Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Michigan explained

The Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign launched numerous lawsuits contesting the election processes of Michigan. All of these were either dismissed or dropped.

Summary of post-election lawsuits

Michigan post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election!First filing date!Case!Court!Docket no(s).!Outcome!Comments!References
Donald J. Trump for President v. BensonMichigan Court of Appeals20-000225-MZDismissedLawsuit brought by the Trump Campaign that attempted to stop the counting of absentee ballots in Michigan. Dismissed by court of claims.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Donald J. Trump for President v. BensonU.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan1:20-cv-01083DroppedTrump lawsuit claiming fraud in the Wayne County election. The suit sought to halt the certification of election results in Wayne County and statewide.Voluntarily dismissed.[7] [8] [9] [10]
Stoddard v. City Election Commission of the City of DetroitMichigan Third Judicial Circuit Court20-014604-CZDismissedA motion for preliminary injunctive relief during the interim was denied by Judge Timothy M Kenny stating that the "...Plaintiffs have made only a claim but have offered no evidence to support their assertions." at the time the motion was filed.[11]
Bally v. WhitmerU.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan1:20-cv-01088DroppedPlaintiffs sought to exclude all votes from Wayne, Washtenaw and Ingham Counties from Michigan's certified vote count.Voluntarily dismissed.[12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
Costantino v. DetroitMichigan Supreme Court162245RuledPlaintiffs alleged election fraud, seeking to prevent the election results of Detroit and Wayne County from being certified. State trial court denied motion for injunction and issued a dispositive ruling; state court of appeals denied application for leave to appeal and peremptory relief.The state Supreme Court issued a dispositive ruling that the case was moot since the Board had already certified the election results.

Dispositive Ruling as moot

[17] [18] [19] [20]
Johnson v. BensonMichigan Supreme CourtLansing, Michigan162286Dismissed
Johnson v. BensonUnited States District Court for the Western District of Michigan1:20-cv-01098DroppedVoluntarily dismissed.[21] [22]
King v. WhitmerU.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan2:20-cv-13134-LVP-RSWDismissedDecember 7, 2020: Emergency Motion for Declaratory, Emergency, and Permanent Injunctive Relief deniedAppealed to the 6th Circuit.

Petition to the Supreme Court of the United States for writ of certiorari filed.

[23] [24] [25] [26]
Genetski v. BensonState of Michigan Court of Claims20-000216-MMRuledMarch 9, 2021: Absentee ballot application signature verification process implemented by Secretary of State Benson is invalid due to not having gone through the formal rule-making process.

[27] [28]

Bailey v. Antrim County

On November 23, 2020, William Bailey filed a lawsuit against Antrim County in Circuit Court and was represented by Matthew DePerno, who later would run as the Republican nominee for Attorney General. The case was about the election results of a proposed local ordinance in the Village of Central Lake, where a damaged ballot could not be scanned.[29] [30] Judge Kevin Elsenheimer issued a temporary restraining order for a forensic exam of the county's voting machines[31] and allowed Michigan Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson to intervene in the case.[32] Subsequently, DePerno published the forensic exam report by Russ Ramsland, who was a Republican congressional nominee.[33] [34]

On December 14, Michigan's top election officials denounced Ramsland's 23-page report.[35] In a Senate hearing, Chris Krebs testified as Trump's appointed Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and described Ramsland's report as "factually inaccurate".[36] Another Trump-appointee, William Barr called Ramsland's conclusions out as "nonsense".[37]

On May 25, 2021, the Circuit Court dismissed plaintiff's claims as moot because the plaintiff has no right under Michigan law for proposed damages in the matter. Higher courts, including the Michigan Supreme Court, have affirmed the Circuit Court's decision to dismiss.[38] Antrim County also performed a hand recount of every single ballot to verify the county's certified election results.[39]

