Post-mortem interval explained

The post-mortem interval (PMI) is the time that has elapsed since an individual's death.^[1] When the time of death is not known, the interval may be estimated, and so an approximate time of death established. Postmortem interval estimations can range from hours, to days or even years depending on the type of evidence present.^[2] There are standard medical and scientific techniques supporting such an estimation.

Examination of body and scene of death

Changes to a body occurring after death (post-mortem changes) include:

• Algor mortis: body cooling;
• Livor mortis: settling of blood in the lowest-placed parts of the body;
• Rigor mortis: stiffening of limbs.

Conditions at the scene of death affect the estimation of time of death. To algor mortis, livor mortis and rigor mortis, together with consideration of stomach contents, there needs to be some observation of environmental conditions at the death scene to accurately measure the PMI (Fig. 1).^[3] Factors that can affect the rate of human decomposition are concerned with the particular environment a body has been recovered from. Bodies can be found anywhere from terrestrial to aquatic environments, each possessing their own variables that can alter interval estimations. Along with common factors of temperature, humidity and element exposure, body habitus and clothing are an example of a component that can affect the rate of cooling of the body, and so its rate of decomposition.^[4] A very approximate rule of thumb for estimating the postmortem interval is as follows:^[5]

• Warm and flaccid: less than 3 hours
• Warm and stiff: 3 to 8 hours
• Cold and stiff: 8 to 36 hours
• Cold and flaccid: More than 36 hours.

Due to significant environmental variations between regions, universal formulas would be ill-suited for this topic in forensic science.^[6]

Analytical techniques

There are analytical techniques that can be used to determine the post-mortem interval:

• Forensic entomology: insect (especially blowfly) activity on the corpse.
• Forensic botany: Plant and soil effects on the process of decomposition.
• Forensic pathology: Cause of death determination and subsequent postmortem changes
• Ocular changes: vitreous chemistry composition,^[7] eye structural changes.^[8]
• State or stage of decomposition: autolysis (process of self-digestion) and putrefaction (process caused by bacteria found within the body).^[9]

More advanced methods include DNA quantification,^[10] infrared spectroscopy,^[11] and for buried individuals changes in soil composition such as the levels of methane,^[12] phosphates and nitrates,^[13] ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen,^[14] volatile organic compounds,^[15] and water conductivity,^[16] could also reveal the time of death.

Notes and References

1. Book: Forensic entomology: the utility of arthropods in legal investigations . 2009 . Taylor & Francis . Jason H. Byrd . James L. Castner . 978-0-8493-9215-3 . 2nd . Boca Raton . 144565878.
2. Book: 2013-10-08 . Pokines . James . Symes . Steven A. . Manual of Forensic Taphonomy . 10.1201/b15424. 9781439878439 . 132436926 .
3. Book: Dix . Jay . Graham . Michael . Time of Death, Decomposition and Identification: An Atlas . 7 December 1999 . CRC Press . 978-1-4200-4828-5 . 1 . en.
4. Book: FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . 1973 . Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice . 12 . en.
5. Book: Senior, T . Forensic ecogenomics : the application of microbial ecology analyses in forensic contexts . Academic Press . London, United Kingdom San Diego, CA . 2018 . 978-0-12-809360-3 . 1023028365.
6. Cockle . Diane L. . Bell . Lynne S. . 2015-08-01 . Human decomposition and the reliability of a 'Universal' model for post mortem interval estimations . Forensic Science International . en . 253 . 136.e1–136.e9 . 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.05.018 . 26092190 . 0379-0738.
7. A New Model for the Estimation of Time of Death from Vitreous Potassium Levels Corrected for Age and Temperature . B.. Zilg. S.. Bernard. K.. Alkass. S.. Berg. H.. Druid. 17 July 2015. 254. 158–166. 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.020. 26232848. Forensic Science International. 10616/44849. free.
8. De-Giorgio . Fabio . Grassi . Simone . d'Aloja . Ernesto . Pascali . Vincenzo L. . 2021-05-01 . Post-mortem ocular changes and time since death: Scoping review and future perspective . Legal Medicine . en . 50 . 101862 . 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101862 . 33610931 . 231988953 . 1344-6223.
9. Butzbach . Danielle M. . 2010-03-01 . The influence of putrefaction and sample storage on post-mortem toxicology results . Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology . en . 6 . 1 . 35–45 . 10.1007/s12024-009-9130-8 . 19946767 . 32152746 . 1556-2891.
10. 21542228 . 2011 . Lin . X . Yin . YS . Ji . Q . Progress on DNA Quantification in Estimation of Postmortem Interval . 27 . 1 . 47–9, 53 . Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi.
11. 20707280 . 2010 . Huang . P . Tuo . Y . Wang . ZY . Review on Estimation of Postmortem Interval Using FTIR Spectroscopy . 26 . 3 . 198–201 . Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi.
12. 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.12.002 . 2015 . Davla . M . Moore . TR . Kalacska . M . LeBlanc . G . Costopoulos . A . Nitrous Oxide, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Dynamics from Experimental Pig Graves . 247 . 41–47 . Forensic Science International . 25544693.
13. 10.3997/1873-0604.2004010 . 2004 . Senos Matias . MJ . An Investigation into the Use of Geophysical Methods in the Study of Aquifer Contamination by Graveyards . 2 . 3 . 131–136 . Near Surface Geophysics . 2004NSGeo...2..131S .
14. 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.08.016 . 19773138 . 2009 . Van Belle . LE . Carter . DO . Forbes . SL . Measurement of Ninhydrin Reactive Nitrogen Influx into Gravesoil during Aboveground and Belowground Carcass (Sus domesticus) Decomposition . 193 . 1–3 . 37–41 . Forensic Science International.
15. 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.06.006 . 2012 . Vass . A . Odor Mortis . 222 . 1–3 . 234–241 . Forensic Science International . 22727573 .
16. 10.1111/1556-4029.12802 . 26190264 . 2015 . Pringle . JK . Cassella . JP . Jervis . JR . Williams . A . Cross . P . Cassidy . NJ . Soilwater Conductivity Analysis to Date and Locate Clandestine Graves of Homicide Victims . 60 . 4 . 1052–1061 . Journal of Forensic Sciences. 12082791 .