| Sihanoukville | |
| Native Name: | Central Khmer: ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ |
| Mapsize: | 276px |
| Pushpin Map: | Cambodia |
| Pushpin Label Position: | bottom |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location of Sihanoukville City in Cambodia |
| Coordinates: | 10.6333°N 133°W |
| Leader Title: | Mayor |
| Leader Name: | Sar Kackada |
| Established Title: | Established |
| Established Date: | 22 November 1957[1] |
| Area Footnotes: | [2] |
| Area Total Km2: | 195.9 |
| Population As Of: | 2019 |
| Population Total: | 73036 |
| Population Footnotes: | [3] |
| Population Blank1 Title: | Urban |
| Population Blank1: | 66723 |
| Population Density Blank1 Km2: | 834 |
| Population Blank2: | 89846 |
| Utc Offset: | +7 |
| Elevation M: | 15 |
| Elevation Ft: | 45 |
| Postal Code Type: | Postal code |
| Postal Code: | 18000 |
| Area Code: | 034 |
Sihanoukville (Central Khmer: ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ, Central Khmer: Krŏng Preăh Seihănŭ in Central Khmer pronounced as /kroŋ prĕəh səjhanuʔ/), also known as Kampong Saom (Central Khmer: កំពង់សោម, Central Khmer: Kâmpóng Saôm in Central Khmer pronounced as /kɑmpɔŋ saom/), is a coastal city in Cambodia and the capital of Preah Sihanouk Province, at the tip of an elevated peninsula in the country's south-west on the Gulf of Thailand. The city has a string of beaches along its entire coastline and coastal marshlands bordering Ream National Park in the east. The city has one navigable river, the mangrove-lined Ou Trojak Jet, running from Otres Pagoda to the sea at Otres. A number of thinly inhabited islands, under Sihanoukville's administration,[4] are near the city.
The city, which was named in honour of former king Norodom Sihanouk, had a population of around 89,800 people and approximately 66,700 in its urban center in 2008.[5] Sihanoukville city encompasses the greater part of six communes (Sangkats) in Sihanoukville Province. It has evolved parallel to the construction of the Sihanoukville Autonomous Port, which commenced in June 1955, as the country's gateway to direct and unrestricted international sea trade. The only deep-water port in Cambodia includes an oil terminal and a transport logistics facility.[6] The city has developed into the country's primary hub for coastal tourism, including as a gambling destination.
The official name of the city in Khmer is: krong ('city'), preah ('holy') Sihanouk (name of the former king), which adds up to: "City of the Holy Sihanouk" or "Honorable Sihanouk City".[7] King Norodom Sihanouk (reigned 1941–1955, 1993–2004) is revered as the father of the (modern) nation.[8] The name Sihanouk is derived from Sanskrit through two Pali words: siha ('lion'), and hanu ('jaws').
The alternative name, Kompong Saom (also romanized as Kompong Som and Kampong Som), (Central Khmer: កំពង់សោម) means 'Port of the Moon' or 'Shiva's Port'.[9] Saom is derived from the Sanskrit word saumya, the original (Rig Vedic) meaning of which was Soma, the 'juice or sacrifice of the moon-god', but evolved into Pali 'moon', 'moonlike' 'name of Shiva'.[10] The word kampong or kompong is of Malay origin[11] and means 'village' or 'hamlet'. Its meaning underwent extension towards 'pier' or river 'landing bridge'.[12]
See main article: History of Cambodia.