Bally v. Whitmer

On November 11, 2020, registered voters in Michigan sued state officials, including Governor Gretchen Whitmer, in federal district court. The voters alleged a variety of irregularities, including the exclusion of poll watchers from the canvassing process, and asked that votes from Wayne, Ingham, and Washtenaw Counties not be counted. The complaint cited similar cases Costantino v. Benson and Trump v. Benson. On November 16, the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed the suit.[12] [40] [41] [15] [16]

Costantino v. Detroit

On November 9, Republican poll challengers filed a lawsuit in Wayne County Circuit Court against Detroit election officials, alleging fraud and misconduct during the vote count at TCF Center and asking for the court to stop the certification of Wayne County results.[17] Chief Judge Timothy M. Kenny denied the petition, finding the "[p]laintiffs’ interpretation of events is incorrect and not credible."[9] The judge stated that the plaintiffs did not fully comprehend the "TCF absent ballot tabulation process" because they failed to attend a familiarization session on October 29.[18] The plaintiffs appealed to the state's court of appeals, which declined to hear the case;[19] on November 23, the Michigan Supreme Court also declined to hear the case.[20]

Donald J. Trump for President v. Benson (state court)

The Trump campaign filed suit in Michigan State Court on November 4 against Michigan Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson,[42] claiming its election observers were not allowed to view the ballot count, as required by Michigan law, and asking the court to stop the counting of votes.[3] [5]

On November 6, Judge Cynthia Stephens denied the request,[2] noting in her ruling that the "essence of the count is completed, and the relief is completely unavailable".[1] The judge also noted the official complaint did not state "why", "when, where, or by whom" an election observer was allegedly blocked from observing ballot-counting in Michigan.[43]

Donald J. Trump for President v. Benson (federal court)

On November 11, 2020, the Trump campaign filed suit[44] in federal district court against Michigan Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson. The campaign asked the court to block Michigan's certification of the vote, repeating allegations found in Constantino v. Detroit. The campaign provided hundreds of pages of affidavits[45] from poll challengers that "described isolated grievances and perceived irregularities, not systemic fraud." On November 19, the Trump campaign voluntarily dismissed the case.[46]

Johnson v. Benson (federal court)

On November 16, 2020, registered voters and poll challengers from Michigan sued Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson in federal district court. The plaintiffs claimed the secretary enabled fraud on election day, and asked to block certification of the vote results until an audit could be performed. On November 18, the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed the suit.[21] [22]

Johnson v. Benson (state court)

On November 26, 2020, the Amistad Project[47] filed Angelic Johnson, et al. v. Jocelyn Benson, et al. as an extraordinary writ[48] in the Michigan State Supreme Court.

King v. Whitmer

On November 25, 2020, a group of voters filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court Eastern District of Michigan against Gretchen Whitmer, the Governor of Michigan, and other state officials. The plaintiffs alleged a variety of violations of the Election Code and as a remedy, asked the court to decertify the state's election results or certify them for Trump.[49] [50] This was one of the 'Kraken' cases litigated by conservative lawyer Sidney Powell.[51]

On December 7, Judge Linda V. Parker denied the plaintiffs requested relief, saying it "greatly harms the public interest" and that the "ship has sailed." Parker further stated that the plaintiffs only offered "theories, conjecture, and speculation" of potential vote switching. The judge felt that the plaintiffs’ real motive for filing the case was not to win, but to shake "people's faith in the democratic process and their trust in our government."[52] [53]

On December11, the plaintiffs filed a petition for a writ of certiorari at the Supreme Court of the United States. This petition was denied.[54]

The city and state asked the court for sanctions against the plaintiff's lawyers. The court ordered the plaintiff and their lawyers to be jointly and severely liable for the city and state's legal fees, and ordered that plaintiff's counsel attend legal education courses. The court also ordered a copy of the decision be sent to the disciplinary authority of each lawyer's bar association for investigation and possible suspension or disbarment.[55]

