Demographics of Romania explained

Place:Romania
Size Of Population:19,051,562 (2023)[1]
Density:83.4/km2
Growth: 1.19% (2023)
Birth: 9.292 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death: 13.393 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
Life: 76.6 years (2023)
Life Male: 72.9 years
Life Female: 80.5 years
Fertility:1.71 children born/woman (2022)[2]
Infant Mortality:5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)[3] [4]
Net Migration:−0.24 migrants/1,000 population (2015)
Age 0–14 Years:3,073,902 (16.1%)
Age 15–64 Years:12,253,533 (64.3%)
Age 65 Years:3,726,380 (19.6%)
Total Mf Ratio:0.95 males/female (2014)
Sr At Birth:1.06 males/female
Sr Under 15:1.05 males/female
Sr 15–64 Years:1.02 males/female
Sr 65 Years Over:0.73 males/female
Nation:noun: Romanian(s), adjective: Romanian
Major Ethnic:Romanian
Minor Ethnic:Hungarian, Roma, Ukrainian, German, Turkish, Tatar, Russian, Lipovan, Serbian, Slovak, Czech, Polish etc.
Spoken:Romanian and other minority languages

Demographic features of the population of Romania include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

About 89.3% of the people of Romania are ethnic Romanians (as per 2021 census), whose native language, Romanian, is an Eastern Romance language, descended from Latin (more specifically from Vulgar Latin) with some French, German, English, Greek, Italian, Slavic, and Hungarian borrowings.

Romanians are by far the most numerous group of speakers of an Eastern Romance language today. It has been said that they constitute "an island of Latinity"[5] in Eastern Europe, surrounded on all sides either by Slavic peoples (namely South Slavic and East Slavic peoples) or by the Hungarians. The Hungarian minority in Romania constitutes the country's largest minority, or as much as 6.0 per cent of the entire population.[6] With a population of about 19,054,267 people in 2022, Romania received 989,357 Ukrainian refugees on 27 May 2022, according to the United Nations (UN).[7]

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on 24 February 2022 triggered a major refugee crisis in Europe.[8] In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of the Russian-Ukrainian war, by 15 May 2022, more than 6,223,821 Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 919,574 people fled to neighbouring Romania.[7]

Population evolution

See main article: Demographic history of Romania.

See also: List of cities and towns in Romania and Metropolitan areas in Romania.

Romania's population has declined steadily in recent decades, from a peak of 23.2 million in 1990 to 19.12 million in 2021.[9] Among the causes of population decline are high mortality, a low fertility rate since 1990, and tremendous levels of emigration.

In 1990, Romania's population was estimated to be 23.21 million inhabitants.[10] For the entire period 1990–2006, the estimated population loss tops 1.5 million,[10] but it is likely to be higher, given the explosion of migration for work after 2001 and the tendency of some migrants to settle permanently in the countries where they live.[11]

Sources give varied estimates for Romania's historical population. The National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics (NIRDI) gives the following numbers (the figure for 2020 was provided by the National Institute of Statistics – INSSE):Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.7) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8)

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bar:1866 from:0 till: 4.4 bar:1887 from:0 till: 5.5 bar:1899 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:1912 from:0 till: 7.2 bar:1930 from:0 till: 18 bar:1939 from:0 till: 19.9 bar:1941 from:0 till: 13.5 bar:1948 from:0 till: 15.8 bar:1956 from:0 till: 17.4 bar:1966 from:0 till: 19.1 bar:1977 from:0 till: 21.5 bar:1990 from:0 till: 23.2 bar:1992 from:0 till: 22.8 bar:2002 from:0 till: 21.6 bar:2005 from:0 till: 21.6 bar:2009 from:0 till: 21.4 bar:2011 from:0 till: 20.1 bar:2014 from:0 till: 19.9 bar:2020 from:0 till: 19.2 PlotData=

bar:1866 at: 4.4 fontsize:S text: 4.4 shift:(-7,5) bar:1887 at: 5.5 fontsize:S text: 5.5 shift:(-15,5) bar:1899 at: 5.9 fontsize:S text: 5.9 shift:(-15,5) bar:1912 at: 7.2 fontsize:S text: 7.2 shift:(-15,5) bar:1930 at: 18 fontsize:S text: 18 shift:(-15,5) bar:1939 at: 19.9 fontsize:S text: 19.9 shift:(-15,5) bar:1941 at: 13.5 fontsize:S text: 13.5 shift:(-15,5) bar:1948 at: 15.8 fontsize:S text: 15.8 shift:(-15,5) bar:1956 at: 17.4 fontsize:S text: 17.4 shift:(-15,5) bar:1966 at: 19.1 fontsize:S text: 19.1 shift:(-15,5) bar:1977 at: 21.5 fontsize:S text: 21.5 shift:(-15,5) bar:1990 at: 23.2 fontsize:S text: 23.2 shift:(-15,5) bar:1992 at: 22.8 fontsize:S text: 22.8 shift:(-15,5) bar:2002 at: 21.6 fontsize:S text: 21.6 shift:(-15,5) bar:2005 at: 21.6 fontsize:S text: 21.6 shift:(-15,5) bar:2009 at: 21.4 fontsize:S text: 21.4 shift:(-15,5) bar:2011 at: 20.1 fontsize:S text: 20.1 shift:(-15,5) bar:2014 at: 19.9 fontsize:S text: 19.9 shift:(-15,5) bar:2020 at: 19.2 fontsize:S text: 19.2 shift:(-15,5)

TextData= fontsize:S pos:(20,20) text:Population evolution (in millions)

[12]

Ethnic groups

See main article: Minorities in Romania.