Prior to the ports' and city's foundation works of 1955, the port of Kompong Som must have been only of regional significance due to the absence of navigable waterways that connect the port with the kingdom's settlement centers. During the many centuries of pre-Angkorian and Angkorian history – from Funan to Chenla and during the Khmer Empire, regional trade was centered at O Keo (Vietnamese: Óc Eo) in the Mekong Delta, now the province of Rạch Giá in Vietnam. The township of Prei Nokor (Saigon) was a commercial center of the Khmer Empire.[13] [14] [15]
The Chronicle of Samtec Cauva Vamn Juon, one of the 18th and 19th century Cambodian Royal Chronicles, briefly mentions the region as the country was split into three parts during a nine-year civil war from 1476 to 1485: "In 1479, Dhammaraja took on the throne at Chatomuk (Phnom Penh) and controlled the provinces of Samraong Tong, Thbong, Kompong Saom, Kampot up to the Bassak, Preah Trapeang, Kramuon Sah, Koh Slaket and Peam" (mouth of the Mekong).[16]
From the end of the 17th century, Cambodia lost control of the Mekong River route as Vietnamese power expanded into the lower Mekong. During the Nguyen-Siamese War (1717–1718) a Siamese fleet burned the port of Kompong Som in 1717 but was defeated by the Vietnamese at Banteay Meas/Ha Tien.[17] A Cambodian king of the late-18th century, Outey-Reachea III allied with a Chinese pirate,[18] Mac-Thien-Tu, who had established an autonomous polity based in Ha Tien and controlled the maritime network in the eastern part of the Gulf of Thailand.[19] Ha Tien was at a point where a river linking to the Bassac River flows into the Gulf of Thailand. Landlocked Cambodia tried to keep its access to maritime trade through Ha Tien. In 1757, Ha Tien acquired the ports of Kampot and Kompong Som as a reward for Mac's military support to the King of Cambodia. Until its destruction in 1771 the port developed into an independent duty-free entrepôt linked with several Chinese trading networks.[20]
Alexander Hamilton, who traveled to the Gulf of Thailand in 1720, wrote that "Kompong Som and Banteay Meas (later Ha Tien) belonged to Cambodia, as Cochin-China was divided from Cambodia by a river (Bassac River) of three leagues broad." and "King Ang Duong constructed a road from his capital of Oudong to Kampot". Kampot remained the only international seaport of Cambodia. "The traveling time between Udong and Kampot was eight days by oxcart and four days by elephants." French Résident Adhemard Leclère wrote: "...Until 1840s, the Vietnamese governed Kampot and Péam [Mekong Delta], but Kompong Som belonged to Cambodia. The Vietnamese constructed a road from Ha Tien to Svai village, on the border with Kompong-Som, via Kampot."[21]
The British Empire followed a distinct policy by the 1850s, seeking to consolidate its influence. Eyewitness reports give rare insights, as Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston's agent John Crawfurd reports: "Cambodia was...the Keystone of our policy in these countries, - the King of that ancient Kingdom is ready to throw himself under the protection of any European nation...The Vietnamese were interfering with the trade at Kampot, and this would be the basis of an approach..." Palmerston concluded: "The trade at Kampot - one of the few remaining ports, could never be considerable, in consequence of the main entrance to the country, the Mekong, with all its feeders flowing into the Sea through the territory of Cochin China The country, too, had been devastated by recent Siam - Vietnam wars. Thus, without the aid of Great Britain, Kampot or any other port in Cambodia, can never become a commercial Emporium." Crawfurd later wrote: "The Cambodians...sought to use intervals of peace in the Siam - Vietnam wars to develop intercourse with outside nations. The trade at Kampot which they sought to foster was imperiled by pirates. Here is a point where the wedge might be inserted, that would open the interior of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula to British Commerce, as the great River of the Cambodians traverses its entire length and even affords communication into the heart of Siam".[22]
See main article: French Protectorate of Cambodia.
Under French rule, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia became a single administrative and economic unit. The coastal region Circonscription Résidentielle with Kampot as its capital contained the arrondissements of Kampot, Kompong Som, Trang, and Kong-Pisey. The establishment of another international trading center near the existing city of Saigon was not considered necessary. Focus remained the Mekong and the idea to establish an alternative route to Chinese and Thai markets along an uninterrupted navigable waterway to the Mekong Delta.[23]
An insurrection that took place from 1885 to 1887 further discouraged French ambition. It started in Kampot and quickly spread to Veal Rinh, Kampong Seila, and Kompong Som, where the insurgents were led by a Chinese pirate named Quan-Khiem. He managed to control the northern part of Preah Sihanouk for some time until he—an old man—was arrested by the local governor.
