Demographics of Peru explained

Place:Peru
Size Of Population:33,726,000[1] (2023 est.)
Growth:0.51% (2022 est.)
Birth:14.0 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death:4.4 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net Migration:-0.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Age 0–14 Years:24.54%
Age 15–64 Years:66.25%
Age 65 Years:9.21%
Infant Mortality:10.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Life:68.94 years
Life Male:65.38 years
Life Female:72.67 years
Fertility:1.90 children per woman (2020 est.)
Major Ethnic:Multiracial (60.20%)[2]
Official:Spanish (82.6%)[3]
Quechua (13.9%)
Aymara (1.7%)
Other native languages (0.8%)
Spoken:Languages of Peru

This is a demography of the population of Peru including population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Peru is a multiethnic country, which means that it is home to people of many different historical backgrounds. Therefore, it is a multicultural country as well. Since it is a multiethnic society, Peruvian people usually treat their nationality as a citizenship instead of an ethnicity. The Peruvian census does not contain information about ethnicity so only rough estimates are available.

Population

According to the total population was in, compared to only 7,728,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 27.9%, 65.3% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 6.8% were 65 years or older.[4]

Total population
(1000)		Population percentage
aged 0–14aged 15–64aged 65+
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years		PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195543.91985–199064.3
1955–196046.31990–199566.7
1960–196549.11995–200069.3
1965–197051.52000–200571.7
1970–197555.62005–201073.1
1975–198058.52010–201574.2
1980–198561.6
Source: UN World Population Prospects[5]

Vital statistics

Registration of vital events in Peru is not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.[4]

PeriodLive births per yearDeaths per yearNatural change per yearCBR*CDR*NC*TFR*IMR*
1950–1955 47.821.726.16.95164
1955–1960 47.319.827.56.95152
1960–1965 46.717.629.16.95138
1965–1970 44.315.728.66.70128
1970–1975 40.412.727.76.00111
1975–1980 38.310.927.45.4099
1980–1985 34.09.124.94.6582
1985–1990 31.67.823.84.1068
1990–1995 28.76.921.83.5748
1995–2000 25.46.119.33.1039
2000–2005 22.45.417.02.7230
2005–2010 21.95.316.62.6821
2010–2015 19.25.313.92.4016
2015–2020 18.15.512.62.2713
2020–2025 16.95.911.02.16
2025–2030 15.46.19.32.07
  • CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Births and deaths

[6]

YearPopulationLive birthsDeathsNatural increaseCrude birth rateCrude death rateRate of natural increaseCrude migration rateTFR
1970559,595185,338374,275
1971183,052
1972574,458180,767393,691
1973582,922182,608400,314
1974591,386184,449406,397
1975599,850186,291413,559
1976608,314188,132420,182
1977616,778189,973426,805
1978618,799190,450428,349
1979620,820190,727430,093
1980622,842191,403431,439
1981624,863191,880432,983
1982626,884192,357434,527
1983628,636190,628438,008
1984639,338188,899450,439
1985632,139187,169444,970
1986633,891185,440448,451
1987523,492183,711339,781
1988555,003181,549373,454
1989644,939179,386465,553
1990649,588177,224472,364
1991665,734175,061490,673
1992667,743172,889494,854
1993667,435171,188496,247
1994665,342171,476493,866
1995660,354156,000504,354
1996656,435156,800499,635
1997652,467160,830491,637
1998648,075161,615486,460
1999642,874162,457480,417
200025,983,588636,0642.90
200126,366,533630,947
200226,739,379626,714
200327,103,457623,521
200427,460,073620,9912.56
200527,810,540611,459103,207508,25222.03.718.3-5.72.56
200628,151,443637,974105,074532,90022.73.718.9-6.82.56
200728,481,901663,056107,249555,80723.33.819.5-7.92.56
200828,807,034679,122108,100571,02223.63.819.8-8.5
200929,132,013660,716110,811549,90522.73.818.9-7.72.60
201029,461,933637,902108,178529,72421.73.718.0-6.82.50
201129,797,694794,040118,456675,58426.64.022.7-11.42.60
201230,135,875698,954119,652579,30223.24.019.2-8.02.60
201330,475,144666,999125,581541,41821.94.117.8-6.72.40
201430,814,175668,220132,830535,39021.74.317.4-6.42.50
201531,151,643652,075134,858517,21720.94.316.6-5.82.50
201631,488,625626,259145,521480,73819.94.615.3-4.62.50
201731,826,018610,316150,032460,28419.24.714.5-3.92.40
201832,162,184601,781151,690450,09118.74.714.0-3.52.20
201932,495,510581,022157,680423,34217.94.913.0-2.72.00
202032,824,358421,096240,915180,18112.87.35.54.51.90
202133,035,304514,914269,349245,56515.68.17.5-1.12.32(e)
202233,396,689465,421146,790 318,63114.04.49.61.22.1(e)
202333,726,000405,6741.8