Slightly more than 10% of the population of Romania is formed of minorities in Romania. The principal minorities are Hungarians and Roma, although other smaller ethnic groups exist too. Before World War II, minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (to the former Soviet Union, now Moldova and Ukraine) and southern Dobrudja (to Bulgaria). Two-thirds of the ethnic German population either left or were deported after World War II, a period that was followed by decades of relatively regular (by communist standards) migration. During the interwar period in Romania, the total number of ethnic Germans amounted to as much as 786,000 (according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939),[13] [14] a figure which had subsequently fallen to circa 36,000 as of 2011 in contemporary Romania. One of the reasons for which the number of Germans in Romania fell is because after the Romanian Revolution there has been a mass migration of Transylvania Saxons to Germany, in what was referred by British daily newspaper Guardian to as 'the most astonishing, and little reported, ethnic migration in modern Europe'.[15]

Of a total population of three quarter million Jews before World War II, about a third were killed during the Holocaust.[16] Mass emigration, mostly to Israel and United States, has reduced the surviving Jewish community to less than 6,000 in 2002 (it is estimated that the real numbers could be 3–4 times higher).[17]

Hungarians (Magyars; see Hungarians in Romania, especially in Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș counties) and Roma (see Romani people in Romania) are the principal minorities, with a declining German population (Banat Swabians in Timiș; Transylvanian Saxons in Sibiu, Brașov and elsewhere), and smaller numbers of Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, and Banat Bulgarians (in Banat), Ukrainians (especially in Maramureș and Bukovina), Greeks of Romania (especially in Brăila and Constanța), Turks and Tatars (mainly in Constanța), Armenians, Russians (Lipovans, Old Believers in Tulcea), Jews and others. Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Bucharest and other cities have again become increasingly cosmopolitan, including identifiable presences from outside the EU (Chinese, Turks, Moldovans, Syrians, Iraqis, Africans) as well as from the EU (French, Italians, Germans, British, Greeks).[18] In Romania, there are also guest workers from countries such as Vietnam and Nepal.[19] [20]

Minority populations are greatest in Transylvania and the Banat, areas in the north and west of the country, which were part of the Kingdom of Hungary (after 1867 the Austria-Hungary) until the end of World War I. Even before the union with Romania, ethnic Romanians comprised the overall majority in Transylvania. However, ethnic Hungarians and Germans were the dominant urban population until relatively recently, while Hungarians still constitute the majority in Harghita and Covasna counties.

The Roma constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. According to the 2011 Romanian census, they number 621,573 people or 3.08% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians,[21] with significant populations in Mureș (8.9%) and Călărași (7,47%) counties. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Roma ancestry in Romania because a lot of people of Roma descent do not declare themselves as Roma. The number of the Roma is usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population.[22]

After Hungarians and the Roma, Ukrainians of Romania are the third-largest minority. According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population.[23] Ukrainians mainly live in northern Romania, in areas close to the Ukrainian border. Over 60% of all Romanian Ukrainians live in Maramureș County (where they make up 6.77% of the population).