One example of infrastructural improvements of this period was the construction of Route Coloniale No. 17, later renamed National Road No.3 and the national railway system, although work on the "Southern Line", from Phnom Penh to Sihanoukville, only began in 1960.
The city's and province's alternative name, Kampong som (Kampong Som), was adopted from the local indigenous community. After the dissolution of French Indochina in 1954, the steadily tightening control of the Mekong Delta by Vietnam required a solution to gain unrestricted access to the seas. Plans were made to construct an entirely new deep-water port. Kompong Saom (Kampong Som) was selected for water depth and ease of access. In August 1955, a French/Cambodian construction team cut a base camp into the unoccupied jungle in the area that is now known as Hawaii Beach. Funds for construction of the port came from France and the road was financed by the United States.[24]
During the Vietnam War the port became a military facility for both sides: in the service of National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam and after 1970, under the government of Lon Nol, in the service of the United States.[25]
The port was the last place to be evacuated by the US Army, only days before Khmer Rouge guerrillas took control of the government in April 1975. The events surrounding the taking of the US container ship SS Mayaguez and its crew on 12 May by the Khmer Rouge and the subsequent rescue operation by US Marines played out on the waters of Koh Tang off the coast of Sihanoukville. During the two days of action, the US commenced air strikes on targets on the mainland of Sihanoukville, including the port, the Ream Naval Base, an airfield, the railroad yard and the petroleum refinery in addition to strikes and naval gun fire on several islands.[26] After the fall of the Khmer Rouge regime in 1979, and the subsequent opening of the economy, the port of Sihanoukville resumed its importance in the development and recovery of the country. With the further opening of new markets in 1999, the city regained its role in the economic growth of Cambodia.[27]
In 1993, Ream National Park was established per royal decree of former King Sihanouk.[28] The Sihanoukville Municipality was elevated to a regular province on 22 December 2008 after King Norodom Sihamoni signed a royal decree converting the municipalities of Kep, Pailin, and Sihanoukville into provinces.[29] In the early 21st century, Sihanoukville grew to become a center of trade, commerce, transport, and process manufacturing.[30] [31] [32] Sihanoukville's many beaches and nearby islands make it Cambodia's premier seaside resort.[33]
In 2006, the Koh Puos (Cambodia) Investment Group submitted an application, planning to invest US$276 million in converting the 116 hectare Koh Puos, Snake Island, into a luxury residential and resort complex. After the completion of certain elements of the infrastructure, the investor announced alterations of the original blueprints, as "Reapplying for permission will happen in 2014..." according to the Council of the Development of Cambodia.[34] [35]
On 26 May 2011, Preah Sihanouk area joined the Paris-based club, Les Plus Belles Baies Du Monde ('the most beautiful bays in the world'). The organisation officially accepted the Bay of Cambodia as one of its members at its 7th General Assembly.[36]
By 2019, Chinese investment had transformed the city, so that more than 90% of businesses were owned by Chinese nationals. Over 100 casinos were planned to be built in Sihanoukville in an effort to transform it into a gambling hub, which coincided in an increase in crime.[37] [38] In the 2020s, Sihanoukville emerged as a major hub for online scam operations associated with Chinese criminal gangs.[39] [40]
See main article: Geography of Cambodia.
