Demographics of India explained

Place:	India
Size Of Population:	1,425,775,850^[1] (April 2023 est.)1,428,627,663^[2] (Mid-year 2023 est.)
Density:	473.42 people per km^2 (2021 est.)^[3]
Growth:	0.68% (2022 est.)
Birth:	16.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death:	6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Life:	72.03 years (2023 est.)
Life Male:	70.5 years (2023 est.)
Life Female:	73.6 years (2023 est.)
Infant Mortality:	29.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2018)^[4]
Fertility:	2.00 children born per woman (2023)
Age 0-14 Years:	25.68% (male 183,695,000/female 166,295,000) (2021 est.)
Age 15-64 Years:	67.49% (male 472,653,000/female 447,337,000) (2021 est.)
Age 65 Years:	6.83% (male 44,275,000/female 48,751,000) (2021 est.)
Total Mf Ratio:	1.06 male(s)/female (2023)^[5]
Sr At Birth:	1.1 male(s)/female (2023)
Sr 0-4 Years:	1.10 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Sr Under 15:	1.11 male(s)/female (2023)
Sr 15-64 Years:	1.07 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
Sr 65 Years Over:	0.85 male(s)/female (2023)
Major Ethnic:	See Ethnic groups of India
Official:	See Languages of India
Spoken:	Hindi 43.6% Bengali 8% Marathi 6.9% Telugu 6.8% Tamil 6.7% Gujarati 4.6% Urdu 4.2% Kannada 3.6% Odia 3.1% Malayalam 2.9% Punjabi 2.7% Assamese 1.3% Maithili 1.1% other 5.6% (2011)

India is the most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world's population. According to estimates from the United Nations (UN), India has overtaken China as the country with the largest population in the world, with a population of 1,425,775,850 at the end of April 2023.^{[6] [7] [8] [9]}

Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion, reaching the billion mark in 2000. According to the UN's World Population dashboard, India's population now stands at slightly over 1.428 billion, edging past China's population of 1.425 billion people, as reported by the news agency Bloomberg.^[9] In 2015, India's population was predicted to reach 1.7 billion by 2050.^{[10] [11]} In 2017 its population growth rate was 0.98%, ranking 112th in the world; in contrast, from 1972 to 1983, India's population grew by an annual rate of 2.3%.^[12]

In 2022, the median age of an Indian was 28.7 years,^[13] compared to 38.4 for China and 48.6 for Japan; and, by 2030; India's dependency ratio will be just over 0.4.^[14] However, the number of children in India peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and is now also declining.^[15]

India has many ethnic groups,^[16] and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) as well as two language isolates: the Nihali language,^[17] spoken in parts of Maharashtra, and the Burushaski language, spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir. 1,000,000 people in India are Anglo-Indians and 700,000 United States citizens are living in India.^[18] They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.^[19]

The sex ratio was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011.^[20] This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the 20th century.^[21]

History

See also: Economic history of India.

Prehistory to early 19th century

See also: Estimates of historical world population.

The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates.^{[22] [23]}

Year	Maddison (2001)^[24]		Clark (1967)^[25] ^[26] ^[27]		Biraben (1979)^[28] ^[29]		Durand (1974)^[30]		McEvedy (1978)^[31]		Aggregate average		Period	Average % growth / century
	Population	% growth / century	Population	% growth / century	Population	% growth / century	Population	% growth / century	Population	% growth / century	Population	% growth / century
10,000 BC													Stone Age	3.9
4000 BC										3.9		3.9
2000 BC										9.4		9.4	Bronze Age	9.4
500 BC										10		10	Iron Age	10.2
400 BC										6.3		13.2
200 BC						35.4				6.3		22.5	Maurya era	22.5
1 AD						–9.3				6.5		18.8	Classical era	5.3
200		0		1.7		–1.1		0		7.1		1.1
400		0		1.7		–18.6		0		7.4		–0.7
500		0		0		3.1		0		6.5		1.3
600		0		0		12.1		0		6.5		2.3	Early medieval era	1.9
700		0		0		35.1		0		10.3		5.9
800		0		0		–16.3		0		10.3		–0.5
900		0		–3.5		–13.2		0		11.4		0
1000		0		–3.5		5.3		0		11.4		2.1
1100		8		3.5		27.5		8.4		3.9		8.6	Late medieval era	8.1
1200		8		3.5		27.5		8.4		3.8		9
1300		8		0		27.5		8.4		6		9.3
1400		8		3.3		7		8.4		6.8		7
1500		8		3.3		7		8.4		6.4		7
1600		22.8		26.6		52.6		20.7		30		30.1	Mughal era	31.9
1650		22.2		125		20.7		20.7		24.4		36.2
1700		22.2		77.8		20.7		20.7		21.8		31.3
1750		21.8		0		9		20.7		12.9		12.1	Colonial era	12.2
1800		21.8		–10.8		9				18.4		8
1820		21.8		0		9				47.7		22

The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to the Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate,^[32] before population growth slowed down in the classical era up to 500 AD, and then became largely stagnant during the early medieval era era up to 1000 AD.^{[24] [26]} The population growth rate then increased in the late medieval era (during the Delhi Sultanate) from 1000 to 1500.^{[24] [26]}

Under the Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge, due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production.^[33] 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India^[34] and contemporary Europe^[34] up until the 19th century.^[35] These estimates by Abraham Eraly^[34] and Paolo Malanima^[35] have been criticised by Tim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations and estimates urbanisation of the Mughal Empire to be less than 9% of the population.^[36]

Under the reign of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe.^[37] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.^[38] Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships. A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people, with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people^[39] and Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people.^[40] Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707).

Late 19th century to early 20th century

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.

Life expectancy from 1881 to 1950

The population of India under the British Raj (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

Census year	Population	Growth (%)
1871^[42]
1881^[43]		6.3
1891		13.1
1901		2.2
1911^[44]		7.4
1921		1.2
1931		10.6
1941		10.2

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).^[45]

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief… that… late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation…".^[46]

Salient features

India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population^[47] lived in about 638,000 villages^[48] and the remaining 27.8% lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.^[49]

India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010.^[50] However, because Africa's population growth is extremely high compared to the rest of the world,^{[51] [52]} it is expected to surpass both China and India by the early 2030s.^[53]

Comparative demographics

Comparative demographics

Category	Global ranking	References
Area	7th	^[54]
Population	1st
Population growth rate	102nd of 212	in 2010^[55]
Population density	24th of 212	in 2010
Male to Female ratio, at birth	12th of 214	in 2009^[56]

List of states and union territories by demographics

Population growth of India per decade^[57]

Census year	Population	Change (%)
1951		–
1961		21.6
1971		24.8
1981		24.7
1991		23.9
2001		21.5
2011	1,210,193,422	17.7

Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)