Structure of the population

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total15 271 06215 204 08230 475 144100
0-41 480 9901 421 0712 902 0619.52
5-91 494 8791 439 0492 933 9289.63
10-141 484 1381 434 3362 918 4749.58
15-191 468 2231 425 2722 893 4959.49
20-241 416 8971 382 9632 799 8609.19
25-291 306 5931 283 2402 589 8338.50
30-341 195 8571 179 4792 375 3367.79
35-391 093 9011 083 6332 177 5347.15
40-44949 209947 3261 896 5356.22
45-49823 574829 4741 653 0485.42
50-54691 250705 6671 396 9174.58
55-59554 524576 2451 130 7693.71
60-64436 614462 886899 5002.95
65-69327 821357 853685 6742.25
70-74240 978275 844516 8221.70
75-79166 611204 668371 2791.22
80+139 003195 076334 0791.10
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0-144 460 0074 294 4568 754 46328.73
15-649 936 6429 876 18519 812 82765.01
65+874 4131 033 4411 907 8546.26
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total16 394 17716 641 127 33 035 304100
0–41 429 0611 363 558 2 792 6198.45
5–91 313 359 1 288 4992 601 8587.88
10–141 362 4511 350 0402 712 4918.21
15–191 228 9181 265 7242 494 6427.55
20–241 249 2211 402 8392 652 0608.03
25–291 330 9771 398 5672 729 5448.26
30–341 328 2461 292 197 2 620 4437.93
35–391 262 2031 226 1892 488 3927.53
40–441 170 7941 121 0222 291 8166.94
45–49992 814999 6961 992 5106.03
50–54893 909901 7251 795 6345.44
55–59783 444780 334 1 563 7784.73
60–64610 966645 3591 256 3253.80
65-69503 321 540 5321 043 8533.16
70-74382 384395 713778 0972.36
75-79258 224288 165546 3891.65
80+293 885380 968674 8532.04
Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–144 104 8714 002 0978 106 96824.54
15–6410 851 49211 033 65221 885 14466.25
65+1 437 8141 605 3783 043 1929.21

Fertility and births

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[8]

YearTotalUrbanRural
CBR TFRCBR TFRCBR TFR
1950–5547.16.9
1955–6048.86.9
1960–196546.36.9
1965–7043.66.6
1970–197540.56.0
1975–198038.05.4
1980–198536.75.0
1985–199034.34.5
19864.12 (2.64)6.34 (3.66)
1991–199227.83.5 (2.0)23.52.8 (1.7)38.76.2 (3.0)
199627.43.5 (2.2)24.22.8 (1.9)33.55.6 (3.1)
2000222.9 (1.8)192.2 (1.5)274.3 (2.5)
2004–200619.22.6 (1.7)17.32.1 (1.5)22.63.7 (2.2)
2007–200818.62.5 (1.6)16.82.1 (1.5)22.23.7 (2.0)
200919.92.6 (1.8)18.72.3 (1.7)22.83.6 (2.1)
201019.02.5 (1.8)17.62.2 (1.6)22.33.5 (2.1)
201119.72.6 (1.8)18.52.3 (1.7)22.53.5 (2.1)
201219.62.6 (1.8)18.52.3 (1.7)22.33.5 (2.1)
201318.42.4 (1.7)17.12.1 (1.6)22.33.4 (2.1)
201419.12.5 (1.8)18.32.3 (1.7)21.73.3 (2.2)
2017-20182.22.03.1

Metropolitan areas

The metropolitan areas of Peru have been formed from the urban growth of Peruvian cities more populated and they are formed by the integration of two or more municipalities.[9] The most populated Peruvian metropolises by districts are:[10] Lima,[11] Trujillo,[12] Chiclayo[13] and Arequipa.[14]

Ethnic groups

Peru is a multiethnic country formed by the amalgamation of different cultures and ethnicities over thousands of years.Amerindians inhabited the land for over ten millennia before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century; their cultures and influence represent the foundation of today's Peru.