Sihanoukville town is at the tip of the rolling hills of a peninsula on the Gulf of Thailand. To its northwest and at its center it rises up to 15m (49feet) above sea level, whereas the land gently and steadily flattens towards extended coastal plains, marshlands and beaches in the south and southeast. The Gulf of Thailand's shallow depths and the local climate are moderate in contrast to the South China Sea to the east and the Indian Ocean to the west.[41]
Established after the period of the French Protectorate, bourgeois colonial style quarters such as ones seen in Kampot, Siem Reap, or Phnom Penh do not exist. Cambodian architect Vann Molyvann designed objects, public buildings with a distinct function, some still operational. This brief era of New Khmer Architecture ended in 1970.[42] [43]
In 1959, the first urban plan for the city was completed for a population of 55,000 residents; it included cycle paths and green spaces. The plan also marked out zoning for the port, the railway network, the town center with municipal offices, business and residential housing, and finally a tourist zone to the south along the beaches. A feasibility study by the United States Operations Mission (USOM) looked at drawing on a new water supply from the Prek Tuk Sap and existing lagoons; these were subsequently were cut off from the sea and used as the initial source for town supply. The reservoirs are still operational, although insufficient for today's demands.[44] The area connects with the city center along a single highway via typical irregular successions of residential buildings.[45] [46]
The mangrove-lined Ou Trojak Jet river, which runs from Otres Pagoda to Otres Beach, is Sihanoukville's longest river. In the tidal mangrove area Barramundi, mangrove jacks and barracuda are the prize targets for sport anglers; the lower section harbours a marina. Restaurants along the south bank of the river serve fresh seafood supplied by the local inshore fishing boats.[47] Due to their proximity to the sea, mangroves line large parts of the rivers.
See main article: List of islands of Cambodia.
All the islands listed below fall under administration of Sihanoukville's Mittakpheap District. The majority is either in the process of or has been assigned for extensive tourism. Koh Rong and Koh Rong Sanloem in particular have so far undergone years of uncoordinated development. Koh Rong has been declared a stop on the Banana Pancake Trail.[48]
The urban area suffers from polluted water supplies. Waste management policies and practices are deficient or lacking altogether.[51]
Sihanoukville lies in the Tropical monsoon (Am) climate zone. The city has two seasons: a wet season and a dry season.
The maximum mean is about 30°C ; the minimum mean, about 24°C. Maximum temperatures of higher than 32°C, however, are common and, just before the start of the rainy season, they may rise to more than 38°C. Minimum night temperatures sporadically fall below 20°C.[52] in January, the coldest month. May is the warmest month – although strongly influenced by the beginning of the wet season, as the area constitutes the easternmost fringe of the south-west monsoon. Tropical cyclones only rarely cause damage in Cambodia.
The total annual rainfall averages around 2,200 millimeters (86.6 inches). The maximal amounts fall in July, August and September. Relative humidity is high throughout the entire year; usually exceeding 90 percent. During the dry season daytime humidity rates average around 50 percent or slightly lower, climbing to about 90 percent during the rainy season. The wet season runs from April to November, and the dry season from December to March. However, as is common in places with this climate type, the dry season still sees some rainfall.
See main article: Economy of Cambodia.
Sihanoukville was established as an international marine gateway and as a result the local economy is largely defined by its deep water port and the nearby oil terminal. Attached is a regularly modernized cargo storage and logistics facility which serves numerous shipping companies, freight forwarders, suppliers, and maintenance contractors.[53] All of these are based in the port's vicinity.[54] The Phnom Penh–Sihanoukville transport corridor is the premier national trade route, accounting for about 75 percent of Cambodia's trade traffic.[55]
Other sizable economic sectors of the city are fisheries, aqua-culture, and frozen shrimp processing, the garment industry, food production, and processing, the constantly growing tourism industry with a noticeably developed service branch and the associated real estate market.[56] [57] In 2023, it was reported that Sihanoukville had become a major centre for fraud factories, where thousands of human trafficking victims forced to work as "pig butchering" scammers after COVID-19 led to the closure of many of the city's casinos.[58] [59]
The Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone (SSEZ) is an overseas economic and trade cooperation zone, which was designed to promote favorable market conditions.[60] It began with a focus on manufacturing consumer goods with the goal of transitioning to producing machinery, photovoltaic materials, and chemicals.[61] The SSEZ received support from China's Ministry of Commerce and the Export-Import Bank of China. A sizable industrial center, exclusively composed of Chinese companies, has been developed since 2010.[62] [63] As of March 2020, the SSEZ had 174 factories employing more than 30,000 people.