Rank	State/UT	Population^[58]	Percent (%)	Male	Female	Difference between male and female	Sex ratio	Rural^[59]	Urban	Area^[60] (km^2)	Density (per km^2)
1	Uttar Pradesh		16.50				930
2	Maharashtra		9.28				929
3	Bihar		8.60				918
4	West Bengal		7.54				950
5	Madhya Pradesh		6.00				931
6	Tamil Nadu		5.96				996
7	Rajasthan		5.66				928
8	Karnataka		5.05				973
9	Gujarat		4.99				919
10	Andhra Pradesh		4.08				996
11	Odisha		3.47				979
12	Telangana		2.91				988
13	Kerala		2.76				1084
14	Jharkhand		2.72				948
15	Assam		2.58				958
16	Punjab		2.29				895
17	Chhattisgarh		2.11				991
18	Haryana		2.09				879
19	Delhi (UT)		1.39				868
20	Jammu and Kashmir		1.04				889
21	Uttarakhand		0.83				963
22	Himachal Pradesh		0.57				972
23	Tripura		0.30				960
24	Meghalaya		0.25				989
25	Manipur		0.24				985
26	Nagaland		0.16				931
27	Goa		0.12				973
28	Arunachal Pradesh		0.11				938
29	Puducherry (UT)		0.10				1037
30	Mizoram		0.09				976
31	Chandigarh (UT)		0.09				818
32	Sikkim		0.05				890
33	Andaman and Nicobar Islands (UT)		0.03				876
34	Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT)		0.03				774
35	Daman and Diu (UT)		0.02				618
36	Lakshadweep (UT)		0.01				946
–	Total (India)		100				943

Religious demographics

See main article: Religion in India. The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below.

Religious populations' numbers (2011)^[61]

Religion	Population	Percentage (%)
Hindus
Muslims
Christians
Sikhs
Buddhists
Jains
Others
Not Stated

Changes in religious demographics over time

Year	Hindus	Muslims	Christians	Sikhs	Buddhists	Jainis	Zoroastrians	Others/ Religion not specified
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011^[62]

Characteristics of religious groups

Religious group	Population (2011) %	Growth (2001–2011)^[63] ^[64]	Sex ratio (2011)				Literacy (2011) (%)^[65]	Work participation (2011) (%)^[66]
			total^[67]	rural	urban	child^[68]
Hinduism	! style="background:#A0F040;	79.80%	16.8%	939	946	921	913	73.3%	41.0%
Islam	14.23%	! style="background:#A0F040;	24.6%	951	957	941	943	! style="background:#FF6040;	68.5%	! style="background:#FF6040;	32.6%
Christianity	2.30%	15.5%	! style="background:#A0F040;	1023	! style="background:#A0F040;	1008	! style="background:#A0F040;	1046	958	84.5%	41.9%
Sikhism	1.72%	8.4%	! style="background:#FF6040;	903	! style="background:#FF6040;	905	! style="background:#FF6040;	898	! style="background:#FF6040;	828	75.4%	36.3%
Buddhism	0.70%	6.1%	965	960	973	933	81.3%	! style="background:#A0F040;	43.1%
Jainism	! style="background:#FF6040;	0.37%	! style="background:#FF6040;	5.4%	954	935	959	889	! style="background:#A0F040;	94.9%	35.5%
Others/Religion Not Specified	0.90%	! style="background:LightGray;	n/a	959	947	975	! style="background:#A0F040;	974	! style="background:LightGray;	n/a	! style="background:LightGray;	n/a

Neonatal and infant demographics

The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.

Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000) As per NFHS & UNICEF Data.

Year	Male	Female	Total
1998^[69]	69.8	73.5	71.6
2005^[70]	56.3	58	57^[71]
2009^[72]	49	52
2014^[73]	43.7	37.90	40.7
2018^[74]	29.95	29.88	29.94

India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.^[75]

Population within the age group of 0–6

Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory^[76]

State or UT code	State or UT	Total	Male	Female	Difference
1	Jammu and Kashmir
2	Himachal Pradesh
3	Punjab
4	Chandigarh
5	Uttarakhand
6	Haryana
7	Delhi
8	Rajasthan
9	Uttar Pradesh
10	Bihar
11	Sikkim
12	Arunachal Pradesh
13	Nagaland
14	Manipur
15	Mizoram
16	Tripura
17	Meghalaya
18	Assam
19	West Bengal
20	Jharkhand
21	Odisha
22	Chhattisgarh
23	Madhya Pradesh
24	Gujarat
25	Daman and Diu
26	Dadra and Nagar Haveli
27	Maharashtra
28	Andhra Pradesh
29	Karnataka
30	Goa
31	Lakshadweep
32	Kerala
33	Tamil Nadu
34	Puducherry
35	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
–	Total (India)

Population above the age of seven

Population above the age of seven by state/union territory

State or UT code	State or UT	Total	Male	Female
1	Jammu and Kashmir	–	–	–
2	Himachal Pradesh	–	–	–
3	Punjab	–	–	–
4	Chandigarh	–	–	–
5	Uttarakhand	–	–	–
6	Haryana
7	Delhi
8	Rajasthan
9	Uttar Pradesh
10	Bihar
11	Sikkim
12	Arunachal Pradesh
13	Nagaland
14	Manipur
15	Mizoram
16	Tripura
17	Meghalaya
18	Assam
19	West Bengal
20	Jharkhand
21	Odisha
22	Chhattisgarh
23	Madhya Pradesh
24	Gujarat
25	Daman and Diu
26	Dadra and Nagar Haveli
27	Maharashtra
28	Andhra Pradesh
29	Karnataka
30	Goa
31	Lakshadweep
32	Kerala	–	–	–
33	Tamil Nadu
34	Puducherry
35	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
–	Total (India)

Literacy rate

Literacy rate by state/union territory

State or UT code	State or UT	Overall (%)	Male (%)	Female (%)
1	Jammu and Kashmir
2	Himachal Pradesh
3	Punjab
4	Chandigarh
5	Uttarakhand
6	Haryana
7	Delhi
8	Rajasthan
9	Uttar Pradesh
10	Bihar
11	Sikkim
12	Arunachal Pradesh
13	Nagaland
14	Manipur
15	Mizoram
16	Tripura
17	Meghalaya
18	Assam
19	West Bengal
20	Jharkhand
21	Odisha
22	Chhattisgarh
23	Madhya Pradesh
24	Gujarat
25	Daman and Diu
26	Dadra and Nagar Haveli
27	Maharashtra
28	Andhra Pradesh^[77]
29	Karnataka
30	Goa
31	Lakshadweep
32	Kerala
33	Tamil Nadu
34	Puducherry
35	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
–	Overall (India)

Linguistic demographics

See main article: List of languages by number of native speakers in India. According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke Hindi natively, while the rest spoke Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Maithili, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are specified in the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution, while 100 are non-specified.

The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.

Languages of India by number of native speakers at the 2001 census^[78]

Rank	Language	Speakers	Percentage (%)
1	Hindi
2	Bengali
3	Telugu
4	Marathi
5	Tamil
6	Urdu
7	Gujarati
8	Kannada
9	Malayalam
10	Odia
11	Punjabi
12	Assamese
13	Maithili
14	Bhili/Bhilodi
15	Santali
16	Kashmiri
17	Nepali
18	Gondi
19	Sindhi
20	Konkani
21	Dogri
22	Khandeshi
23	Kurukh
24	Tulu
25	Meitei (Manipuri)
26	Bodo
27	Khasi – Garo
28	Mundari
29	Ho
30	Tripuri

Largest cities of India

See main article: List of cities in India by population.