Censuses in Romania

Evolution of Romania's population between 1859–1899[24]
Year Population
1859–603,864,848−4,424,961[25]
18844,648,123
18895,038,342
18945,406,249
18995,956,690
Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1899[26]
Ethnicity Number %
92.15
1.82
0.13
–
0.08
0,13
0.40
Serbs0.07
Greeks0.34
0.15
4,68
Others 0.00
Unknown 0.00
Total 5,956,690
Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1912[27]
Ethnicity Number %
93.47
0.96
0.11
0.63
0.06
0.16
0.47
Serbs0.06
Greeks0.24
0.15
3.63
Others 0.01
Unknown 0.01
Total 7,234,920
Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1930[28]
Ethnicity Number %
12,981,324 71.9
1,425,507 7.9
745,421 4.1
728,115 4.0
582,115 3.2
409,150 2.3
366,384 2.0
262,501 1.5
154,772 0.9
105,750 0.6
51,842 0.3
51,062 0.3
48,310 0.3
26,495 0.2
22,141 0.1
15,544 <0.1
12,456 <0.1
4,670 <0.1
Others 56,355 0.3
Undeclared 7,114 <0.1
Total 18,057,028 100.0
Population of Romania according to ethnic group 1948–2021
Ethnic
group		census 19481census 19562census 19663census 19774census 19925census 20026census 20117census 20218
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
13,597,613 85.7 14,996,114 85.7 16,746,510 87.7 18,999,565 88.1 20,408,542 89.5 19,399,597 89.516,792,86888.914,801,44289.3
1,499,851 9.4 1,587,675 9.1 1,619,592 8.5 1,713,928 7.9 1,624,959 7.1 1,431,807 6.61,227,623 6.5 1,002,151 6
53,425 0.3 104,216 0.6 64,197 0.3 227,398 1.05 401,087 1.8 535,140 2.5621,573 3.0 569,477 3.4
37,582 0.2 60,479 0.4 54,705 0.3 55,510 0.3 65,764 0.3 61,098 0.350,920 0.245,835 0.3
343,913 2.2 384,708 2.2 382,595 2.0 359,109 1.6 119,462 0.5 59,7640.336,042 0.222,907 0.1
28,782 0.2 14,329 0.2 18,040 0.1 23,422 0.1 29,832 0.1 32,098 0.227,6980.220,9450.1
982 0.0 21,736 0.1 26,500 0.1
20,4690.2 22,151 0.1 23,369 0.1 24,5960.123,9350.1 20,282 0.1 18,1560.1
39,332 0.2 38,731 0.2 39,483 0.2 21,206 0.2 7,983 0.1 35,7910.2 23,864
11,090 0.1 30,623 0.2 19,394 0.0 -45,447 0.3 46,517 0.3 44,236 0.3 34,429 0.2 29,408 0.1 22,561 0.118,0760.112,0260.0
7,500 0.0 4,085 0.0 6,807 0.05,4080.04,8420.0
175 0.0
35,143 0.2 23,331 0.2 22,151 0.1 21,286 0.1 19,594 0.1 17,226 0.213,6540.110,2320.0
11,821 0.0 9,978 0.0 7,683 0.0 5,797 0.0 3,941 0.02,4770.01,5760.0
13,408 0.1 12,040 0.1 11,193 0.1 10,372 0.0 9,851 0.1 8,025 0.07,3360.05,9750.0
8,696 0.1 11,166 0.0 9,088 0.0 6,262 0.0 3,940 0.0 6,472 0.03,6680.02,0860.0
138,795 0.9 146,264 0.8 42,888 0.2 24,667 0.1 8,955 0.0 5,785 0.03,2710.02,3780.0
6,753 0.0 7,627 0.0 5,860 0.04,6410.0 4,232 0.0 3,559 0.02,5430.02,1370.0
6,987 0.0 6,441 0.0 3,436 0.0 2,342 0.0 1,957 0.0 1,780 0.01,3610.01,2130.0
1,176 0.0 6,867 0.0 731 0.01,2640.01,0890.0
1,2660.01,5360.0
Others/undeclared 15,897 0.1 17,522 0.1 6,990 <0.1 5,731 <0.1 9,368 <0.1 28,303 0.123,7410.112,8770.1
Undeclared 1,236,8106.142,484,92613
Total15,872,62417,489,45019,103,16321,559,91022,810,03521,680,97420,121,64119,053,815
1 The results of the 1948 census are according to language. 2 Source:[29] 3 Source: 4 Source: 5 Source: 6 Source:[30] 7 Source:[31] 8 Source:[32]

Vital statistics

Total Fertility Rate from 1850 to 1899

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.

Before WWI

Average populationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Total fertility rates
19006,050,000235,000146,00089,00038.824.214.7 5.20
19016,120,000241,000160,00081,00039.326.213.2 5.27
19026,210,000242,000172,00070,00039.027.711.3 5.23
19036,290,000252,000156,00096,00040.124.815.3 5.37
19046,390,000256,000156,000100,00040.124.415.6 5.37
19056,480,000248,000160,00088,00038.324.713.6 5.13
19066,570,000262,000157,000105,00039.923.916.0 5.35
19076,680,000274,000176,00098,00041.126.314.8 5.51
19086,770,000273,000185,00088,00040.327.413 5.40
19096,860,000282,000188,00094,00041.127.413.7 5.51
19106,970,000274,000173,000101,00039.324.814.5 5.27
19117,090,000300,000179,000121,00042.325.317.1 5.67
19127,240,000314,000166,000148,00043.422.920.4 5.82
19137,360,000310,000192,000118,00042.126.116.0 5.64
19147,770,000327,000183,000144,00042.123.518.5 5.64
19157,910,000320,000194,000126,00040.524.515.9 5.43

Between WWI and WWII

Average population Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rates
191915,920,000366,000328,00038,00023.020.62.43.08
192016,010,000539,000415,000124,00033.725.97.74.52
192116,240,000620,000372,000248,00038.222.915.35.12
192216,500,000614,000376,000238,00037.222.814.44.98
192316,770,000609,000372,000237,00036.422.114.44.88
192416,990,000623,000383,000240,00036.722.514.14.92
192517,190,000606,000362,000244,00035.221.114.14.72
192617,460,000608,000373,000235,00034.821.413.44.66
192717,690,000603,000393,000210,00034.122.211.94.57
192817,970,000624,000352,000272,00034.719.615.14.65
192917,640,000601,000378,000223,00034.121.412.64.57
193017,870,000625,000347,000278,00035.019.415.64.69
193118,190,000605,000379,000226,00033.320.812.44.46
193218,427,000662,000399,000263,00035.921.714.34.81
193318,653,000598,000348,000250,00032.118.713.44.30
193418,914,000612,416390,668221,74832.420.711.74.34
193519,088,000585,503402,720182,78330.721.19.64.11
193619,319,000608,906382,179226,72731.519.811.74.22
193719,535,000601,310377,954223,35630.819.311.44.13
193819,750,000585,423379,445205,97829.619.210.43.97
193919,934,000563,817370,348193,46928.318.69.73.79

