Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue explained

The political status of the Cook Islands and Niue is formally defined as being states in free association within the Realm of New Zealand, which is made up of the Cook Islands, Niue, and New Zealand and its territories, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency. The Cook Islands and Niue do not have full constitutional independence from New Zealand but act as independent countries. Some countries have recognised them as sovereign entities and established diplomatic relations. However, New Zealand may carry out defence and foreign affairs on behalf of the two associated states when requested.

Sovereignty and self-government

See also: Sovereignty and Self-governance. New Zealand is officially responsible for the defence and foreign affairs of the Cook Islands and Niue. The Act of the New Zealand Parliament which established self-governance mentions a role for New Zealand, but the Constitution of the Cook Islands does not.[1] However, these responsibilities confer New Zealand no rights of control and can only be exercised at the request of the Cook Islands and Niue. The Cook Islands and Niue have been recognised as sovereign states by some countries, and maintain diplomatic relations under their own name. The United States recognises the Cook Islands as a sovereign and independent state,[2] and has signed treaties with the Cook Islands government. Moreover, the Secretary General of the United Nations has determined that the admission of the Cook Islands and Niue into the World Health Assembly means that they have been accepted as states by the international community.[3] [4] [5] [6]

Although the Cook Islands and Niue behave as sovereign states in international law, their constitutional statuses within the Realm of New Zealand (i.e., for matters of New Zealand domestic law) is different from that of a fully independent state, considering that all of Niue's and the Cook Islands' nationals are automatically New Zealand citizens, and both have New Zealand's Monarch as their own head of state. Neither the Cook Islands nor Niue has decided to join the United Nations, as New Zealand has expressed a view that such a move would lead to their loss of the right to automatic acquisition of New Zealand citizenship. However, New Zealand has never formally opposed such application, nor has it argued that either country would not be within its sovereign right to do so.[7] Some scholars have argued that a lack of separate Cook Islands citizenship places an effective limit on the ability of the Cook Islands to act as a sovereign entity, while others have argued that the participation of the Cook Islands in international organisations (such as the Pacific Islands Forum) shows that Cook Islands sovereignty is not limited by the free association arrangement.[8] [9]

History

Formerly dependencies of New Zealand, the Cook Islands became a state in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965; Niue became a state in free association on 19 October 1974, after a constitutional referendum. In 1992, the UN recognised both states' right to establish diplomatic relations with other countries.[10] Since then, both the Cook Islands and Niue have been allowed to attend UN-sponsored conferences open to "all States" as well as sign and ratify UN treaties open to "non-member states".

New Zealand has formally allowed the Cook Islands to independently conduct its own foreign affairs since 6 April 2001.[11] Niue was granted this power in 2007.[12]

The Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs records that in 1988 "New Zealand stated that its future participation in international agreements would no longer extend to" Niue and the Cook Islands.[13] The Cook Islands and Niue were granted membership of UNESCO by 1993 and of the World Health Organization by 1994. Also by 1994, the UN Secretariat had "recognized the full treaty-making capacity ... of Niue". As of 2022, the Cook Islands, Kosovo, and Niue are the only state parties that participate in UN specialised agencies, but which are not member states of the UN nor observer states with the United Nations General Assembly. Additionally, the Republic of China on Taiwan participated in the World Health Assembly as Chinese Taipei from 2009 to 2016.

In September 2022, the United States announced its recognition of the Cook Islands and Niue as sovereign states during President Biden's Summit with Pacific Islands Countries (PIC) Leaders in Washington, D.C.[14] In September 2023, recognition was declared and diplomatic relations were established.[15] [16] The United States also announced it intends to open an embassy in the Cook Islands and an embassy in Niue in 2024.[17]

Positions taken by states

See main article: Foreign relations of the Cook Islands and Foreign relations of Niue.