Vital statistics

UN estimates

United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2022 revision – India^[79]

Year	Mid-year population	Births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Crude migration rate (per 1000)	Total Fertility rate	Infant mortality (per 1000)	Life expectancy
1950	357,021,000	15,651,000	7,942,000	7,709,000	43.8	22.68	21.6		5.73	181.2	41.7
1951	364,922,000	16,042,000	8,171,000	7,871,000	44.0	22.53	21.6	0.5	5.77	180.1	41.7
1952	372,997,000	16,458,000	8,293,000	8,165,000	44.1	22.24	21.9	0.2	5.82	177.5	42.0
1953	381,228,000	16,857,000	8,442,000	8,415,000	44.2	22.07	22.1	0	5.87	175.3	42.2
1954	389,731,000	17,247,000	8,414,000	8,833,000	44.2	21.45	22.7	-0.4	5.91	172.2	43.0
1955	398,578,000	17,549,000	8,468,000	9,081,000	44.0	21.07	22.8	-0.1	5.91	169.7	43.4
1956	407,657,000	17,844,000	8,533,000	9,310,000	43.8	20.74	22.8	0	5.91	167.3	43.8
1957	416,935,000	18,128,000	8,618,000	9,510,000	43.5	20.49	22.8	0	5.91	165.0	44.1
1958	426,296,000	18,370,000	8,673,000	9,696,000	43.1	20.14	22.7	-0.2	5.90	162.7	44.4
1959	435,900,000	18,593,000	8,688,000	9,905,000	42.6	19.72	22.7	-0.2	5.89	160.3	44.9
1960	445,955,000	18,958,000	8,756,000	10,201,000	42.5	19.42	22.9	0.2	5.92	158.2	45.2
1961	456,352,000	19,301,000	8,874,000	10,427,000	42.3	19.23	22.8	0.5	5.94	156.4	45.4
1962	467,024,000	19,663,000	8,969,000	10,693,000	42.1	18.98	22.9	0.5	5.95	154.5	45.7
1963	477,934,000	20,031,000	9,064,000	10,966,000	41.9	18.73	22.9	0.5	5.97	152.7	45.9
1964	489,059,000	20,407,000	9,177,000	11,230,000	41.7	18.51	23.0	0.3	5.98	151.1	46.2
1965	500,114,000	20,679,000	9,824,000	10,855,000	41.3	19.36	21.7	0.9	5.94	156.4	45.0
1966	510,993,000	20,913,000	9,886,000	11,027,000	40.9	19.06	21.6	0.2	5.88	154.7	45.3
1967	521,987,000	21,193,000	9,963,000	11,231,000	40.6	18.78	21.5	0	5.83	153.1	45.7
1968	533,432,000	21,454,000	9,486,000	11,968,000	40.2	17.52	22.4	-0.5	5.76	145.0	47.5
1969	545,315,000	21,704,000	9,551,000	12,154,000	39.8	17.27	22.3	0	5.68	143.3	47.9
1970	557,501,000	22,043,000	9,606,000	12,437,000	39.5	17.01	22.3	-0.1	5.62	141.7	48.2
1971	569,999,000	22,483,000	9,658,000	12,825,000	39.4	16.81	22.5	-0.1	5.57	139.9	48.6
1972	582,838,000	22,835,000	9,702,000	13,133,000	39.2	16.60	22.5	0	5.48	138.5	49.0
1973	596,107,000	23,230,000	9,701,000	13,529,000	39.0	16.31	22.7	0.1	5.40	136.3	49.5
1974	609,722,000	23,559,000	9,628,000	13,931,000	38.6	15.89	22.8	0	5.33	133.3	50.2
1975	623,524,000	23,660,000	9,592,000	14,068,000	37.9	15.53	22.6	0	5.20	130.7	50.8
1976	637,451,000	24,021,000	9,572,000	14,449,000	37.7	15.18	22.7	-0.4	5.13	127.9	51.4
1977	651,686,000	24,042,000	9,555,000	14,487,000	36.9	14.82	22.2	0.1	5.01	124.9	51.9
1978	666,268,000	24,243,000	9,520,000	14,723,000	36.4	14.43	22.1	0.3	4.89	121.7	52.5
1979	681,248,000	24,699,000	9,515,000	15,184,000	36.3	14.07	22.3	0.2	4.81	118.4	53.1
1980	696,828,000	25,235,000	9,530,000	15,705,000	36.2	13.75	22.5	0.4	4.78	115.2	53.6
1981	712,869,000	25,683,000	9,532,000	16,151,000	36.0	13.42	22.7	0.3	4.70	112.1	54.2
1982	729,169,000	25,964,000	9,512,000	16,452,000	35.6	13.09	22.6	0.3	4.62	109.3	54.7
1983	745,827,000	26,329,000	9,487,000	16,842,000	35.3	12.77	22.6	0.2	4.57	106.7	55.3
1984	762,890,005	26,777,000	9,471,000	17,307,000	35.1	12.47	22.7	0.2	4.52	104.2	55.8
1985	780,242,000	27,001,000	9,444,000	17,558,000	34.6	12.16	22.5	0.2	4.43	101.8	56.3
1986	797,879,000	27,522,000	9,434,000	18,088,000	34.5	11.88	22.7	-0.1	4.40	99.4	56.8
1987	815,716,000	27,478,000	9,400,000	18,077,000	33.7	11.58	22.2	0.2	4.31	97.0	57.3
1988	833,730,000	27,654,000	9,369,000	18,286,000	33.2	11.29	21.9	0.2	4.22	94.6	57.8
1989	852,013,000	27,733,000	9,335,000	18,398,000	32.5	11.00	21.6	0.3	4.13	92.2	58.2
1990	870,452,000	27,692,000	9,306,000	18,386,000	31.8	10.73	21.1	0.5	4.05	89.8	58.7
1991	888,942,000	27,937,000	9,295,000	18,642,000	31.4	10.47	21.0	0.2	3.96	87.6	59.1
1992	907,574,000	28,057,000	9,285,000	18,772,000	30.9	10.22	20.7	0.3	3.88	85.5	59.5
1993	926,351,000	28,055,000	9,283,000	18,772,000	30.3	10.00	20.3	0.4	3.80	83.5	59.8
1994	945,262,000	28,207,000	9,270,000	18,937,000	29.8	9.78	20.0	0.4	3.72	81.4	60.2
1995	964,279,000	28,314,000	9,269,000	19,044,000	29.4	9.57	19.7	0.4	3.65	79.3	60.6
1996	983,281,000	28,305,000	9,262,000	19,043,000	28.8	9.37	19.4	0.3	3.58	77.1	61.0
1997	1,002,335,000	28,341,000	9,251,000	19,090,000	28.3	9.17	19.0	0.4	3.51	74.8	61.4
1998	1,021,435,000	28,381,000	9,245,000	19,136,000	27.8	8.99	18.7	0.4	3.45	72.5	61.8
1999	1,040,500,000	28,365,000	9,235,000	19,130,000	27.3	8.80	18.4	0.3	3.38	70.2	62.2
2000	1,059,634,000	28,615,000	9,221,000	19,394,000	27.0	8.63	18.3	0.1	3.35	67.8	62.7
2001	1,078,971,000	28,843,000	9,235,000	19,608,000	26.7	8.48	18.2	0	3.30	65.4	63.1
2002	1,098,313,000	28,648,000	9,186,000	19,462,000	26.1	8.29	17.7	0.2	3.22	63.1	63.6
2003	1,117,415,000	28,356,000	9,150,000	19,206,000	25.4	8.13	17.2	0.2	3.12	60.8	64.1
2004	1,136,265,000	28,099,000	9,136,000	18,963,000	24.7	7.98	16.7	0.2	3.05	58.6	64.5
2005	1,154,639,000	27,646,000	9,096,000	18,550,000	23.9	7.82	16.1	0.1	2.96	56.3	65.0
2006	1,172,374,000	27,229,000	9,080,000	18,149,000	23.2	7.67	15.5	-0.1	2.86	54.1	65.4
2007	1,189,692,000	27,030,000	9,095,000	17,935,000	22.7	7.54	15.1	-0.3	2.78	51.9	65.8
2008	1,206,735,000	26,890,000	9,123,000	17,767,000	22.3	7.41	14.7	-0.4	2.72	49.6	66.1
2009	1,223,640,000	26,848,000	9,154,000	17,694,000	21.9	7.29	14.5	-0.5	2.67	47.4	66.5
2010	1,240,614,000	26,599,000	9,162,000	17,437,000	21.4	7.16	14.1	-0.2	2.60	45.2	66.9
2011	1,257,621,191	26,342,000	9,139,000	17,203,000	20.9	7.05	13.7	0	2.54	43.0	67.4
2012	1,274,487,215	26,027,000	9,072,000	16,954,000	20.4	6.95	13.3	0.1	2.47	40.8	67.9
2013	1,291,132,063	25,740,000	8,987,000	16,753,000	19.9	6.86	13.0	0.1	2.41	38.7	68.5
2014	1,307,246,509	24,899,000	8,876,000	16,023,000	19.0	6.77	12.3	0.2	2.31	36.7	69.1
2015	1,322,866,505	24,828,000	8,826,000	16,003,000	18.8	6.73	12.1	-0.2	2.29	34.7	69.6
2016	1,338,636,340	24,783,000	8,839,000	15,944,000	18.5	6.70	11.9	0	2.27	32.8	70.1
2017	1,354,195,680	24,254,000	8,928,000	15,326,000	17.9	6.67	11.3	0.3	2.20	31.1	70.5
2018	1,369,003,306	24,168,000	9,098,000	15,070,000	17.7	6.67	11.0	-0.1	2.18	29.4	70.7
2019	1,383,112,050	23,583,000	9,281,000	14,302,000	17.0	6.67	10.3	0	2.11	27.9	70.9
2020	1,396,387,127	23,139,000	10,262,000	12,876,000	16.6	7.21	9.2	0.4	2.05	26.6	70.1
2021	1,407,563,842	23,114,000	13,511,232	9,602,768	16.4	9.26	7.0	-1.0	2.03	25.5	67.2
2022	1,417,173,173	23,056,027	12,862,015	10,194,012	16.3	6.58	7.2	-0.4	2.01		67.7
2023	1,428,627,663	23,162,866	11,222,240	11,940,626	16.1	6.61	9.5	-1.4	2.00(e)		72.0