Today, the city's main export is garments, but it also produces and exports timber, logs, and rubber.[64] [65]
Cambodia is one of the few least developed countries (LDCs) to export over US$2 billion. Since Cambodia became the first LDC to join the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2004, trade has steadily increased, and the US has been Cambodia's largest trading partner. Comparing to US$2.3 billion of exports to the US and US$153 million of exports to Cambodia in 2010, from January to October 2011, Cambodia's exports to the U.S. were US$2.29 billion and US exports to Cambodia were US$152.6 million.[66] [67]
An industrial zone has been established that includes petrochemical production and food processing based on local fisheries and other elements.[68]
Foreign investment in Cambodia has increased significantly since 2004 led by Asian investors from countries such as Malaysia, China, Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam. Approved investment proposals by the Council for the Development of Cambodia totaled around US$500 million in 2011. Chinese investments has since modified the city's character, partly destroying its Cambodian aesthetics and culture. The Diplomat reported that "unchecked development by Chinese investors has come at a cost, freezing out locals and changing the city’s character."[69] Evictions of native Cambodians due to economic investments by the Chinese has led to ethnic conflicts, with the government supporting the Chinese investors.[70] [71]
See also: Sihanoukville Autonomous Port.
The Sihanoukville Autonomous Port has an independent administration. In combination with the related logistics and transport sector it is the city's economic backbone.
At present, the total operational land area of the Sihanoukville Autonomous Port is around 124.76 ha. The Old Jetty was constructed in 1956 and became operational in 1960. The jetty is 290m (950feet) long by 28m (92feet) wide and can accommodate four vessels with medium gross register tonnage (GRT) at both sides. The exterior berth is -8.5mto-13mm (-27.9feetto-43feetm) depth, while the interior berth is -7.5mto-8.5mm (-24.6feetto-27.9feetm) depth.
The Government of Cambodia had constructed a 3500NaN0 long new quay with -10.50NaN0 maximum draft in 1966. At present, this new quay can accommodate three vessels with -70NaN0 draft medium GRT.[72] The construction of the container terminal, 4000NaN0 long by -10.50NaN0 depth and a 6.50NaN0 container yard was completed in March 2007.[73]
| Sihanoukville Autonomous Port Traffic Rates[74] | ||||||||||||||
| Item | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 9M2009 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Throughput (Tons) | 1,772,361 | 1,503,050 | 1,380,847 | 1,586,791 | 1,818,877 | 2,057,967 | 1,405,338 | |||||||
| Not Included Fuel | 1,454,856 | 1,242,011 | 1,131,699 | 1,320,102 | 1,428,992 | 1,605,672 | 958,279 | |||||||
| Not Include Fuel &Cont. | 650,329 | 308,153 | 107,929 | 197,573 | 193,573 | 291,114 | 162,520 | |||||||
| Cargo containerized | 804,527 | 933,858 | 1,023,770 | 1,122,529 | 1,235,419 | 1,314,559 | 795,759 | |||||||
| Container throughput (TEUs) | 181,286 | 213,916 | 211,141 | 231,036 | 253,271 | 258,775 | 157,639 | |||||||
| Vessel calling (units) | 878 | 730 | 686 | 912 | 876 | 954 | 642 | |||||||
The primary destinations of Sihanoukville Autonomous Port are: Singapore, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, Shanghai, Laem Chabang, Yantian and Kaohsiung. It has a frequency of scheduled services of 38 per week.[75] [76]
See also: Transport in Cambodia.
