| Potawatomi | |
| Nativename: | bodwéwadmimwen |
| States: | United States, Canada |
| Region: | Michigan, Oklahoma, Indiana, Wisconsin, Kansas, and southern Ontario, formerly Northeastern Illinois |
| Familycolor: | Algic |
| Fam1: | Algic |
| Fam2: | Algonquian |
| Fam3: | Ojibwe–Potawatomi |
| Script: | Latin (various alphabets), Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics |
| Iso3: | pot |
| Glotto: | pota1247 |
| Glottorefname: | Potawatomi |
| Lingua: | 62-ADA-dc (Potawatomi) |
| Map: | Lang Status 20-CR.svg |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Person: | Bodéwadmi(Neshnabé) |
| People: | Bodéwadmik(Neshnabék) |
| Language: | Bodwéwadmimwen(Neshnabémwen) |
Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie; in Potawatomi , , or ) is a Central Algonquian language. It was historically spoken by the Pottawatomi people who lived around the Great Lakes in what are now Michigan and Wisconsin in the United States, and in southern Ontario in Canada. Federally recognized tribes in Michigan and Oklahoma are working to revive the language.
Cecelia Miksekwe Jackson, one of the last surviving native speakers of Potawatomi, died in May 2011, at the age of 88. She was known for working to preserve and teach the language.[1]
Donald Neaseno Perrot, a native speaker who grew up in the Powers Bluff, Wisconsin, area, has a series of Potawatomi videos, a website, and books available to preserve the language.[2]
The federally recognized Pokégnek Bodéwadmik Pokagon Band of Potawatomi started a master-apprentice program in which a "language student (the language apprentice) will be paired with fluent Potawatomi speakers (the language masters)" in January 2013. In addition, classes in the Potawatomi language are available, including those at the Hannahville summer immersion camp,[3] with webcast instruction and videoconferencing.[4]
There are also free online language courses on Mango Languages from the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi,[5] released in October 2022.[6] and on Memrise from the Citizen Potawatomi Nation in Oklahoma.[7]
Potawatomi is a member of the Algonquian language family (itself a member of the larger Algic stock). It is usually classified as a Central Algonquian language, with languages such as Ojibwe, Cree, Menominee, Miami-Illinois, Shawnee and Fox. The label Central Algonquian signifies a geographic grouping rather than the group of languages descended from a common ancestor language within the Algonquian family. Of the Central languages, Potawatomi is most similar to Ojibwe, but it also has borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from the Sauk.
Generally, in developments since Indian Removal in the 19th century, Potawatomi has become differentiated in North America among separated populations. It is divided between Northern Potawatomi, spoken in Ontario, Canada; and Michigan and Wisconsin of the United States; and Southern Potawatomi, which is spoken in Kansas and Oklahoma, where certain Pottawatomi ancestors were removed who had formerly lived in Illinois and other areas east of the Mississippi River.[8]
Though no standard orthography has been agreed upon by the Potawatomi communities, the system most commonly used is the "Pedagogical System" developed by the Wisconsin Native American Languages Program (WNALP). As the name suggests, it was designed to be used in language teaching. The system is based on the Roman alphabet and is phonemic, with each letter or digraph representing a contrastive sound. The letters used are a b ch d e é g ' h i j k m n o p s sh t w y z zh.
In Kansas, a different system called BWAKA is used. It too is both based on the Roman alphabet and phonemic, with each letter or digraph representing a contrastive sound. The letters used are ' a b c d e e' g h i I j k m n o p s sh t u w y z zh.
The traditional system used in writing Potawatomi is a form of syllabic writing. Potawatomi, Ottawa, Sac, Fox and Winnebago communities all used it. Derived from the Roman alphabet, it resembles handwritten Roman text. However, unlike the Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics or the Cherokee alphabet, it has not yet been incorporated into the Unicode standards.