Census of India: sample registration system

Census of India: sample registration system^{[80] [81] [82] [83]}

Year	Average population	Live births^1	Deaths^1	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate
1981	716,493,000				33.9	12.5	21.4	4.52
1982	733,152,000				33.8	11.9	21.9	4.5
1983	750,034,000				33.7	11.9	21.8	4.5
1984	767,147,000				33.9	12.6	21.3	4.5
1985	784,491,000				32.9	11.8	21.1	4.3
1986	802,052,000				32.6	11.1	21.5	4.15
1987	819,800,000				32.1	10.9	21.2	4.1
1988	837,700,000				31.5	11.0	20.5	4.0
1989	855,707,000				30.6	10.3	20.3	3.9
1990	873,785,000				30.2	9.7	20.5	3.8
1991	891,910,000				29.3	9.8	19.5	3.64
1992	910,065,000				29.0	10.1	18.9	3.6
1993	928,226,000				0	9.3	19.4	3.5
1994	946,373,000				28.7	9.3	19.4	3.5
1995	964,486,000				28.3	9.0	19.3	3.5
1996	982,553,000				27.3	8.9	18.4	3.40
1997	1,000,558,000				27.2	8.9	18.3	3.3
1998	1,018,471,000				26.5	9.0	17.5	3.2
1999	1,036,259,000				26.0	8.7	17.3	3.2
2000	1,053,898,000				25.8	8.5	17.3	3.2
2001	1,071,374,000				25.4	8.4	17.0	3.10
2002	1,088,694,000				25.0	8.1	16.9	3.0
2003	1,105,886,000				24.8	8.0	16.8	3.0
2004	1,122,991,000				24.1	7.5	16.6	2.9
2005	1,140,043,000				23.8	7.6	16.2	2.9
2006	1,157,039,000				23.5	7.5	16.0	2.79
2007	1,134,024,000				23.1	7.4	15.7	2.7
2008	1,150,196,000				22.8	7.4	15.4	2.6
2009	1,166,228,000				22.5	7.3	15.2	2.6
2010	1,182,108,000				22.1	7.2	14.9	2.5
2011	1,197,658,000				21.8	7.1	14.7	2.44
2012	1,212,827,000				21.6	7.0	14.6	2.38
2013	1,227,012,000				21.4	7.0	14.4	2.34
2014	1,243,542,000				21.0	6.7	14.3	2.32
2015	1,259,108,000				20.8	6.5	14.3	2.27
2016	1,273,986,000	25,989,314	8,153,510	17,835,804	20.4	6.4	14.0	2.26
2017^[84]	1,288,522,000	26,028,144	8,117,689	17,910,455	20.2	6.3	13.9	2.18
2018	1,324,609,000	26,492,180	8,212,576	18,279,604	20.0	6.2	13.8	2.15
2019	1,338,995,000	24,820,886	7,641,076	17,179,810	18.5	5.7	12.8	2.08^[85]
2020	1,353,378,000	24,222,444	8,115,882	16,106,562	17.9	6.0	11.9	2.03
^1 The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.