Cambodia's official driving side is the right side of the road. There is no formally adopted road and road transport policy in Cambodia.[80] Although Cambodia's traffic laws[81] are the same as those of any other country, with respect to the country's membership of the ASEAN, that requires recognition of ratified agreements,[82] regular traffic only functions on a basic level and in times of low density. Conduct is still traditional as smaller and slower vehicles are expected to yield to big vehicles.[83] [84] The city's law enforcement has been accused of failing to enforce international norms. A habit of running predictable checkpoints has developed over the last few years. Tourists on rental bikes and common people are often stopped and forced to pay, often based on mere assumptions and unsupported claims. Drivers of vehicles with perceived social status remain generally unmolested. Consequently, the deterrent effect of these activities is very low.[85]
In urban and residential areas, an overabundance of motorbikes exists due to the absence of any form of public transportation and taxi-cars. Drivers of motorbikes often do not wear helmets, drive indiscriminately on any side of the street and it is common to see motorbikes with more than two passengers or vehicles driven by children. Traffic lights are often ignored.[86] [87] In 2008, the government ordered the countrywide enforcement of the use of helmets, but the order was not thoroughly enforced.[88] [89] [90]
The central long-distance bus station for all transport business operators[91] is on National Highway 4 in the city's north-east near the Autonomous Port. Transport business operators maintain booking offices in the urban centers. Many companies compete with its buses' daily scheduled services.[92] Buses operate from the early morning until the afternoon plus a daily night-bus/sleeper.[93] Privately operated taxi stands for long-distance transportation are found at the central bus station, in the commercial urban center and the tourist center in the South.
The city does not have any form of public transportation. Local administration does issue transport licences for any individual of the informal urban transportation system of motor-taxis (moto-dups) and tuk-tuks. The system is not administered by authorities, as anybody can become a motor-taxi, or tuk-tuk driver. The overwhelming majority of drivers do not have knowledge of street names and/or numbers.[94]
Sihanouk International Airport (International Air Transport Association code KOS) was formerly called Kang Keng Airport (ព្រលានយន្តហោះ កង កេង), named after the Minister of Health of the Khmer Republican regime during the 1970s. The airport is in Ream Commune in central Sihanoukville Province. It lies close to National Highway 4, only around 500m (1,600feet) from Ream beach atop a former mangrove lagoon, just about 18km (11miles) from Sihanoukville City.
, there were close to 200 flights from China to Sihanoukville every week.[95]
The last daily national official Sihanoukville city–Krong Koh Kong marine ferry ceased its operation with the completion of National Highway 48 in 2007.
Koh Rong island and Koh Rong Sanloem island have daily ferry service.[96]
Marina Oceania, the first marina in Cambodia operational and fully equipped since 2013 for yachts and boats up to 25m (82feet) with 4to berths for 20 boats. It is at the local port's pier, near Koh Preab Island. (coordinates: 10°39'59"N / 103°30'41"E).[97]
See also: Rail transport in Cambodia.
The railway network of Cambodia was re-constructed for freight transport during the last years by Toll Holdings, which has obtained a building and maintenance concession from the Royal Cambodian Railway.[98] The "Southern line", constructed from 1960 to 1969 with a length of 2640NaN0, connects Sihanoukville Port Special Economic Zone with the capital Phnom Penh.
Currently a daily passenger train service runs from the station near the Autonomous Port used to manage passenger train transportation to Phnom Penh via Kampot
See also: Demographics of Cambodia.