After WWII

Main sources:[33] [34] [35]

Source: National Institute of Statistics[36]

Average population (July 1)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000)Total fertility rates
194615,760,000391,273296,43994,83424.818.86.0 0.33.32
194715,860,000370,562349,33121,23123.422.01.3 0.83.14
194815,893,000379,868248,238131,63023.915.68.3 3.73.20
194916,084,000444,065219,881224,18427.613.713.9 0.23.70
195016,311,000426,820202,010224,81026.212.413.8 -4.43.14
195116,464,000412,534210,021202,51325.112.812.3 -2.23.01
195216,630,000413,217195,287217,93024.811.713.1 -0.12.97
195316,847,000401,717194,752206,96523.811.612.3 -0.82.76
195417,040,000422,346195,091227,25524.811.413.3 3.42.98
195517,325,000442,864167,535275,32925.69.715.9 -1.03.07
195617,583,000425,704174,847250,85724.29.914.3 -0.32.89
195717,829,000407,819181,923225,89622.910.212.7 02.73
195818,056,000390,500156,493234,00721.68.713.0 -3.62.58
195918,226,000368,007186,767181,24020.210.29.9 -0,22.43
196018,403,414352,241160,720191,52119.18.710.4 -1.52.33
196118,566,932324,859161,936162,92317.58.78.8 -2.72.17
196218,680,721301,985172,429129,55616.29.26.9 0.22.04
196318,813,131294,886155,767139,11915.78.37.4 -1.32.01
196418,927,081287,383152,476134,90715.28.17.1 -1.81.96
196519,027,367278,362163,393114,96914.68.66.0 01.91
196619,140,783273,678157,445116,23314.38.26.1 1.41.90
196719,284,814527,764179,129348,63527.49.318.1 4.53.66
196819,720,984526,091188,509337,58226.79.617.1 −2.43.63
196920,010,178465,764201,225264,53923.310.113.2 −1.13.19
197020,252,541427,034193,255233,77921.19.511.5 −0.82.89
197120,469,658400,146194,306205,84019.59.510.1 −0.72.66
197220,662,648389,153189,793199,36018.89.29.6 −1.62.55
197320,827,525378,696203,559175,13718.29.88.4 1.32.44
197421,028,841427,732191,286236,44620.39.111.2 −0.92.72
197521,245,103418,185197,538220,64719.79.310.4 −1.02.62
197621,445,698417,353204,873212,48019.59.69.9 02.58
197721,657,569423,958208,685215,27319.69.69.9 −0.82.60
197821,854,622416,598211,846204,75219.19.79.4 −0.52.54
197922,048,305410,603217,509193,09418.69.98.8 −1.92.50
198022,201,387398,904231,876167,02818.010.47.5 −0.72.45
198122,352,635381,101224,635156,46617.010.07.0 −1.42.37
198222,477,703344,369224,120120,24915.310.05.3 −1.92.17
198322,553,074321,498233,89287,60614.310.43.9 −0.72.00
198422,624,505350,741233,699117,04215.510.35.2 −0.82.19
198522,724,836358,797246,670112,12715.810.94.9 −0.62.26
198622,823,479376,896242,330134,56616.510.65.9 −0.82.39
198722,940,430383,199254,286128,91316.711.15.6 −0.72.42
198823,053,552380,043253,370126,67316.511.05.5 −1.12.31
198923,151,564369,544247,306122,23816.010.75.3 −2.92.19
199023,206,720314,746247,08667,66013.610.62.9 −3.81.83
199123,185,084275,275251,76023,51511.910.91.0 −18.11.56
199222,788,969260,393263,855−3,46211.411.6−0.2 −1.31.50
199322,755,260249,994263,323−13,32911.011.6−0.6 −0.51.45
199422,730,622246,736266,101–19,36510.911.7−0.9 −1.31.42
199522,680,951236,640271,672−35,03210.412.0−1.5 −1.71.34
199622,607,620231,348286,158−54,81010.212.7−2.4 −0.31.29
199722,545,925236,891279,315−42,42410.512.4−1.9 01.31
199822,502,803237,297269,166−31,86910.512.0−1.4 −0.61.33
199922,458,022234,600265,194−30,59410.411.8−1.4 0.41.32
200022,435,205234,521255,820−21,29910.511.4−0.9 −0.31.32
200122,408,393220,368259,603−39,2359.811.6−1.8 −30.91.23
200221,675,775210,529269,666−59,1379.712.4−2.7 −2.01.26
200321,574,365212,459266,575−54,1169.812.4−2.5 −3.21.29
200421,451,845216,261258,890−42,62910.112.1−2.0 −4.21.32
200521,319,673221,020262,101−41,08110.412.3−1.9−4.0 1.38
200621,193,749219,483258,094−38,61110.412.2−1.8 −12.91.41
200720,882,980214,728251,965−37,23710.312.1−1.8 −14.71.43
200820,537,848221,900253,202−31,30210.812.3−1.5 −6.81.58
200920,367,437222,388257,213−34,82510.912.6−1.7 −4.21.65
201020,246,798212,199259,723−47,52410.512.8−2.3 −2.61.58
201120,147,657196,242251,439−55,1979.712.5−2.7 −1.61.46
201220,060,182201,104255,539−54,43510.012.7−2.7 01.52
201319,988,694188,599247,475−58,8769.412.4−2.9 −0.71.45
201419,916,451198,740254,965−56,22510.0 12.8 −2.8 −1.91.55
201519,822,250201,995262,442−60,44710.2 13.2 −3.0 −2.81.61
201619,706,424205,773258,404−52,63110.413.1−2.7 −3.11.68
201719,592,933210,590262,321−51,73110.713.4−2.6 −3.01.77
201819,483,840210,290264,963−54,67310.8 13.6 −2.8 −1.81.81
201919,394,228211,175260,877−49,70210.913.5−2.6 −3.81.86
202019,296,076206,826299,524−92,69810.715.5−4.8−2.61.80
202119,126,302193,191335,527−142,33610.117.5−7.4 -1.11.81
202219,052,694178,233272,953−94,7209.414.3−4.94.81.71
202319,051,562153,397242,918−89,5218.112.7−4.61.49(e)