Life expectancy

See also: List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth. ^[86]

Period	Life expectancy at birth	Life expectancy at age 15	Life expectancy at age 65	Life expectancy at age 80
1950–1955	41.7	45.0	10.9	4.8
1955–1960	43.4	45.6	11.1	4.8
1960–1965	45.2	46.4	11.2	4.9
1965–1970	45.0	46.1	11.2	4.9
1970–1975	48.2	48.0	11.2	5.1
1975–1980	50.8	49.8	12.3	6.0
1980–1985	53.6	51.0	12.2	5.8
1985–1990	56.3	52.4	12.3	5.8
1990–1995	58.7	53.3	12.6	5.9
1995–2000	60.6	54.1	13.0	6.2
2000–2005	62.7	54.9	13.6	6.6
2005–2010	65.0	56.0	13.9	6.4
2010–2015	66.9	56.6	14.1	6.4
2015-2020	69.6	58.2	15.3	7.5
2020-2025	70.1	57.8	14.7	7.1

Source 1: UN World Population Prospects^[87]

Source 2: Our World in Data^[88]

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (Census 9.II.2011)

Population by age group

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percentage (%)	Cumulative Percentage
0–4				9.32	9.32
5–9				10.48	19.8
10–14				10.96	30.76
15–19				9.95	40.71
20–24				9.20	49.91
25–29				8.38	58.29
30–34				7.32	65.61
35–39				7.03	72.64
40–44				5.98	78.62
45–49				5.15	83.77
50–54				4.05	87.82
55–59				3.23	91.05
60–64				3.11	94.16
65–69				2.18	96.34
70–74				1.59	97.93
75–79				0.76	98.69
80–84				0.51	99.2
85–89				0.20	99.4
90–94				0.12	99.52
95–99				0.05	99.57
100+				0.05	99.62
Unknown				0.37	99.99
Total				100.00
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	194,351,375	178,092,741	372,444,116	30.76
15–64	394,175,879	373,559,847	767,735,726	63.40
65+	32,370,123	33,815,210	66,185,333	5.47

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (03.III.2016) (Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.):^[89]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	664,184,000	626,890,000	1,291,074,000	100
0–4	62,872,000	56,038,000	118,910,000	9.21
5–9	61,499,000	56,969,000	118,468,000	9.18
10–14	65,142,000	59,682,000	124,824,000	9.67
15–19	67,223,000	60,871,000	128,094,000	9.92
20–24	63,521,000	57,356,000	120,877,000	9.36
25–29	57,272,000	53,357,000	110,629,000	8.57
30–34	50,782,000	49,250,000	100,032,000	7.75
35–39	45,318,000	44,787,000	90,105,000	6.98
40–44	41,280,000	40,497,000	81,777,000	6.33
45–49	36,602,000	35,107,000	71,709,000	5.55
50–54	30,738,000	29,016,000	59,754,000	4.63
55–59	24,403,000	23,307,000	47,710,000	3.70
60–64	19,133,000	19,288,000	38,421,000	2.98
65–69	15,198,000	16,114,000	31,312,000	2.43
70–74	11,002,000	11,723,000	22,725,000	1.76
75–79	7,703,000	8,367,000	16,070,000	1.24
80+	4,496,000	5,161,000	9,657,000	0.75
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	189,513,000	172,689,000	362,202,000	28.05
15–64	436,272,000	412,836,000	849,108,000	65.77
65+	38,399,000	41,365,000	79,764,000	6.18

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.III.2021) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined. Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.):^[90]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	700 623 000	662 383 000	1 363 006 000	100
0–4	60 153 000	54 120 000	114 273 000	8.38
5–9	62 276 000	55 390 000	117 666 000	8.63
10–14	61 266 000	56 785 000	118 051 000	8.66
15–19	64 862 000	59 420 000	124 282 000	9.12
20–24	66 770 000	60 474 000	127 244 000	9.34
25–29	62 944 000	56 956 000	119 900 000	8.80
30–34	56 614 000	52 961 000	109 575 000	8.04
35–39	50 027 000	48 836 000	98 863 000	7.25
40–44	44 450 000	44 315 000	88 765 000	6.51
45–49	40 204 000	39 903 000	80 107 000	5.88
50–54	35 235 000	34 331 000	69 566 000	5.10
55–59	29 082 000	28 062 000	57 144 000	4.19
60–64	22 465 000	22 079 000	44 544 000	3.27
65–69	16 823 000	17 583 000	34 406 000	2.52
70–74	12 546 000	13 904 000	26 450 000	1.94
75–79	8 269 000	9 294 000	17 563 000	1.29
80+	6 637 000	7 970 000	14 607 000	1.07
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	183 695 000	166 295 000	349 990 000	25.68
15–64	472 653 000	447 337 000	919 990 000	67.50
65+	44 275 000	48 751 000	93 026 000	6.83

Fertility rate

From the Demographic Health Survey:^[91]

Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate)

Year	Total		Urban		Rural
	CBR	TFR^1	CBR	TFR^1	CBR	TFR^1
1992–1993	28.7	3.39 (2.64)	24.1	2.70 (2.09)	30.4	3.67 (2.86)
1998–1999	24.8	2.85 (2.13)	20.9	2.27 (1.73)	26.2	3.07 (2.28)
2005–2006	23.1	2.68 (1.90)	18.8	2.06 (1.60)	25.0	2.98 (2.10)
2015–2016	19.0	2.18 (1.8)	15.8	1.75 (1.5)	20.7	2.41 (1.9)
2019–2021	17.1	1.99 (1.6)	14.0	1.63 (1.4)	18.6	2.14 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). ^1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.

Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion

Year	Hindu	Muslim	Christian	Sikh	Buddhist/ Neo-Buddhist	Jain	Other
2019–2021	1.94 (1.6)	2.36 (1.8)	1.88 (1.7)	1.61 (1.4)	1.39 (1.2)	1.60 (1.5)	2.15 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). ^1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.

Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2015–2016

State (Population 2011)	Total		Urban		Rural
	CBR	TFR^1	CBR	TFR^1	CBR	TFR^1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341)	22.6	2.74 (2.06)	18.6	2.08 (1.62)	24.0	2.99 (2.22)
Maharashtra (112 374 333)	16.6	1.87 (1.57)	15.5	1.68 (1.41)	17.5	2.06 (1.73)
Bihar (104 099 452)	27.1	3.41 (2.48)	20.4	2.42 (1.83)	28.0	3.56 (2.58)
West Bengal (91 276 115)	16.6	1.77 (1.53)	14.0	1.57 (1.38)	18.0	1.85 (1.58)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809)	20.2	2.32 (1.82)	17.7	1.95 (1.61)	21.3	2.48 (1.91)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030)	15.5	1.70 (1.51)	13.9	1.54 (1.38)	17.2	1.86 (1.63)
Rajasthan (68 548 437)	20.8	2.40 (1.81)	17.5	1.94 (1.52)	22.0	2.56 (1.91)
Karnataka (61 095 297)	15.9	1.81 (1.42)	15.2	1.65 (1.30)	16.5	1.92 (1.50)
Gujarat (60 439 692)	16.7	2.03 (1.54)	15.3	1.82 (1.39)	17.9	2.19 (1.64)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799)	16.1	1.83 (1.64)	13.9	1.53 (1.39)	17.0	1.96 (1.75)
Odisha (41 974 218)	18.1	2.05 (1.69)	15.6	1.73 (1.50)	18.7	2.12 (1.72)
Telangana (35 193 978)	17.1	1.79 (1.59)	17.1	1.67 (1.53)	17.2	1.88 (1.64)
Kerala (33 406 061)	11.2	1.56 (1.47)	11.4	1.57 (1.47)	11.0	1.55 (1.46)
Jharkhand (32 988 134)	21.7	2.55 (2.06)	16.3	1.78 (1.47)	23.5	2.83 (2.27)
Assam (31 205 576)	19.5	2.21 (1.78)	13.2	1.45 (1.25)	20.5	2.34 (1.87)
Punjab (27 743 338)	13.8	1.62 (1.37)	13.5	1.59 (1.32)	14.0	1.63 (1.39)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198)	20.7	2.23 (1.88)	17.9	1.78 (1.58)	21.5	2.37 (1.97)
Haryana (25 351 462)	18.7	2.05 (1.63)	16.3	1.78 (1.44)	20.2	2.22 (1.75)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302)	17.7	2.01 (1.67)	13.9	1.58 (1.39)	19.4	2.18 (1.77)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292)	19.0	2.07 (1.60)	17.1	1.80 (1.43)	20.0	2.24 (1.71)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602)	15.3	1.88 (1.55)	12.0	1.43 (1.15)	15.7	1.92 (1.59)
Tripura (3 673 917)	15.3	1.69 (1.55)	12.7	1.40 (1.34)	16.4	1.80 (1.62)
Meghalaya (2 966 889)	24.6	3.04 (2.79)	16.1	1.67 (1.57)	26.7	3.47 (3.18)
Manipur (2 855 794)	21.2	2.61 (2.33)	17.5	2.14 (1.96)	23.7	2.92 (2.57)
Nagaland (1 978 502)	21.4	2.74 (2.35)	16.3	1.78 (1.58)	24.1	3.38 (2.86)
Goa (1 458 545)	12.8	1.66 (1.37)	13.4	1.72 (1.37)	11.7	1.55 (1.37)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727)	17.9	2.12 (1.64)	17.0	1.69 (1.26)	18.2	2.29 (1.79)
Mizoram (1 097 206)	18.7	2.26 (2.15)	16.9	1.97 (1.89)	21.2	2.71 (2.54)
Sikkim (610 577)	11.4	1.17 (0.88)	12.1	1.11 (0.82)	11.1	1.21 (0.91)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). ^1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.

Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2019–2021^[92]

State (Population 2011)	Total		Urban		Rural
	CBR	TFR^1	CBR	TFR^1	CBR	TFR^1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341)	20.5	2.35 (1.77)	16.7	1.88 (1.49)	21.8	2.50 (1.86)
Maharashtra (112 374 333)	13.8	1.71 (1.43)	12.6	1.50 (1.27)	15.0	1.89 (1.58)
Bihar (104 099 452)	25.9	2.98 (2.25)	20.4	2.35 (1.88)	27.0	3.11 (2.31)
West Bengal (91 276 115)	15.5	1.64 (1.42)	12.4	1.39 (1.24)	17.0	1.73 (1.48)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809)	17.2	1.99 (1.61)	13.7	1.61 (1.34)	18.5	2.12 (1.69)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030)	13.7	1.76 (1.59)	12.7	1.61 (1.50)	14.6	1.89 (1.66)
Rajasthan (68 548 437)	18.7	2.01 (1.61)	15.3	1.67 (1.42)	19.8	2.11 (1.65)
Karnataka (61 095 297)	14.2	1.67 (1.38)	13.2	1.50 (1.25)	14.9	1.79 (1.46)
Gujarat (60 439 692)	15.0	1.86 (1.53)	13.3	1.65 (1.39)	16.3	2.0 (1.60)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799)	13.8	1.68 (1.55)	12.5	1.47 (1.36)	14.3	1.78 (1.64)
Odisha (41 974 218)	15.9	1.82 (1.52)	13.1	1.48 (1.26)	16.5	1.89 (1.57)
Telangana (35 193 978)	15.3	1.75 (1.55)	16.0	1.75 (1.57)	15.3	1.74 (1.54)
Kerala (33 406 061)	11.8	1.79 (1.68)	11.9	1.82 (1.71)	11.6	1.76 (1.65)
Jharkhand (32 988 134)	20.2	2.26 (1.87)	14.2	1.56 (1.32)	22.0	2.48 (2.04)
Assam (31 205 576)	16.8	1.87 (1.56)	13.1	1.50 (1.37)	17.4	1.93 (1.59)
Punjab (27 743 338)	13.3	1.63 (1.35)	12.1	1.55 (1.29)	14.0	1.68 (1.38)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198)	16.4	1.82 (1.57)	13.6	1.42 (1.28)	17.2	1.94 (1.66)
Haryana (25 351 462)	16.4	1.91 (1.54)	14.1	1.65 (1.38)	17.5	2.04 (1.62)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302)	13.1	1.41 (1.3)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292)	16.7	1.85 (1.46)	16.8	1.84 (1.47)	16.6	1.86 (1.47)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602)	12.7	1.66 (1.43)	11.2	1.43 (1.36)	12.9	1.69 (1.44)
Tripura (3 673 917)	14.5	1.70 (1.49)	11.0	1.39 (1.29)	15.8	1.81 (1.56)
Meghalaya (2 966 889)	24.2	2.91 (2.66)	14.8	1.57 (1.43)	26.5	3.31 (3.04)
Manipur (2 855 794)	17.4	2.17 (1.98)	14.7	1.84 (1.73)	19.1	2.38 (2.13)
Nagaland (1 978 502)	15.4	1.72 (1.57)	12.5	1.21 (1.13)	16.8	2.00 (1.82)
Goa (1 458 545)	10.3	1.30 (1.21)	10.3	1.26 (1.19)	10.3	1.36 (1.24)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727)	16.0	1.80 (1.49)	14.8	1.44 (1.24)	16.2	1.88 (1.54)
Mizoram (1 097 206)	15.0	1.87 (1.78)	13.9	1.63 (1.56)	16.4	2.19 (2.08)
Sikkim (610 577)	10.2	1.05 (0.85)	7.8	0.71 (0.54)	11.7	1.32 (1.11)
Delhi	14.8	1.62 (1.29)	14.6	1.60 (1.27)	23.4	2.47 (2.06)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). ^1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.