The population of the city is apart from descendants of the indigenous inhabitants not older than three generations as the product of recent history, such as the Cambodian diaspora and Cambodian humanitarian crisis of and after the Pol Pot era. With the arrival of displaced refugees, in subsequent decades and centuries, a non-Khmer, mixed Asian population grew to a high percentage of the total population in the core population in urban areas. The 2008 census of Cambodia counted 89,846 inhabitants of Sihanoukville and approximately 66,700 in its urban center.[99]
| +Population Projections for Sihanoukville Province, 2008–2016[100] | |||||||||
| Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 229,205 | 235,095 | 241,154 | 247,355 | 253,654 | 260,034 | 266,470 | 272,933 | 279,419 |
| Male | 114,680 | 117,735 | 120,872 | 124,076 | 127,324 | 130,607 | 133,913 | 137,227 | 140,545 |
| Female | 114,525 | 117,360 | 120,282 | 123,279 | 126,330 | 129,427 | 132,557 | 135,706 | 138,874 |
| Annual Growth | 2.57 | 2.58 | 2.57 | 2.55 | 2.52 | 2.47 | 2.43 | 2.38 | |
| Sex Ratio | 100.1 | 100.3 | 100.5 | 100.6 | 100.9 | 101.0 | 101.1 | 101.2 | 101.3 |
| Median Age | 21.8 | 22.3 | 22.8 | 23.3 | 23.7 | 24.2 | 24.7 | 25.1 | 25.6 |
In addition to Khmer, ethnic groups like Vietnamese, Chinese, Cham, Thai, Korean, French, British, Europeans, Australians and Americans live in the urban area. Krong Preah Sihanouk has a relative high Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.750, compared to the national average HDI of 0.523.[101]
In late 2018, Channel News Asia estimated that the Chinese resident population of the province had risen to 78,000.[102]
The city's ethnic make up has changed with nearly 80,000 mainland Chinese workers, developers and investors accounting for 90% of the city's expat population as of 2019.[103] [104] Mandarin signage is increasingly replacing Khmer and English signage in the city. Sihanoukville is one of the major cities on China's One Belt One Road Initiative.
Some government hospitals and other health units have been rehabilitated so that they are autonomous entities, staffed with qualified personnel. At the same time, modern standard private clinics, including local and foreign service providers, are increasing in number and are competing with state-owned hospitals.[105]
Sanitation practices in rural Cambodia are often primitive. Water sources are often the same ones used for bathing, washing clothes, and disposing of waste products. Sewage disposal is nonexistent in most rural and suburban areas.[106]
Sihanoukville faces challenges related to crime, security and safety with the city frequently being the focus of scandals linked to serious organized crime, petty crime and corruption.[107] [108] The police force, especially the traffic police, have often been shown to be corrupt and ineffective in the city[109] and newspaper investigations have uncovered connections to organized crime and drug trafficking.[110]
Embassies and consular officials have issued cautionary statements about travel to Sihanoukville following gang disputes and a number of high-profile murders, rapes and robberies as well as a number of unexplained deaths of foreigners.[111] [112] [113]
Russian tycoon Sergei Polonsky was deported from Cambodia in May 2015[114] [115] to face embezzlement charges in Russia after years spent clashing with other Russians on the streets of Sihanoukville.[116] Doroshenko says that Oligarch Polonsky is trying to kill his family.[117]
See main article: Culture of Cambodia.
The majority of municipal inhabitants are of East Asian descent, which characterizes the pan-East Asian beliefs and ideas. Cambodian culture is of distinct ancient Khmer origin, accompanied by century-old moderate Chinese and Vietnamese cultural influences.[118] The citizens of Sihanoukville city celebrate Cambodian New Year (April), Chinese New Year (between January and February), Water Festival (November), Pchum Ben (honor to the ancestors in October), Kathen Ceremony (offerings to the monks), and 8January (Day of Cambodian – Vietnamese Friendship), among others under the ruling Cambodian People's Party (CPP).
Many urban families of Chinese or Sino-Khmer descent in Sihanoukville city have for most of Cambodia's history constituted the commercial elite and urban upper classes.[119] [120] There is a dedication to Confucian work ethics.[121] [122]
The city has around 150 regular hotels in all price-categories among an undisclosed number of guest-houses.[123]
As a tropical sea-side resort, Sihanoukville's night life is heavily influenced and characterized by the city's large number of beaches. All along the central tourist area between the Golden Lion Plaza and the Ochheuteal/Serendipity Beaches.[124] [125]
See also: Administrative divisions of Cambodia.