Note: The 2011 Romanian census gave a figure of 20,121,641.

The 2021 Romanian census gave a figure of 19,053,815.

Current vital statistics

The current vital statistics of Romania are as follows:[37]

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January–May 202361,484106,042−44,558
January–May 202458,738103,777−45,039
Difference −2,746 (−4.46%) −2,265 (−2.14%) −481
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total9 387 5909 814 072 19 201 662100
0–4521 481493 7531 015 2345.29
5–9491 575 465 014 956 5894.98
10–14542 113513 0071 055 1205.49
15–19529 720497 2251 026 9455.35
20–24516 683488 5421 005 2255.24
25–29521 145486 568 1 007 7135.25
30–34692 834641 537 1 334 3716.95
35–39666 920624 8001 291 7206.73
40–44773 295740 2801 513 5757.88
45–49757 067717 118 1 474 1857.68
50–54802 907 770 9721 573 8798.20
55–59502 848511 1241 013 9725.28
60–64574 456653 6821 228 1386.40
65−69536 795676 615 1 213 4106.32
70−74403 858556 959960 817 5.00
75−79234 736370 749605 4853.15
80−84181 168332 869514 0372.68
85−8992 247181 016273 2631.42
90−9434 23668 768103 0040.54
95−999 54418 84528 3890.15
100+1 9624 6296 5910.03
Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–141 555 1691 471 7743 026 94315.76
15–646 337 8756 131 84812 469 72364.94
65+1 494 5462 210 4503 704 99619.30

Life expectancy 1950–2020

Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[38]

PeriodLife expectancy inYears
1950–1955 61.15
1955–1960 63.287
1960–1965 67.78
1965–1970 67.34
1970–1975 69.02
1975–1980 69.59
1980–1985 69.73
1985–1990 69.52
1990–1995 69.60
1995–2000 69.71
2000–2005 71.47
2005–2010 73.08
2010–2015 74.85
2015–2020?

Birth rates by counties

Romania has 41 counties and one city with a special status, namely Bucharest. Ilfov County has the highest crude birth rate (12.0‰), while Vâlcea County has the lowest crude birth rate (6.6‰). Birth rates are generally higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.

Crude birth rate by province in 2016 (Insse)[39]
JudețTotal CBR (‰) Urban (‰) Rural (‰)
Romania8.6 8.3 8.9
8.0 7.5 8.8
8.5 8.1 8.9
8.3 8.2 8.3
8.0 7.5 8.5
9.2 8.6 9.8
9.7 9.8 9.7
8.3 8.1 8.4
9.6 8.6 12.6
6.9 6.2 8.4
8.8 8.8
7.6 7.7 7.6
6.9 6.7 7.3
8.7 8.5 8.9
9.5 9.2 9.9
Constanța County9.3 8.8 10.4
9.6 8.1 11.2
8.3 7.7 8.6
7.9 7.9 7.9
7.4 6.7 8.3
8.3 7.2 8.8
7.5 7.9 7.1
9.4 8.4 10.2
7.2 7.4 6.7
8.2 7.8 8.7
9.4 9.1 9.7
12.0 12.3 11.8
8.7 8.3 9.2
7.8 7.6 8.1
9.4 8.2 10.7
7.5 7.0 7.9
7.0 7.8 6.5
7.9 7.6 8.2
8.6 7.6 9.5
10.0 10.2 9.9
9.3 8.4 11.3
10.3 9.6 10.8
6.8 6.5 6.9
9.4 9.0 10.0
7.3 7.8 6.8
8.2 7.5 8.8
6.6 7.2 5.9
8.3 7.9 8.5

Demographics statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Population

19,000,000 (January 2023 est.)