Regional vital statistics

Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state or UT(2010)^[93]

State or UT	Birth rate			Death rate			Natural growth rate			Infant mortality rate
	Total	Rural	Urban	Total	Rural	Urban	Total	Rural	Urban	Total	Rural	Urban
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	15.6	15.5	15.8	4.3	4.8	3.3	11.3	10.7	12.6	25	29	18
Andhra Pradesh	17.9	18.3	16.7	7.6	8.6	5.4	10.2	9.7	11.3	46	51	33
Arunachal Pradesh	20.5	22.1	14.6	5.9	6.9	2.3	14.6	15.2	12.3	31	34	12
Assam	23.2	24.4	15.8	8.2	8.6	5.8	14.9	15.8	10.1	58	60	36
Bihar	28.1	28.8	22.0	6.8	7.0	5.6	21.3	21.8	16.4	48	49	38
Chandigarh	15.6	21.6	15.0	3.9	3.7	3.9	11.6	17.9	11.0	22	20	23
Chhattisgarh	25.3	26.8	18.6	8.0	8.4	6.2	17.3	18.4	12.4	51	52	44
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	26.6	26.0	28.6	4.7	5.1	3.3	21.9	20.9	25.3	38	43	22
Daman and Diu	18.8	19.1	18.3	4.9	4.9	4.8	13.9	14.2	13.6	23	19	29
Delhi	17.8	19.7	17.5	4.2	4.6	4.1	13.6	15.0	13.4	30	37	29
Goa	13.2	12.6	13.7	6.6	8.1	5.7	6.6	4.5	8.0	10	10	10
Gujarat	21.8	23.3	19.4	6.7	7.5	5.5	15.1	15.8	14.0	44	51	30
Haryana	22.3	23.3	19.8	6.6	7.0	5.6	15.7	16.3	14.3	48	51	38
Himachal Pradesh	16.9	17.5	11.5	6.9	7.2	4.2	10.0	10.3	7.3	40	41	29
Jammu and Kashmir	18.3	19.5	13.5	5.7	5.9	4.7	12.6	13.6	8.8	43	45	32
Jharkhand	25.3	26.7	19.3	7.0	7.4	5.4	18.3	19.3	13.9	42	44	30
Karnataka	19.2	20.2	17.5	7.1	8.1	5.4	12.1	12.1	12.1	38	43	28
Kerala	14.8	14.8	14.8	7.0	7.1	6.7	7.8	7.7	8.1	13	14	10
Lakshadweep	14.3	15.5	13.2	6.4	6.1	6.7	8.0	9.5	6.5	25	23	27
Madhya Pradesh	27.3	29.2	20.5	8.3	9.0	6.0	18.9	20.2	14.5	62	67	42
Maharashtra	17.1	17.6	16.4	6.5	7.5	5.3	10.6	10.2	11.1	28	34	20
Manipur	14.9	14.8	15.3	4.2	4.3	4.0	10.7	10.5	11.3	14	15	9
Meghalaya	24.5	26.6	14.8	7.9	8.4	5.6	16.6	18.2	9.2	55	58	37
Mizoram	17.1	21.1	13.0	4.5	5.4	3.7	12.5	15.7	9.3	37	47	21
Nagaland	16.8	17.0	16.0	3.6	3.7	3.3	13.2	13.3	12.7	23	24	20
Odisha	20.5	21.4	15.2	8.6	9.0	6.6	11.9	12.4	8.6	61	63	43
Puducherry	16.7	16.7	16.7	7.4	8.2	7.0	9.3	8.5	9.6	22	25	21
Punjab	16.6	17.2	15.6	7.0	7.7	5.8	9.6	9.5	9.8	34	37	28
Rajasthan	26.7	27.9	22.9	6.7	6.9	6.0	20.0	20.9	16.9	55	61	31
Sikkim	17.8	18.1	16.1	5.6	5.9	3.8	12.3	12.3	12.3	30	31	19
Tamil Nadu	15.9	16.0	15.8	7.6	8.2	6.9	8.3	7.8	8.9	24	25	22
Tripura	14.9	15.6	11.5	5.0	4.8	5.7	9.9	10.8	5.8	27	29	19
Uttar Pradesh	28.3	29.2	24.2	8.1	8.5	6.3	20.2	20.7	17.9	61	64	44
Uttarakhand	19.3	20.2	16.2	6.3	6.7	5.1	13.0	13.5	11.1	38	41	25
West Bengal	16.8	18.6	11.9	6.0	6.0	6.3	10.7	12.6	5.6	31	32	25

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total population

1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA),^[94]

1,210 million (2011 census),^[95]

1,389,637,446 (May 2022 est.)

Rural population:

62.2%

male: 381,668,992

female: 360,948,755

Age structure:

0–14 years: 27.34% (male 186,087,665/female 164,398,204)

15–24 years: 17.9% (male 121,879,786/female 107,583,437)

25–54 years: 41.08% (male 271,744,709/female 254,834,569)

55–64 years: 7.45% (male 47,846,122/female 47,632,532)

65+ years: 6.24% (male 37,837,801/female 42,091,086) (2017 est.)

Median age:

Total: 28.7 years

Male: 28 years

Female: 29.5 years (2020 est.)^[96]

Population growth rate :

0.67% (2022 est)^[97]

Literacy rate:

74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)^[98]

81.4% (total population, age 15–25, in 2006)^[99]

Per cent of population below poverty line:

22% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate:

7.8%

Net migration rate:

0.00 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Sex ratio:

At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female

Under 10 years: 1.13 male(s)/female

15–24 years: 1.13 male(s)/female

24–64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female

Total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

Total population: 69.7 years

Male: 68.4 years

Female: 71.2 years (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.35 (2020 est.)^{[100] [101]}

The TFR (total number of children born per women) by religion in 2005–2006 was:

Hindus, 2.7

Muslims, 3.1

Christians, 2.4

Sikhs, 2.0^[102]

Religious Composition:

Hindus 79.5%

Muslims 15%

Christian 2.3%

Sikh 1.7%

other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)^{[103] [104] [105] [106]}

Scheduled castes and tribes:

Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census)^{[107] [108]}

scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)

Languages

See Languages of India and List of languages by number of native speakers in India. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.^{[109] [110]}

Caste/Tribe

Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979. This was completed in 1983.

India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then.

The following data are from the Mandal report:

Caste/Tribe demographics (1983)!Caste/Tribe!population !percentage!notes

Total population	731,000,000		Margin of error 0.34%
Scheduled castes and tribes	164,913,600
Scheduled castes	110,015,500
Scheduled tribes	54,898,100
Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities	128,509,800
Brahmin (including Bhumihar)	40,351,200
Kshtriyas(Rajput)	28,509,000
Maratha	16,155,100
Jats	7,310,000
Vaishya, Bania, etc.	13,742,800
Kayasthas	7,821,700
Others [Including Yadavs (Kshtriyas) ]	14,620,000
Non-Hindu communities and groups	121,346,000		Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC
Muslim (Non S.T)	81,798,900
Christian (Non S.T)	15,789,600
Sikh (Non scheduled)	12,207,700
Buddhist (Non S.T)	4,897,700
Jain (Non scheduled)	3,435,700
Other backward classes and communities (OBC)	380,120,000		OBC is a derived figure
Hindu OBC	318,716,000
Non-Hindu OBC	61,404,000		52% of Non-Hindus

Ethnic groups

See also: South Asian ethnic groups, Ethnic relations in India, Caste system in India, Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia and Languages of India.