Stoddard v. City Election Comm'n of the City of Detroit

The conservative group Election Integrity Fund filed a lawsuit in the Third Judicial Circuit of Michigan asking for a motion of injunctive relief ordering Detroit election workers to stop "curing" absentee ballots.[56] Chief Judge Timothy Kenny denied the motion for injunctive relief on November 6,[57] finding that the plaintiffs did "not offer any affidavits or specific eyewitness evidence to substantiate their assertions... Plaintiffs' allegation is mere speculation. Plaintiffs' pleadings do not set forth a cause of action."[58] The judge noted that "sinister, fraudulent motives" were alleged, but that the "plaintiffs' interpretation of events is incorrect and not credible".[59] Following Kenny's ruling, Dana Nessel, Michigan's attorney general, issued a statement saying Michigan has "always been committed to a fair, transparent[,] and secure election that ensures every legal vote is counted".[60]

See also

Michigan prosecution of fake electors

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Davis. Tina. November 7, 2020. Trump's Election Lawsuits: Where the Fights Are Playing Out. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052204/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/trumps-election-lawsuits-where-the-fights-are-playing-out. November 16, 2020. November 10, 2020. Bloomberg Law.
  2. Web site: Tillman. Zoe. November 5, 2020. Judges Are Rejecting Trump's False Claims Of Shady Poll Practices After Looking At The Evidence. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052249/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zoetillman/trump-false-claims-election-judges-reject-court-challenges. November 16, 2020. November 11, 2020. Buzzfeed News.
  3. Web site: Parks. Miles. November 10, 2020. Trump Election Lawsuits Have Mostly Failed. Here's What They Tried. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052241/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/10/933112418/the-trump-campaign-has-had-almost-no-legal-success-this-month-heres-what-they-ve. November 16, 2020. November 11, 2020. NPR.
  4. Web site: November 4, 2020. Donald J. Trump and Eric Ostergren v. Jocelyn Benson. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052312/https://courts.michigan.gov/Courts/COC/Documents/20201104%20Sum%20Cmplnt.pdf. November 16, 2020. November 10, 2020. State of Michigan.
  5. Web site: Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052241/https://www.scotusblog.com/election-litigation/trump-v-benson/. November 16, 2020. November 10, 2020. SCOTUSblog.
  6. News: Herb. Jeremy. Polantz. Katelyn. November 7, 2020. 'Democracy plain and simple': How the 2020 election defied fraud claims and pandemic fears. CNN. live. November 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052241/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/06/politics/us-election-process-success/index.html. November 16, 2020.
  7. Abramson. Alana. Abrams. Abigail. November 9, 2020. Here Are All the Lawsuits the Trump Campaign Has Filed Since Election Day—And Why Most Are Unlikely to Go Anywhere. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052204/https://time.com/5908505/trump-lawsuits-biden-wins/. November 16, 2020. November 10, 2020. Time.
  8. Web site: Docket for Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson, 1:20-cv-01083. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052154/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/18619867/donald-j-trump-for-president-inc-v-jocelyn-benson/. November 16, 2020. November 15, 2020. CourtListener. en-us.
  9. News: Bazelon. Emily. November 14, 2020. Trump Is Not Doing Well With His Election Lawsuits. Here's a Rundown.. The New York Times. live. November 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052312/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/us/politics/trump-election-lawsuits.html. November 16, 2020. 0362-4331.
  10. Web site: Voluntary Dismissal of Case – #33 in Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson (W.D. Mich., 1:20-cv-01083) – CourtListener.com. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201120032056/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/18619867/33/donald-j-trump-for-president-inc-v-benson/. November 20, 2020. November 19, 2020. CourtListener. en-us.
  11. https://www.democracydocket.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/2020/11/Stoddard-et-al-v-City-Election-Commission-et-al-11-06-2020.pdf Stoddard v. City Election Commission