Each Potawatomi syllabic block in the system has at least two of the seventeen alphabetic letters, which consist of thirteen consonants and four vowels. Of the thirteen phonemic consonantal letters, the pronounced as //h//, written (1=A), is optional.
| l | b/p | |
| (lA) | (p) | |
| t | d/t | |
| (tA) | (t) | |
| tt | j/ch | |
| (ttA) | (ch) | |
| ĸ | g/k | |
| (ĸA) | (k) | |
| s | z/s | |
| (sA) | s | |
| sH | zh/sh | |
| (sHA) | (sh) | |
| m | m | |
| n | n | |
| q | gw/kw | |
| (qA) | (kw) | |
| g | g of "-ng" | |
| w | w | |
| y | y | |
| (none) | '/h | |
| (A) | (h) |
| a | a | |
| e | e (ë) (ê) | |
| e | é (ė) | |
| i | i | |
| o | o |
Here, the phonology of the Northern dialect is described, which differs somewhat from that of the Southern dialect, spoken in Kansas.
There are five vowel phonemes, four diphthongs, and nineteen consonant phonemes.
(é), which is often written as (e'), represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel, pronounced as /link/. (e) represents the schwa, pronounced as //ə//, which has several allophonic variants. Before pronounced as //n//, it becomes pronounced as /[ɪ]/; before pronounced as //kː//, pronounced as //k//, pronounced as //ʔ// and word-finally, it becomes pronounced as /[ʌ]/.
(o) is pronounced pronounced as //u// in Michigan and pronounced as //o// elsewhere. When it is in a closed syllable, it is pronounced pronounced as /[ʊ]/. There are also four diphthongs, pronounced as //ɛj ɛw əj əw//, spelled (éy éw ey ew). Phonemic pronounced as //əj əw// are realized as pronounced as /[ɪj ʌw]/.
Obstruents, as in many other Algonquian languages, do not have a voicing distinction per se but what is better termed a "strong"/"weak" distinction. "Strong" consonants, written as voiceless ((p t k kw)), are always voiceless, often aspirated, and longer in duration than the "weak" consonants, which are written as voiced ((b d g gw)) and are often voiced and are not aspirated. Nasals before another consonant become syllabic, and pronounced as //tː//, pronounced as //t//, and pronounced as //n// are dental: pronounced as /[t̪ː t̪ n̪]/.
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| High | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |
| Mid | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| Low | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |
| Bilabial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occlusive | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Sonorant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
Lenis type consonants can frequently be voiced in various surroundings as pronounced as /[b d dʒ ɡ ɡʷ]/ for plosives and affricates, and pronounced as /[z ʒ]/ for fricatives.[9]
Potawatomi has six parts of speech: noun, verb, pronoun, prenoun, preverb, and particle.[10]
There are two main types of pronoun: personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. As nouns and verbs use inflection to describe anaphoric reference, the main use of the free pronouns is for emphasis.
Personal pronouns, because of vowel syncope, resemble those of Odaawaa but structurally resemble more those in the Swampy Cree language:
| nmaji | majiyan | ||
| gmaji | majiyen | ||
| maji(wak) | majit | ||
| majin | majinet | ||
| nmajimen | majiyak | ||
| gmajimen | majiygo | ||
| gmajim | majiyék | ||
| majik | majiwat |
The relatively-recent split from Ojibwe makes Potawatomi still exhibit strong correspondences, especially with the Odaawaa (Ottawa) dialect.