Population of India by Ethnic Group (Share of Total Population): 1951-2011

Year	Indo-Aryans and Aryanized people (%)	Dravidian people (%)	Sino-Tibetan people (%)	Austroasiatic (%)	Negrito (%)	Others (%)
1951	71.86	23.95	2.99	0.60	0.006	0.594
1961	72.24	23.91	2.93	0.59	0.005	0.325
1971	72.02	23.49	2.94	0.59	0.005	0.955
1981	71.98	23.98	2.88	0.58	0.005	0.575
1991	72.08	24.02	2.80	0.56	0.004	0.536
2001	71.25	24.89	2.83	0.57	0.004	0.456
2011	70.17	25.26	2.99	0.65	0.004	0.926

Sources:

• Census of India. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.

1. **1951 Census of India:** – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1951). *1951 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31295.

2. **1961 Census of India:** – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1961). *1961 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

3. **1971 Census of India:** – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1971). *1971 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

4. **1981 Census of India:** – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1981). *1981 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

5. **1991 Census of India:** – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1991). *1991 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

6. **2001 Census of India:** – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2001). *2001 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

7. **2011 Census of India:** – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2011). *2011 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

• Singh, K. S. (1992). *People of India: An Introduction*. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 8126012215 .

2. Ludden, David. (2013). India and South Asia: A Short History. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1780741086 .

3. Bhagat, R. B. (2004). "Census Enumeration in India, 1991 and 2001: Issues and Concerns." Economic and Political Weekly.

Race and ethnicity

The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India,^[111] but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries), see South Asian ethnic groups.

According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al.., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.^{[112] [113]} 700,000 people from the United States of any race live in India.^[18] Between 300,000 and 1 million Anglo-Indians live in India.^[114]

India is a country with a vast diversity of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups in India include the Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Sino-Tibetans, Austroasiatic peoples, and various indigenous tribes. These groups are spread across different regions of India, each contributing to the country's rich cultural mosaic.

Major Ethnic Groups

Indo-Aryans and Aryanized People

Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in North India, including states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

General Phenotype: Indo-Aryans typically have light to medium skin tones, with a range of hair colors from black to brown. Facial features can include prominent noses and well-defined bone structures.

Sources:

• C. Majumdar, R. Mukherjee, "The History and Culture of the Indian People," Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti, 1951.^[115]
• S. B. Singh, "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia," Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 052141739X.^[116]

Dravidian People

Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in South India, including states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala.

General Phenotype: Dravidians generally have darker skin tones, curly to wavy hair, and distinct facial features such as broader noses and fuller lips.

Sources:

• K. R. Subramanian, "The Dravidian Contribution to Indian Culture," Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966.^[117]
• M. A. Rao, "History of South India," S. Chand & Company, 1976.^[118]

Sino-Tibetan People

Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in Northeast India, including states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and parts of Sikkim.

General Phenotype: Sino-Tibetan people often have lighter skin tones, straight black hair, and epicanthic folds in their eyelids, which are characteristic of East Asian phenotypes.

Sources:

• H. Risley, "The Tribes and Castes of Bengal," Calcutta, 1891.^[119]
• R. B. Singh, "Ethnic Groups of North-East India," Concept Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 8170224974.^[120]

Austroasiatic Peoples

Geographical Distribution: Scattered across central and eastern India, with significant populations in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh.

General Phenotype: Austroasiatic people generally have medium to dark skin tones, wavy to curly hair, and facial features that are somewhat intermediate between Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan populations.

Sources:

• D. Balakrishnan, "Austroasiatic and Other Languages of Eastern India," Calcutta University Press, 1961.^[121]
• N. Chakrabarti, "The Austroasiatic Peoples of India," Anthropological Survey of India, 2003.^[122]

Negrito

Geographical Distribution: Primarily in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

General Phenotype: Negrito people typically have very dark skin, tightly curled hair, and small statures.

Sources:

• L. A. Waddell, "The Tribes of the Andaman Islands," Cambridge University Press, 1901.^[123]
• V. Ball, "Jungle Life in India," Dehli, 1972.^[124]

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External links

• Census of India
• Anthropological Survey of India

Genetics

See also: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia.

Y-chromosome DNA

^[125]

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.^[126]

H
R1a
R2
L
NOP		(Excluding R)
Other Haplogroups

Mitochondrial DNA

^[127]

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M^[128]

Haplogroup M
Haplogroup UK
Haplogroup N		(Excluding UK)

Autosomal DNA

Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

• In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder et al. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."^[129]
• In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins et al., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.^{[130] [131]}
• Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins et al. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic fixation index data show historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.
• In 2006, Sahoo et al. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.^{[132] [133]}
• The genome studies conducted up until 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Thus, any conclusions on demographic history of India must be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.

See also

• Census in British India
• Culture of India
• Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India
• Demographics of Central Asia
• Female foeticide in India
• Hinduism in India
• Jainism in India
• Sikhism in India
• Islam in India
• Christianity in India
• Judaism in India
• Zoroastrianism in India
• Irreligion in India

Government

• 2011 Census of India
• National Commission on Population

Lists

• List of states and union territories of India by population
• List of states and union territories of India by fertility rate
• List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth
• List of cities in India by population
• List of metropolitan areas in India
• List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India

Bibliography

• Arnold, David. Pandemic India: From Cholera to Covid-19 (Oxford University Press, 2022). Web site: Venkatesh . Archana . January 2023 . Review of Arnold, David, Pandemic India: From Cholera to Covid-19 . H-Net Reviews.
• Chakravorty, Swastika, Srinivas Goli, and Kuriath S. James. "Family demography in India: Emerging patterns and its challenges". Sage Open 11.2 (2021): .
• . Joseph Chamie is former director of the United Nations Population Division and Barry Mirkin is former chief of the Population Policy Section of the United Nations Population Division.
• Chandrasekhar, S., and Ajay Sharma. "Urbanization and spatial patterns of internal migration in India". Spatial demography 3.2 (2015): 63–89.
• Sekher, T. V. "Rural demography of India". in International handbook of rural demography (Springer, Dordrecht, 2012) pp. 169–189.
• Smith, Robert D., and Mohandas K. Mallath. "History of the growing burden of cancer in India: from antiquity to the 21st century". Journal of Global Oncology 5 (2019): 1–15.

Medieval India

• Lal, K. S. (1978). Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000–1800). Delhi, Research Publications.
• Lal, K. S. (1995). Growth of scheduled tribes and castes in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.

External links

• Census of India; government site with detailed data from 2001 census
• Population of India as per Census India 2011
• Census of India map generator; generates maps based on 2001 census figures
• Demographic data for India; provides sources of demographic data for India
• 2001 maps; provides maps of social, economic and demographic data of India in 2001
• Population of India 2011 map; distribution of population amongst states and union territories
• India's Demographic Outlook: Implications and Trends
• "World Population Prospects ": Country Profile – India
• Aggregated demographic statistics from Indian and global data sources
• Demographic statistics for India – online on Bluenomics
• India comparing with China population projection graph Based on data from database of UN Population Division.