  12. Web site: Williams. Pete. November 23, 2020. Trump's election fight includes over 40 lawsuits. It's not going well.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201205212619/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/trump-s-election-fight-includes-over-30-lawsuits-it-s-n1248289. December 5, 2020. November 23, 2020. NBC News. en.
  13. Web site: Post Election Litigation Update. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052146/https://healthyelections.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/Post-Election_Litigation_Update.pdf. November 16, 2020. HealthyElections.org.
  14. Web site:
    1. 14 in Bally v. Whitmer (W.D. Mich., 1:20-cv-01088) – CourtListener.com
    . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201118210552/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/18620198/14/bally-v-whitmer/. November 18, 2020. November 16, 2020. CourtListener. en-us.
  15. Web site: November 16, 2020. Lawsuit dropped against Gov. Whitmer over alleged voting irregularities in Wayne, Ingham and Washtenaw counties. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116185522/https://www.fox17online.com/news/election-2020/lawsuit-dropped-against-gov-whitmer-over-alleged-voting-irregularities-in-wayne-ingham-and-washtenaw-counties. November 16, 2020. November 17, 2020. WXMI. en.
  16. Web site: Bally v. Whitmer. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125234901/https://healthyelections-case-tracker.stanford.edu/detail?id=374. November 25, 2020. November 25, 2020. Stanford-MIT Healthy Elections Project.
  17. Web site: Costantino v. Detroit. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201127164653/https://healthyelections-case-tracker.stanford.edu/detail?id=367. November 27, 2020. November 27, 2020. Stanford-MIT Healthy Elections Project.
  18. News: Voreacos. David. November 13, 2020. Michigan Judge Ends Trump Backers' Bid to Toss Detroit Votes. Bloomberg News. live. November 16, 2020. https://archive.today/20201113194657/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-13/michigan-judge-denies-trump-backers-bid-to-toss-detroit-votes. November 13, 2020.
  19. Web site: Hendrickson. Clara. November 16, 2020. Michigan Court of Appeals rejects appeal in lawsuit seeking to delay Wayne County election certification. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201123221615/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/11/16/court-appeals-wont-delay-wayne-county-election-certification/6319951002/. November 23, 2020. November 25, 2020. Detroit Free Press. en-US.
  20. Web site: Hendrickson. Clara. November 23, 2020. Mich. Supreme Court rejects appeal, but 2 justices urge looking into election fraud claims. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125104942/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/11/23/michigan-supreme-court-justices-reject-appeal-examine-election-fraud-claims/6401370002/. November 25, 2020. November 25, 2020. Detroit Free Press. en-US.
  21. News: Quinn. Melissa. November 21, 2020. Where the Trump campaign and Republican election-related lawsuits stand. en-US. CBS News. live. November 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201126174908/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/election-lawsuits-trump-republicans-pennsylvania-georgia-michigan-nevada-wisconsin/. November 26, 2020.
  22. Web site: Johnson v. Benson II. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125234902/https://healthyelections-case-tracker.stanford.edu/detail?id=384. November 25, 2020. November 27, 2020. Stanford-MIT Healthy Elections Project.
  23. News: Aarons. Tony. November 26, 2020. Ex-Trump Lawyer Sidney Powell Files Election Suits in '' Court. en. Bloomberg.com. live. November 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201127115202/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-26/ex-trump-lawyer-files-election-lawsuits-in-distrcoict-court. November 27, 2020.
  24. Web site: November 25, 2020. King v. Whitmer. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201126053616/https://defendingtherepublic.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Michigan-Complaint.pdf. November 26, 2020. November 25, 2020.
  25. Web site: Parker. Linda V.. Linda Vivienne Parker. December 7, 2020. Civil Case No. 20-13134. courtlistener.com. December 21, 2020. December 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201207120514/https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mied.350905/gov.uscourts.mied.350905.62.0_1.pdf. live.