Median age

total: 41.6 years. Country comparison to the world: 38th

male: 40.2 years

female: 43 years (2018 est.)

Birth rate

8.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 211th

Death rate

12 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 17th

Total fertility rate

1.71 children born/woman (2017) Country comparison to the world: 154th

Net migration rate

−0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 113th

−0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.7 years (2014 est.)

Population growth rate

−0.35% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 219th

−0.127% (2007 estimate).[40]

Urban–rural ratio

Romania is one of the least urbanised countries in Europe. Just a slight majority, 56.4 percent, lives in urban areas (12,546,212 people in total). The remainder, 43.6 percent, lives in rural areas (9,695,506 people in total).[41]

urban population: 54% of total population (2018)

rate of urbanization: −0.38% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth::1.06 male(s)/female
  • under 15 years::1.05 male(s)/female
  • 15–64 years::0.99 male(s)/female
  • 65 years and over::0.71 male(s)/female
  • total population::0.95 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

    • Infant mortality rate

    9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (May 2010);[42] down from 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births in 2002.[43]

    Life expectancy at birth

    Literacy

    definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

    total population: 98.8%

    male: 99.1%

    female: 98.5% (2015 est.)

    School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

    total: 14 years

    male: 14 years

    female: 15 years (2016)

    Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

    total: 20.6%. Country comparison to the world: 62nd

    male: 19.9%

    female: 21.8% (2016 est.)

    Nationality

    The noun form is Romanian(s), and the adjectival form is Romanian.

    Age structure

    0–14 years: 14.31% (male 1,576,621 /female 1,493,082)

    15–24 years: 10.45% (male 1,151,312 /female 1,091,956)

    25–54 years: 46.11% (male 5,010,272 /female 4,883,090)

    55–64 years: 12.37% (male 1,244,669 /female 1,409,854)

    65 years and over: 16.76% (male 1,454,320 /female 2,141,940) (2018 est.)

    The following demographic statistics are from National Institute of Statistic on 1 July 2016.

    As a consequence of the pro-natalist policies of the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime (see Decree 770), Romania has a higher proportion of people born in the late 1960s and 1970s its population than any other Western country except Slovenia. The generations born in 1967 and 1968 were the largest, although fertility remained relatively high until 1990. 8.55% of the Romanian population was born in the period from 1976 to 1980, compared with 6.82% of Americans and 6.33% of Britons.[45]

    Age structure by ethnicity

    Population by ethnicity based on age groups, according to the 2011 census:[46]

    Age groupTotal populationRomaniansHungariansRomaUkrainiansGermansTurksOthers/Undeclared
    0–41,045,029766,07852,15873,8602,6068902,348147,089
    5–91,054,391804,72155,47769,9983,0589902,095118,052
    10–141,090,226861,91558,08164,7763,2851,0721,99699,101
    15–191,108,453911,47859,73753,7683,7121,1581,65176,949
    20–241,366,3741,119,41776,71460,5423,7701,4882,261102,182
    25–291,303,0771,048,48274,13549,4523,5451,4592,117123,887
    30–341,522,7191,241,28490,62051,2673,6921,7702,452131,634
    35–391,538,8971,283,08495,03445,5513,7101,9992,403107,116
    40–441,743,8781,493,176103,66339,3513,5302,6722,31999,167
    45–491,076,258924,66466,46924,3193,0821,9331,64254,149
    50–541,332,2661,156,85180,13425,8163,2592,5301,73261,944
    55–591,448,0431,255,29394,85223,0643,1093,3751,55466,796
    60–641,244,2861,084,57882,35315,9762,8742,5231,09054,892
    65–69890,340766,19774,7098,7082,2382,79668235,010
    70–74901,370792,44563,9637,0632,1903,52556031,624
    75–79729,965646,04848,3154,8031,6972,73443025,938
    80–84462,807407,29532,2652,3461,0211,94723117,702
    85+263,262229,86218,9449135421,18113511,685

    Immigration

    See main article: Immigration to Romania. Foreign-born population (according to Eurostat):[47]

    2016 2018 2020
    Population total 19,760,585 19,533,481 19,328,838
    Total347,344 510,526 723,913
    137,406 201,628 302,001
    46,172 60,543 72,473
    35,857 46,645 59,978
    14,328 25,644 47,614
    10,428 22,127 34,812
    10,750 20,739 34,071
    9,262 15,887 21,960
    10,882 10,540 10,029
    7,151 8,588 9,560
    5,596 7,294 9,308
    6,769 7,933 9,230
    5,576 6,843 7,829
    4,235 5,485 6,125
    3,634 5,095 5,771
    1,808 3,120 4,970
    2,121 3,727 4,718
    111 642 4,223
    1,299 2,678 3,829
    1,179 2,054 3,767
    2,833 3,376 3,191
    1,897 2,484 2,845
    929 1,771 2,369
    545 1,105 2,246
    89 340 2,195
    18 180 2,136
    552 1,220 1,921
    1,362 1,652 1,672
    235 421 1,572
    560 1,012 1,508
    1,701 2,044 1,419
    1,348 1,350 1,410
    477 941 1,375
    408 898 1,356
    386 876 1,343
    169 467 1,206
    361 789 1,136
    387 970 1,061
    404 437 1,032

    Net migration data

    Romania net migration! Year !! Immigration (Permanent) !! Emigration (Permanent) !! Net Migration (Permanent) !! Temporary Immigration !! Temporary Emigration !! Net Temporary Migration !! Total Net Migration
    1991 1,602 44,160 -42,558 - - - -42,558
    1992 1,753 31,152 -29,399 - - - -29,399
    1993 1,269 18,446 -17,177 - - - -17,177
    1994 878 17,146 -16,268 - - - -16,268
    1995 4,458 25,675 -21,217 - - - -21,217
    1996 2,053 21,526 -19,473 - - - -19,473
    1997 6,600 19,945 -13,345 - - - -13,345
    1998 11,907 17,536 -5,629 - - - -5,629
    1999 10,078 12,594 -2,516 - - - -2,516
    2000 11,024 14,753 -3,729 - - - -3,729
    2001 10,350 9,921 429 - - - 429
    2002 6,582 8,154 -1,572 - - - -1,572
    2003 3,267 10,673 -7,406 - - - -7,406
    2004 2,987 13,082 -10,095 - - - -10,095
    2005 3,704 10,938 -7,234 - - - -7,234
    2006 7,714 14,197 -6,483 - - - -6,483
    2007 9,575 8,830 745 86,267 544,074 -457,807 -457,807
    2008 10,030 8,739 1,291 138,929 302,796 -163,867 -162,576
    2009 8,606 10,211 -1,605 135,844 246,626 -110,782 -112,387
    2010 7,059 7,906 -847 149,885 197,985 -48,100 -48,947
    2011 15,538 18,307 -2,769 147,685 195,551 -47,866 -50,635
    2012 21,684 18,001 3,683 167,266 170,186 -2,920 763
    2013 23,897 19,056 4,841 153,646 161,755 -8,109 -3,268
    2014 36,644 11,251 25,393 136,035 172,871 -36,836 -11,443
    2015 23,093 15,235 7,858 132,795 194,718 -61,923 -54,065
    2016 27,863 22,807 5,056 137,455 207,578 -70,123 -65,067
    2017 50,199 23,156 27,043 177,435 242,193 -64,758 -37,715
    2018 65,678 27,229 38,449 172,578 231,661 -59,083 -20,634
    2019 64,479 26,775 37,704 202,422 233,736 -31,314 6,390
    2020 32,250 21,031 11,219 145,519 186,818 -41,299 -30,080
    2021 49,769 34,341 15,428 194,642 216,861 -22,219 -6,791
    2022 54,839 48,438 6,401 293,024 202,311 90,713 97,114
    2023 29,830 48,612 -18,782 - - - -
    [48]

    Religion

    See main article: Religion in Romania.

    Religious affiliation tends to follow ethnic lines, with most ethnic Romanians identifying with the Romanian Orthodox Church. The Greek Catholic or Uniate church, reunified with the Orthodox Church by fiat in 1948, was restored after the 1989 revolution. The 2002 census indicates that 0.9% of the population is Greek Catholic, as opposed to about 10% prior to 1948. Roman Catholics, largely ethnic Hungarians and Germans, constitute 4.7% of the population; Calvinists, Baptists (see Baptist Union of Romania and Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania), Pentecostals, and Lutherans make up another 5%. There are smaller numbers of Unitarians, Muslims, and other religions.