| Fiero Double Vowel System | Rhodes Double Vowel System | Potawatomi WNALP System | Potawatomi BWAKA System | IPA Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a (unstressed) | (none) | (none) | (none)/u | ∅ | ||||
| a (stressed) | a (stressed) | e (ë) | e/u | pronounced as /ə/ | ||||
| aa | aa | a | a/o | pronounced as /a~ʌ/ | ||||
| b | b | b | b/p | pronounced as /b/ | ||||
| ch | ch | ch | c | pronounced as /tʃ/ | ||||
| d | d | d | d/t | pronounced as /d/ | ||||
| e (secondary stress) | e (secondary stress) | e (ė) | e | pronounced as /ə/ | ||||
| e (primary stress) | e (primary stress) | é/e' | e' | pronounced as /ɛ/ | ||||
| g | g | g | g/k | pronounced as /ɡ/ | ||||
| gi (unstressed) | g | j | j/ch | pronounced as /dʒ/ | ||||
| g | g | j (from gy*) | j/c (from gy*) | pronounced as /dʒ/ | ||||
| align="center" | -g | align="center" | -g | align="center" | -k | align="center" | -k | pronounced as /k/ |
| h | h | h | h | pronounced as /h/ | ||||
| ' | h | ' | ' | pronounced as /ʔ/ | ||||
| i (unstressed) | (none) | (none) | (none)/I | ∅ | ||||
| i (stressed) | i (stressed) | e | e/I | pronounced as /ə/ | ||||
| ii | ii | i | i | pronounced as /ɪ/ | ||||
| j | j | j | j/ch | pronounced as /dʒ/ | ||||
| k | k | k | k | pronounced as /k/ | ||||
| ki (unstressed) | k | ch | c | pronounced as /tʃ/ | ||||
| k | k | ch (from ky*) | c (from ky*) | pronounced as /tʃ/ | ||||
| m | m | m | m | pronounced as /m/ | ||||
| mb | mb | mb | mb | pronounced as /mb/ | ||||
| (not from PA *n) n/(none) | n/(none) | n/y | n/y | pronounced as /n~j/ | ||||
| (from PA *n) n | n | n | n | pronounced as /n/ | ||||
| nd | nd | nd/d | nd/d | pronounced as /nd~d/ | ||||
| ng | ng | ng/g | ng/g | pronounced as /ŋɡ~ɡ/ | ||||
| nj | nj | nj/j | nj/j | pronounced as /ndʒ~dʒ/ | ||||
| ns | ns | s | s | pronounced as /s/ | ||||
| nz | nz | z | z | pronounced as /z/ | ||||
| ny/-nh | ny/-nh | (none) | (none) | ∅ | ||||
| nzh | nzh | zh | zh | pronounced as /ʒ/ | ||||
| o (unstressed) | (none)/w/o (unstressed) | (none)/w/o/e | (none)/w/o/e | pronounced as /∅~w~o~ʊ~ə/ | ||||
| o (stressed) | o (stressed) | o (ê) | o | pronounced as /o~ʊ/ | ||||
| oo | oo | o | o | pronounced as /o/ | ||||
| p | p | p | p | pronounced as /p/ | ||||
| s | s | s | s | pronounced as /s/ | ||||
| sh | sh | sh | sh | pronounced as /ʃ/ | ||||
| shk | shk | shk | shk | pronounced as /ʃk/ | ||||
| shp | shp | shp | shp | pronounced as /ʃp/ | ||||
| sht | sht | sht | sht | pronounced as /ʃt/ | ||||
| sk | sk | sk | sk | pronounced as /sk/ | ||||
| t | t | t | t | pronounced as /t/ | ||||
| w | w/(none) | w/(none) | w/(none) | pronounced as /w~∅/ | ||||
| wa (unstressed) | wa (unstressed)/o | w/o | w/o | pronounced as /w~o~ʊ/ | ||||
| waa (unstressed) | waa (unstressed)/oo | wa/o | wa/o | pronounced as /wa~o~ʊ/ | ||||
| wi (unstressed) | wi (unstressed)/o | w/o | w/o | pronounced as /w~o~ʊ/ | ||||
| y | y | y (initial glide) | y (initial glide) | pronounced as /j/ | ||||
| (none) | (none) | y (medial glide) | y (medial glide) | pronounced as /j/ | ||||
| z | z | z | z/s | pronounced as /z/ | ||||
| zh | zh | zh | zh/sh | pronounced as /ʒ/ |