  26. Web site: December 11, 2020. Petition for Writ of Certiorari Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a), On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. King v. Whitmer. democracydocket.com. December 21, 2020. December 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201222013402/https://www.democracydocket.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/2020/11/Petition-Michigan-.pdf. live.
  27. News: Michigan. Michigan. March 16, 2021. Court invalidates Michigan rule on how to verify absentee ballot application signatures. en. mlive.com. March 16, 2021.
  28. Web site: March 16, 2021. Michigan Court of Claims ruling on absentee ballot application signature verification.
  29. William Bailey v. Antrim County. 13th Circuit Court, MI. http://online.co.grand-traverse.mi.us/iprodp/cccivild.cgi?casekey=00000219805.
  30. Book: Bowden . Mark . Teague . Matthew . The Steal: The Attempt to Overturn the 2020 Election and the People Who Stopped It . January 16, 2024 . Atlantic Monthly Press . New York, NY . 978-0-8021-5996-0 . 156 . e-book . September 28, 2023.
  31. News: December 6, 2020. Judge orders forensic exam of county's election equipment. Associated Press. live. December 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201209073223/https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-michigan-marijuana-26c30644d77014e2cb9d75020e99c25b. December 9, 2020.
  32. News: LeBlanc. Beth. December 10, 2020. Northern Michigan judge gives Benson OK to intervene in Antrim County election case. The Detroit News. live. December 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201213105428/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2020/12/10/judge-gives-benson-ok-intervene-antrim-county-election-case/3880872001/. December 13, 2020.
  33. Web site: Ramsland. Russell. December 13, 2020. https://depernolaw.com/uploads/2/7/0/2/27029178/antrim_michigan_forensics_report_[121320_v2_[redacted].pdf Allied Security Operations Group, Antrim Michigan Forensics Report]. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201214151209/https://depernolaw.com/uploads/2/7/0/2/27029178/antrim_michigan_forensics_report_[121320]_v2_[redacted].pdf. December 14, 2020. December 15, 2020.
  34. News: Egan. Paul. December 14, 2020. Judge orders release of report examining Antrim County vote tabulators. Detroit Free Press. live. December 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201214201053/https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/12/14/judge-orders-release-report-examining-antrim-county-vote-tabulators/6537004002/. December 14, 2020.
  35. News: Mauger. Craig. December 14, 2020. Michigan election officials slam report on votes in Antrim County. The Detroit News. live. December 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201215014154/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2020/12/14/michigan-judge-allows-release-report-antrim-county-voting/6537394002/. December 15, 2020.
  36. News: Link . Mardi . Antrim County, Mich., Tied to Election Fraud Claim Strategy . September 28, 2023 . The Record-Eagle . Government Technology . January 6, 2022.
  37. News: Schuster . Simon . Jan. 6 committee cast Michigan in major role as Trump sought to overturn election . September 28, 2023 . MLive Media Group . December 29, 2022.
  38. Web site: Michigan Antrim County 2020 Election Results Challenge . Democracy Docket . November 23, 2020 . September 28, 2023.
  39. Web site: 2020-12-18 . Final numbers from Antrim County audit continue to affirm accuracy of election results . 2024-04-24 . Michigan Dept. of State.
  40. Web site: Post Election Litigation Update. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052146/https://healthyelections.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/Post-Election_Litigation_Update.pdf. November 16, 2020. HealthyElections.org.
  41. Web site:
    1. 14 in Bally v. Whitmer (W.D. Mich., 1:20-cv-01088) – CourtListener.com
    . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201118210552/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/18620198/14/bally-v-whitmer/. November 18, 2020. November 16, 2020. CourtListener. en-us.
  42. Web site: November 4, 2020. Donald J. Trump and Eric Ostergren v. Jocelyn Benson. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052312/https://courts.michigan.gov/Courts/COC/Documents/20201104%20Sum%20Cmplnt.pdf. November 16, 2020. November 10, 2020. State of Michigan.
  43. News: Herb. Jeremy. Polantz. Katelyn. November 7, 2020. 'Democracy plain and simple': How the 2020 election defied fraud claims and pandemic fears. CNN. live. November 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052241/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/06/politics/us-election-process-success/index.html. November 16, 2020.
  44. Web site: Docket for Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson, 1:20-cv-01083. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052323/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/18619867/donald-j-trump-for-president-inc-v-jocelyn-benson/. November 16, 2020. November 15, 2020. CourtListener. en-us.
  45. Web site: Exhibit 1 – #1, Att. #2 in Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. v. Benson (W.D. Mich., 1:20-cv-01083). live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052911/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/18619867/1/2/donald-j-trump-for-president-inc-v-benson/. November 16, 2020. November 16, 2020. CourtListener. en-us.
  46. Web site: Donald J. Trump for President Inc. v. Benson. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201209161450/https://healthyelections-case-tracker.stanford.edu/detail?id=371. December 9, 2020. December 9, 2020. Stanford-MIT Healthy Elections Project.
  47. News: Jaehnig. Graham. November 24, 2020. Amistad Project continues battle over voter integrity. The Daily Mining Gazette. live. November 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201127021712/https://www.mininggazette.com/news/2020/11/amistad-project-continues-to-battle-voter-integrity/. November 27, 2020.
  48. Angelic Johnson, et. al. v. Jocelyn Benson, et. al.. Michigan State Supreme Court. 2020. https://got-freedom.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Motion-for-Immediate-Consideration.pdf.
  49. Web site: November 25, 2020. King v. Whitmer. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201126053616/https://defendingtherepublic.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Michigan-Complaint.pdf. November 26, 2020. November 25, 2020.
  50. Web site: King v. Whitmer. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201209163222/https://healthyelections-case-tracker.stanford.edu/detail?id=410. December 9, 2020. December 9, 2020. Stanford-MIT Healthy Elections Project.
  51. News: Larson. Erik. David. Tina. December 7, 2020. Sidney Powell's 'Kraken' Suits Fail in Michigan and Georgia. Bloomberg News. December 8, 2020.
  52. Web site: Parker. Linda V.. Linda Vivienne Parker. December 7, 2020. Civil Case No. 20-13134. courtlistener.com. December 21, 2020. December 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201207120514/https://www.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mied.350905/gov.uscourts.mied.350905.62.0_1.pdf. live.
  53. News: Mauger. Craig. December 7, 2020. Federal judge upholds Michigan election: 'The people have spoken'. The Detroit News. December 8, 2020.
  54. Web site: Search - Supreme Court of the United States.
  55. https://www.michigan.gov/documents/ag/172_opinion__order_King_733786_7.pdf
  56. Web site: Hicks. Mark. November 5, 2020. Election challenger suit seeks halt to Detroit absentee vote count. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052310/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2020/11/05/election-challenger-suit-halt-detroit-absentee-vote-count/6181615002/. November 16, 2020. November 10, 2020. The Detroit News.
  57. Web site: November 6, 2020. Stoddard, et.al. v City Election Commission of the City of Detroit, et.al. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052213/https://www.michigan.gov/documents/ag/Stoddard_et_al_v_City_Election_Commission_et_al_-_11-06-2020_707182_7.pdf. November 16, 2020. November 10, 2020. State of Michigan.
  58. https://www.democracydocket.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/2020/11/Stoddard-et-al-v-City-Election-Commission-et-al-11-06-2020.pdf Stoddard v. City Election Commission
  59. News: Caputo. Marc. November 13, 2020. 'Purely outlandish stuff': Trump's legal machine grinds to a halt. Politico. live. November 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052246/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/13/trump-legal-team-cases-dropped-436492. November 16, 2020.
  60. Web site: November 6, 2020. 3rd Circuit Court Ruling Notes Fair Ballot Counting in Michigan. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116052245/https://www.michigan.gov/ag/0,4534,7-359-92297_47203-544667--,00.html. November 16, 2020. November 10, 2020. Attorney General of the State of Michigan.

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