    See also

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: Populația rezidentă la 23 martie 2023 . ro . Resident population as of March 23, 2023 . Institutul Național de Statistică . insse.ro . 23 March 2023.
    2. Web site: World Population Dashboard – Romania .
    3. Web site: Infant Mortality Rate by Country 2023 .
    4. Web site: Infant mortality rate – the World Factbook .
    5. See, for example, Fabio Bordignon, "Italian Decentralisation in Romania", SEF 2003, Warsaw. Abstract available online.
    6. Web site: COMUNICAT DE PRESĂ : 2 februarie 2012 privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor. 2011. Recensamantromania.ro. 3 October 2017. 2 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190802060014/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf. dead.
    7. Web site: Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022). UNHCR. 2022.
    8. Web site: Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation. UNHCR. 24 March 2022.
    9. Web site: Populația României, creșterea alarmantă: Suntem la nivelul Germaniei. Anual cresc 17 orașe mici . Ziare.com . 10 December 2015. ro.
    10. World Population Prospects. The 2010 Revision . I: Comprehensive Tables . 162 . Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations, New York . 2011.
    11. Book: Declinul demografic și viitorul populației României. O perspectivă din anul 2007 asupra populației României în secolul 21 . Editura Alpha MDN . Institutul Național de Cercetări Economice al Academiei Române . Vasile Ghețău . 2007 . 978-973-7871-88-6 . ro . 2016-08-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161020061037/http://www.apapr.ro/images/BIBLIOTECA/demografie/ince%20declinul%20demografic%20ro%202007.pdf . 2016-10-20 . dead .
    12. Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
    13. Dr. Gerhard Reichning, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995, Page 17
    14. Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden. – Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958 Page 46
    15. Web site: A forgotten Saxon world shows how ancient and modern can co-exist. Jenkins. Simon. 2009-10-01. The Guardian. en. 2018-09-25.
    16. Web site: Estimated Number of Jews Killed in the Final Solution. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 3 October 2017.
    17. http://www.romanianjewish.org/ro/fedrom_01.html Comunitati evreiesti din România
    18. Web site: Locuitorii străini ai Capitalei: Peste 30.000 de migranţi, înregistraţi în Bucureşti.
    19. Web site: Firmele caută angajaţi în Asia. Pe un şantier din Bucureşti, lucrează zeci de vietnamezi.
    20. Web site: Nepalezii, soluția de criză a angajatorilor din România. Cei mai mulți lucrează în industria alimentară.
    21. Web site: Romanian 2011 census. www.edrc.ro. 2011-12-10. ro. 2013-07-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf. dead.
    22. Web site: Europe :: Romania – the World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency. 19 April 2022.
    23. "Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011", at the 2011 census site; accessed February 2, 2012.
    24. Leonida Colescu, director of Romanian Statistics Service between 1899–1922, discovered that the number of people was overestimated in the census conducted in 1859–1860 and calculated that the real figure was 3,864,848 people. Book: Leonida Colescu . Analiza rezultatelor recensãmântului general al populatiei României din 1899 . 1944 . Institutul National de Statistica . 7–8; 19 .
    25. Book: Atunci și acum: Principatele Unite (1859) și România (2022) . Institutul National de Statistica .
    26. Book: Andrei Tudorel (coordonator) . Romania un secol de istorie – date statistice . 2018 . Institutul National de Statistica . 19–20 .
    27. Book: Andrei Tudorel (coordonator) . Romania un secol de istorie – date statistice . 2018 . Institutul National de Statistica . 21–23 .
    28. Book: Populația pe Neamuri . XXIV . Institutul Central de Statistică . 2008-07-20 . ro .
    29. Web site: Varga E. Árpád . Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995. Supplementary Tables . Kia.hu . 2018-04-11 . 2019-03-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323041307/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/supplem.htm . dead .
    30. Web site: Population data . www.insse.ro . 2014-07-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131109174832/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/RPL2002INS/vol4/tabele/t1.pdf . 2013-11-09 . dead .
    31. Web site: Microsoft Word - REZULTATE DEFINITIVE RPL2011.doc . 2018-04-11 . 2013-07-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf . dead .
    32. Web site: Population data . wwwi.insse.ro . 2023-01-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125029/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cp-date-provizorii-rpl_2.pdf . 2022-12-30 . dead .
    33. Web site: TEMPO Online.
    34. Web site: Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table. Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. 3 October 2017.
    35. Web site: Bun venit la Institutul National de Statistica – Institutul National de Statistica. Insse.ro. 3 October 2017.
    36. Web site: Welcome to National Institute of Statistics | National Institute of Statistics. insse.ro.
    37. Web site: Vital statistics . National Institute of Statistics.
    38. Web site: World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations. esa.un.org. 2018-08-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/. 2016-09-19. dead.
    39. Web site: Demographic evenements in 2016. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171123020748/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/evenimente_demografice_in_anul_2016_0.pdf. dead. 23 November 2017. Insse.ro. 11 April 2018.
    40. Web site: The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency. Cia.gov. 3 October 2017.
    41. Web site: POPULAŢIA ROMÂNIEI PE LOCALITĂŢI LA 1 IANUARIE 2016. Insse.ro. 11 April 2018.
    42. http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Economie/89095/Populatia-Romaniei-in-continua-scadere.html Populatia Romaniei, in continua scadere
    43. Web site: UNDP Romania. Undp.ro. 3 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225651/http://www.undp.ro/mdg/pdf/MDGR+Eng.pdf. 3 October 2017. dead.
    44. Web site: GHO – By category – Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy – Data by country. apps.who.int.
    45. Web site: Countries Compared by People > Total population > Age 25–29 > % of the total. International Statistics. NationMaster.com. 3 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20121105060750/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_tot_pop_age_252_of_the_tot-total-population-age-25-29.. 5 November 2012. dead.
    46. Web site: VOLUMUL II: POPULAŢIA STABILĂ (REZIDENTĂ) – STRUCTURA ETNICĂ ŞI CONFESIONALĂ. 2020-10-11. 2021-09-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20210926205609/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/noutati/volumul-ii-populatia-stabila-rezidenta-structura-etnica-si-confesionala/. dead.
    47. Web site: Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth . Eurostat.
    48. Web site: Immigration and Emigration Data for Romania . National Institute of Statistics Romania . 2024-07-06.

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