As a result of European contact and conquest, the population of the area now known as Peru decreased from an estimated 9 million in the 1520s to around in 1620.[15] This happened mostly because of the unintended spread of germs and infectious diseases. In fact, the spread of smallpox greatly weakened the Inca empire, even before the Spanish arrival. The Amerindians did not have as much natural immunity to the disease as did the Europeans.[16] For this reason, several Amerindian populations were decimated. Furthermore, the disease killed Inca ruler Wayna Capac, triggering a civil war in the Inca empire that preceded the conquest efforts the Spaniards. Thus, the conquest was facilitated by the weakness of the Inca empire which was recovering from both a civil war and epidemics of unknown diseases.However, other reasons for the decrease of Amerindian population include violence during the conquest followed by the breakdown of the Inca social system and famine. The Amerindian population suffered further decrease as the Spanish exploited an Inca communal labor system called mita for mining purposes, thus killing thousands in forced labor.

Spaniards arrived in large numbers under colonial rule. After independence, there has been a gradual European immigration from Austria, England, Scotland, France, Germany, Italy, Croatia and Spain.[17] [18] Polynesians also came to the country lured to work in the Guano islands during the boom years of this commodity around the 1860s. Chinese arrived in the 1850s as a replacement for slave workers in the sugar plantations of the north coast and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.[19] Other immigrant groups include Arabs (namely from Levant/West Asian countries), South Asians, Japanese, Americans and Colombians.[20]

Since 2014, Peru has experienced a massive rise in the immigrant population from nearby Venezuela. In May 2023, the estimated population of Venezuelans in Peru is 1,600,000, being the second most popular destination for Venezuelans after Colombia.[21]

Mestizos compose about 60%[22] of the total population. The term traditionally denotes Amerindian (mostly Quechua ancestry) and European ancestry (mostly Spaniard ancestry). This term, was part of the caste classification during colonial times, whereby people of exclusive Spanish descent but born in the colonies were called criollos, people of mixed Amerindian and Spanish descent were called mestizos, those of African and Spanish descent were called mulatos and those of Amerindian and African descent were called Zambos. Most mestizos are urban dwellers and show stronger European inheritance in regions like Lima Region, La Libertad Region, Callao Region, San Martín Region, Cajamarca Region, Piura Region, Amazonas Region, Lambayeque Region, and Arequipa Region.

Amerindians constitute around 25%[22] of the total population. The two major indigenous or ethnic groups are the Quechuas (belonging to various cultural subgroups), followed by the Aymaras, mostly found in the extreme southern Andes. A large proportion of the indigenous population who live in the Andean highlands still speak Quechua and have vibrant cultural traditions, some of which were part of the Inca Empire. Dozens of indigenous cultures are also dispersed throughout the country beyond the Andes Mountains in the Amazon basin. This region is rapidly becoming urbanized. Important urban centers include Iquitos, Nauta, Puerto Maldonado, Pucallpa and Yurimaguas. This region is home to numerous indigenous peoples, though they do not constitute a large proportion of the total population. Examples of indigenous peoples residing in eastern Peru include the Shipibo, Urarina,[23] Cocama, and Aguaruna, to name just a few.

European descendants constitute around 6%[22] of the total population. They are descendants of the Spanish conquerors other Europeans such as Germans, Italians, British, French, and Croatians (see also Croats) who arrived in the 19th and 20th centuries. The majority of them live also in the largest cities (like mestizos), usually in the North and Center of Peru: Lima, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, and through all the highlands of Northwest, like Amazonas, Cajamarca and San Martin. A Southern city with a significant white population is Arequipa.

There is also a presence of Asian Peruvians, who are primarily of Chinese and Japanese origin, constitute less than 1% of the population.[22] Peru has the second largest population of people of Japanese descent in Latin America after Brazil and the largest population of Chinese descent in Latin America. Historic communities inhabited by people of Chinese descent are found throughout the Peruvian upper Amazon, including cities such as Yurimaguas, Nauta, Iquitos and the north central coast (Lambayeque and Trujillo). In contrast to the Japanese community in Peru, the Chinese appear to have intermarried much more since they came to work in the rice fields during the Viceroyalty and to replace the African slaves, during the abolition of slavery itself. Other Asian communities include small numbers of West Asian/Arab Peruvians, mostly of Lebanese and Syrian origin, and Palestinians,[24] [25] as well a small community of South Asians, namely of Hindustani and Pakistani background. There have been several notable Peruvian politicians of Asian heritage, notable past president (Alberto Fujimori), who is of Japanese origin, as well as Omar Chehade, of Lebanese heritage and served as the Second Vice President of Peru from 2011 to 2012.