Sihanoukville is the capital city of Sihanoukville province and is governed by its deputy governor. Sihanoukville occupies the greater part of four of the five communes or Sangkat (Sangkat Muoy Commune, Sangkat Pi Commune, Sangkat Bei Commune, Sangkat Buon Commune) of Sihanoukville provinces' Mittakpheap District. The port has its own autonomous administration.[126] The Sangkats are divided into 19 villages.
| The communes of Mittakpheap District[127] | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISO Code | Commune | Romanization | Population | Sections | Urban | ||||||||||||||||
| 1801-1 | សង្កាត់ មួយ | Sangkat 1 | 37,440 | 3 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
| 1801-2 | សង្កាត់ ពីរ | Sangkat 2 | 25,142 | 3 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
| 1801-3 | ស្ទឹងហាវ បី | Sangkat 3 | 13,108 | 3 | Majority | ||||||||||||||||
| 1801-4 | សង្កាត់ បួន | Sangkat 4 | 13,108 | 6 | Majority | ||||||||||||||||
| 1801-5 | សង្កាត់ កោះរ៉ុង | Sangkat Koh Rong | 1,108 | 4 | No | ||||||||||||||||
See main article: Sihanoukville Autonomous Port. Sihanoukville Autonomous Port lies within Sangkat 1 with an area of around 124.76ha. The port is 18km (11miles) from the Kaong Kang Airport and 4km (02miles) from Sihanoukville town centre. Ships' passengers are allowed to visit Sihanoukville town. The terminal itself offers toilets, restaurants, food booths, ATMs and convenience store.
See also: Sihanoukville Province.
Kampong Seila district, which belonged to Koh Kong Province, was transferred to Sihanoukville Province in January 2009: "The administrative boundaries of Preah Sihanouk municipality and Koh Kong Province shall be adjusted by sub-dividing land from Kampong Seila District in whole and partial land of Sre Ambil District in Koh Kong Province to Preah Sihanouk municipality." Officials were assigned to create a national workshop—also in relation to other provinces—and perform administrative tasks.[128] The National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia refers in its most recent and preliminary studies to a successful integration of the district, including maps,[129] [130] although official statistics and numbers are expected to come with the next full report. Preah Sihanouk Province's new official domain has incorporated Kompong Seila District.[131]
See also: Buddhism in Cambodia and Religion in Cambodia.
Theravada Buddhism is the state religion in Cambodia, with the pagoda.[132] The most prominent pagodas in the city:
Sihanoukville city is also home to minor communities of other religions such as: Catholics, Muslims, Protestants and Taoists. Places of worship include:
See also: Education in Cambodia.
Public spending on education in Cambodia totaled 2.6% (of GDP) .[133] Cambodian general education is based on the national school curriculum that consists of:
The adult literacy rate in Sihanoukville is 95.37%.[135]
The city has experienced shortages of teachers[136] but the situation has improved during the last decade. The 2004 statistics show the following centers of education: 33 pre-schools with 1,670 children, 52 primary schools with 34,863 students, five colleges with 4,794 students; two high schools with 1,449 students; 10 vocational training schools with 961 students; and 13,728 students in private schools.
| Sihanoukville Educational Statistics 2004 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Institution | Schools | Classes | Classrooms | Students | Teachers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Preschool | 33 | 1670 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary school | 52 | 34863 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| College | 5 | 4794 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lycee | 2 | 1449 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vocational training | 10 | 961 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Private schools | 27 | 13,728 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sihanoukville Educational Statistics 2014[137] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Institution | Schools | Classes | Classrooms | Students | Teachers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preschool | 44 | 64 | 60 | 1715 | 72 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary school | 73 | 800 | 532 | 26212 | 778 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary school | 27 | 260 | 269 | 11889 | 725 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| College | 20 | 114 | 107 | 4577 | 318 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lycee | 7 | 155 | 153 | 7312 | 407 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lycees with grade 10–12 only | 1 | 31 | 31 | 1366 | 87 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sihanoukville is twinned with:
