City walls of Athens explained

The city of Athens, capital of modern Greece, has had different sets of city walls from the Bronze Age to the early 19th century. The city walls of Athens include:

• the Mycenaean Cyclopean fortifications of the Acropolis of Athens
• the Pelasgic wall at the foot of the Acropolis
• the so-called "Archaic Wall", whose existence and course are debated by scholars^[1]
• the Themistoclean Wall, built in 479 BC, the main city wall during Antiquity, restored and rebuilt several times (under Conon, Demosthenes, Demetrios Poliorketes, etc.)
• the Long Walls, built in the 460s and 440s BC, connecting Athens with its ports at Piraeus and Phaleron
• the Protocheisma, a second wall built in front of the Themistoclean Wall in 338 BC as an extra defence against the Macedonians
• the Diateichisma, built in the 280s BC as a second line of defence against Macedonian-held Piraeus
• the Valerian Wall, built in, partly along the lines of older walls, partly as a new fortification, to protect the city against barbarian attacks
• the Herulian (or Post-Herulian) Wall, a much smaller circuit built in, enclosing the centre of the ancient city following its sack by the Heruli in 267 AD
• the Rizokastro, built in the 13th century around the Acropolis^[2]
• the Wall of Haseki, constructed in 1778 by the Ottoman governor of Athens, Hadji Ali Haseki

Gates

• Dipylon
• Sacred Gate

Sources

• Book: Judeich, Walther . Walther Judeich . Topographie von Athen . 2nd . German . Beck . Munich . 1931 .
• Book: Rous . Sarah A. . Reset in Stone: Memory and Reuse in Ancient Athens . 2019 . . 978-0-299-32280-9 . Madison . 57–61 . 2022-06-10.
• J. K. . Papadopoulos . The Archaic Walls of Athens. Reality or Myth? . Opuscula . 1 . 2008 . 31–46 . 10.30549/opathrom-01-03 . 2017-12-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172648/https://ecsi.bokorder.se/Download.aspx?id=8987&name=the-archaic-wall-of-athens-reali.pdf . 2017-12-28 . dead .
• Anna Maria . Theocharaki . The Ancient Circuit Wall of Athens: Its Changing Course and the Phases of Construction . Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . 80 . 1 . 2011 . 71–156 . 10.2972/hesp.80.1.0071 . 10.2972/hesp.80.1.0071 .
• Book: Theocharaki, Anna Maria . The Ancient Circuit Wall of Athens . 2019 . De Gruyter . Berlin and Boston . 978-3-11-063321-4 .
• Robert G. A. . Weir . The Lost Archaic Wall around Athens . Phoenix . 49 . 3 . 1995 . 247–258 . 10.2307/1192524 . 1192524 .
• Book: Winter, F. E. . Greek Fortifications . Routledge & Kegan Paul . 1971 . 978-0-608154244 .

Notes and References

1. For arguments for and against, cf. and respectively
2. E. Makri, K. Tsakos, A. Vavilopoulou-Charitonidou, Rizokastro. The Preserved Remains: New Observations and Re-dating, in Δελτίον τῆς Χριστιανικῆς Αρχαιολογικῆς Εταιρείας 14, 1989, p.362