The remaining is constituted by Afro-Peruvians, a legacy of Peru's history as an importer of slaves during the colonial period. Today mulattos (mixed African and European) and zambos (mixed African and Amerindian) also constitute an important part of the population, especially in Piura, Tumbes, Lambayeque, Lima and Ica regions. The Afro-Peruvian population is concentrated mostly in coastal cities south of Lima, such as those found in the Ica Region, in cities like Cañete, Chincha, Ica, Nazca and Acarí in the Arequipa Region. Another large but poorly promoted segment of Afro-Peruvian presence is in the Yunga regions (west and just below the Andean chain of northern Peru), (i.e., Piura and Lambayeque), where sugarcane, lemon, and mango production are still of importance. Important communities are found all over the Morropón Province, such as in the city of Chulucanas. One of them is Yapatera, a community in the same city, as well as smaller farming communities like Pabur or La Matanza and even in the mountainous region near Canchaque. Further south, the colonial city of Zaña or farming towns like Capote and Tuman in Lambayeque are also important regions with Afro-Peruvian presence.

Socioeconomic and cultural indicators are increasingly important as identifiers. For example, Peruvians of Amerindian descent who have adopted aspects of Hispanic culture also are beginning to consider themselves "mestizo". With economic development, access to education, intermarriage, and large-scale migration from rural to urban areas, a more homogeneous national culture is developing, mainly along the relatively more prosperous coast.

The Lima-Callao Metropolitan area is home to over 11 million residents, being one of South America's largest urban areas as well as one of the five megacities in the continent.

Language

See main article: Languages of Peru. According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages in areas where they predominate. Today, Spanish is spoken by some 83.9% of the population. It is used by the government and the media and in education and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the Amazon basin.

Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a socioeconomic divide between the coast's Hispanic mestizo culture and the more diverse, traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional customs, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Hispanic mestizo culture.

According to official sources, the use of Spanish has increased while the knowledge and use of indigenous languages have decreased considerably during the last four decades (1960–2000). At the beginning of the 1960s some 39% of the total Peruvian population were registered as speakers of indigenous languages, but by the 1990s the figures show a considerable decline in the use of Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages, when only 28% is registered as Quechua-speaking (16% of whom are reported to be bilingual in Spanish) and Spanish-speakers increased to 72%.

For 2017, government figures place Spanish as being spoken by 82.6% of the population, but among Amerindian languages, another decrease is registered. Of the indigenous languages, Quechua remains the most spoken, and even today is used by some 13.9% of the total Peruvian population or a third of Peru's total indigenous population. The number of speakers of Aymara and other indigenous languages is placed at 2.5%, and those of foreign languages at 0.2%.

The drastic decline in use and knowledge of indigenous languages is largely attributed to recent demographic factors. The urbanization and assimilation of Peru's Amerindian plurality into the Hispanic mestizo culture, as well as new socioeconomic factors associated with class structure, have given privilege to the use of Spanish at the expense of the Amerindian languages which were spoken by the majority of the population less than a century ago.

The major obstacle to a more widespread use of Quechua is the fact that multiple varieties of this language exist. Quechua, along with Aymara and the minor indigenous languages, was originally and remains essentially an oral language. As a result, there is a lack of modern media which use it, such as books, newspapers, software, magazines, and technical journals. However, non-governmental organizations, as well as state-sponsored groups, are involved in projects to edit and translate major works into Quechua; for instance, in late 2005 a version of Don Quixote was presented in the language. There has also been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where it is spoken.

The percentage of native speakers of Quechua who are illiterate was decreasing as of 2008,[26] as 86.87% of the Peruvian population is literate. More encouraging, nationwide literacy rate of youth aged 15 to 24 years is high and considered an achievement in Peruvian educational standards.[27]

As part of the recent push in Peru to recognize and integrate indigenous people into national life, the government of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski supported the use of indigenous languages in Peru, with the state-run TV station starting to broadcast in December 2016 a daily news program in Quechua and in April 2017 one in Aymara. The President's state-of-the-union address was simultaneously translated into Quechua in July 2017.[28], government figures show about 4 million (13 percent) of the population speak Quechua fluently, while up to 10 million – around a third of the population – understand some of the language.[29]

Education

Under the 1993 constitution, primary education is free and compulsory. The system is highly centralized, with the Ministry of Education appointing all public school teachers. Although 83% of Peru's students attend public schools at all levels, over 15% percent (usually the upper-classes and upper middle-class) attend private.

School enrollment has been rising sharply for years, due to a widening educational effort by the government and a growing school-age population. The illiteracy (2008) rate is estimated at 7.1% (10.6% for women), 19.0% in rural areas and 3.7% in urban areas.http://www.andina.com.pe/Espanol/Noticia.aspx?id=NiBnWpBzahw= Quechua is mostly an oral language, so in some cases, in rural areas, people do not speak Spanish and therefore do not know how to read or write. Elementary and secondary school enrollment is about 7.7  million. Peru's 74 universities (1999), 39% public and 61% private institutions, enrolled about students in 1999.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: January 2023.
  2. Web site: 2017 Peruvian census.
  3. Web site: Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico . 197 . Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.
  4. Web site: World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. esa.un.org. October 4, 2017.
  5. Web site: World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations. 2017-07-15.
  6. Web site: PERU Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática INEI. 2021-09-20. www.inei.gob.pe.
  7. Web site: Perú: Se reduce el número de nacimientos. 2023-11-26. www.ojo.pe. November 26, 2023 .
  8. Web site: MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys. microdata.worldbank.org. October 4, 2017.
  9. Web site: Planeamiento Urbano – Perú: Áreas metropolitanas (Pag. 3) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140912234356/http://www.inicam.org.pe/2006/descargar/planeamiento.PDF . September 12, 2014 . mdy .
  10. Web site: Peru: Estimated population by sex according to Departamento, province and district 2012 -2015. Inie.gob.pe. September 20, 2012. es. November 30, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111130121705/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/libro.pdf. dead.
  11. Web site: Lima metropolitan area. Inie.gob.pe. 4 October 2017. October 23, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141023152140/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/LIb0002/cap0103.htm. dead.
  12. Web site: Plan de desarrollo metropolitano de Trujillo – Plandemetru. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074204/http://www.plandet.gob.pe/images/PLANES_DE_ORDENAMIENTO_TERRITORIAL/DESCARGAS/PLAN_ACONDICIONAMIENTO_TERRITORIAL/PLAN_DE_DESARROLLO_METROPOLITANO_AL_2010.pdf. dead. 2015-09-24. Plandemetru – Trujillo municipality.
  13. Web site: MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA GESTIÓN DEL DESARROLLO URBANO DE LA PROVINCIA DE CHICLAYO. Chiclayo municipality. Munichiclayo.gob.pe. 4 October 2017. May 18, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120518050418/http://www.munichiclayo.gob.pe/Municipalidad/Presentacion/Documentos/PDF_PDUA/PDUA_CAP_III_P2.pdf. dead.
  14. Web site: Plan director de Arequipa . Arequipa municipality . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121116125127/http://www.caparequipa.org/attachments/324_Plan%20Director%20de%20Arequipa%20Metropolitana.pdf . November 16, 2012 . mdy .
  15. Noble David Cook, Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620, p. 114.
  16. Web site: Guns Germs & Steel: Variables. Smallpox - PBS. Pbs.org. October 4, 2017.
  17. Mario Vázquez, "Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru", pp. 79–81.
  18. Web site: Scottish independence — a historical view and a Peruvian perspective. September 19, 2014.
  19. Magnus Mörner, Race mixture in the history of Latin America, p. 131.
  20. 2009-09-18 . Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture (2nd ed.) . Reference Reviews . 23 . 7 . 60–62 . 10.1108/09504120910990542 . 0950-4125.
  21. Web site: Venezuelan migration and its impacts (translated from Spanish). December 21, 2022.
  22. Web site: Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico . 214 . Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.
  23. Book: Dean, Bartholomew. Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia. 9780813033785. 2009. University Press of Florida. en-US.
  24. Cecilia . Baeza. Palestinians and Latin America's Indigenous Peoples. Middle East Report . 274 . Spring 2015.
  25. Cuche, Denys. “Un siècle d’immigration palestinienne au Pérou: La construction d’une ethnicité spécifique.” Revue Européenne de Migrations Internationales 17/3 (2001): 94–95.
  26. Book: Austin, Peter. One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. 2008. University of California Press. 9780520255609. 202. en.
  27. Web site: Peru Education Facts & Stats. www.nationmaster.com. 2018-05-30.
  28. News: Peru's indigenous-language push - News they can use . . August 26, 2017 . December 7, 2017 . Lima.
  29. Web site: Peru airs news in Quechua to fight marginalization of country's indigenous . Humanosphere . December 15, 2016 . December 7, 2017 . Nikolau, Lisa.

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