain Don't Stop the Reggae Jam: Locating Early Archaic Materials Through Paleosol Identification and Predictive Modeling, Belize River Valley, Cayo District, Belize. Northern Arizona University. . subscription.
Print
- Book: Adams. Richard E. W.. Macleod. Murdo J.. Mesoamerica, Part 1. The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas. 2. 2000a. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. subscription. 10.1017/CHOL9780521351652. 9781139053778. 163512332.
- Book: Adams. Richard E. W.. Macleod. Murdo J.. Mesoamerica, Part 2. The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas. 2. 2000b. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. subscription. 10.1017/CHOL9780521652049. 9781139053464.
- Book: Braswell. Geoffrey E.. 3,000 Years of War and Peace in the Maya Lowlands : Identity, Politics, and Violence. 2022. Routledge. London. subscription. 10.4324/9781351268004. 9781351268004. 246542762.
- Book: Lohse. Jon C.. Borejsza. Aleksander. Joyce. Arthur A.. Preceramic Mesoamerica. 2021. Routledge. London. 10.4324/9780429054679. 1227789483. 2020053761. 9780429054679. 242526375.
- Book: Pearsall. Deborah M.. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. 2008. Elsevier. San Diego, Calif.. subscription. 714030453.
- Book: Sharer. Robert J.. Traxler. Loa P.. The Ancient Maya. 2006. 6th. Stanford University Press. Stanford, Calif.. 57577446. 2027/mdp.39015062626216.
- Book: Tiesler. Vera. The Routledge Handbook of Mesoamerican Bioarchaeology. 2022. Routledge. London. 10.4324/9780429341618. 9780429341618. 248676019.
Other
- Witschey. Walter R. T.. Brown. Clifford T.. 2010. [vars. scales]. The Electronic Atlas of Ancient Maya Sites. Heidi Hausman & Conservation Biology Institute. Corvallis, Oreg..
External links
17°N -88.5°W