States with which the Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations

--sortable-->" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"+Relations of the Cook Islands and Niue
State Cook Islands Niue
2 May 1992[18] 30 January 1996
1993 2 August 1993[19]
1994[20] 27 February 2014[21]
1994 9 January 2004 or before[22]
1995 9 December 2014[23]
China[24] 25 July 1997[25] 12 December 2007[26] [27]
May 1998[28] [29] 30 August 2012[30]
14 July 1998[31] 7 November 2023[32]
19 October 1999[33] 15 January 2012 or before[34] [35] [36]
2 September 2002[37] 5 September 2014[38]
9 October 2003[39] 12 September 2015[40]
24 May 2005[41] 27 August 2013[42] [43]
April 2008[44] 1 August 2023[45]
28 October 2008[46] 7 June 2014[47]
7 March 2011[48] 9 August 2023[49]
16 June 2011[50] 4 August 2015[51]
12 December 2011[52] 27 September 2022[53]
6 August 2012[54] 6 August 2012
22 February 2013[55] 29 May 2023[56]
30 August 2013[57] June 2014 or before[58]
August 2013[59] 11 July 2022[60]
[61] 18 May 2015[62] [63] 23 June 2015[64]
21 August 2015[65] 2 September 2016[66]
3 August 2016[67] 6 July 2021[68]
September 2017[69] 13 July 2020[70]
13 July 2019[71] 13 July 2019[72]
Canada20 May 2023[73] 12 September 2023[74]
United States25 September 2023[75] 25 September 2023[76]
18 July 1991[77] rowspan="40"
12 August 1995[78]
9 February 1996[79]
1996[80]
4 December 1997[81]
29 January 1998[82]
(Vatican City) 29 April 1999[83]
11 September 2001[84]
2002
14 May 2003[85]
6 April 2005[86]
12 May 2008[87]
16 August 2011[88]
1 September 2013[89]
3 September 2013[90]
3 September 2013
3 September 2013
2013
24 September 2014[91]
18 November 2014[92]
6 October 2017[93]
13 October 2017[94]
9 November 2017[95]
5 August 2018[96]
25 August 2018[97]
20 September 2018[98]
20 October 2018[99]
8 December 2021[100]
26 April 2022[101]
Ireland21 November 2022[102]
Saudi Arabia11 April 2023[103]
Ghana8 November 2023[104]
Mexico21 November 2023[105]
Panama8 March 2024[106]
Bangladesh11 April 2024[107]
Ecuador21 May 2024[108]
Seychelles31 May 2024[109]

States that recognise the Cook Islands and Niue as self-governing territories

State <--Alphabetical -->Position

Niue
FranceThough the French Ambassador to New Zealand is also accredited to the Cook Islands and Niue, France still describes them as having "no international sovereignty".[126] [127]
IsraelOn 1 July 1994, Israel and New Zealand signed an agreement establishing diplomatic relations. The document stated:[128] Israel established diplomatic relations with the Cook Islands in April 2008 and with Niue on 3 August 2023.[129]
Cook IslandsOn 11 June 2001, Helen Clark and Terepai Maoate signed an agreement establishing diplomatic relations between the Cook Islands and New Zealand. The document stated:Clark later said that if the Cook Islands wanted to be its own sovereign state, it would first need its own citizenship.[130] New Zealand believes that if the Cook Islands were to become a sovereign state, an independence referendum and constitutional change would occur. The eligibility of New Zealand citizenship would have to change.[131]

Niue

New Zealand has stated that Niue's free association is "a status distinct from that of full independence".[132]

The Cook Islands and Niue as microstates

While their respective relationships with New Zealand, as well as their small size, make them rather unusual states, it has been argued that their status is far from unique. According to Zbigniew Dumienski, both the Cook Islands and Niue can be seen as microstates, which are defined as: "modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints." Both the Cook Islands and Niue, as well as such states as Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, and Vatican City, fit into this definition of microstates.[133]

References

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Web site: COOK ISLANDS CONSTITUTION . 21 December 2004 . 3 October 2022.
  2. Web site: Statement by President Biden on the Recognition of the Cook Islands and the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations . 25 September 2023 .
  3. Web site: United Nations - The World Today . 2019-09-01 . 2023-04-28 . UN.org .
  4. Web site: UN: "Data for 197 countries: all 193 member states, two observer states (the Holy See and Palestine) and two non-member states (Cook Islands and Niue)" . 2017-07-30 . Un.org .
  5. Web site: A World Tour of the States not recognized by the UN . 2015-09-05 . Marine Mulcey, translated by Lucie. Perrier.
  6. Web site: United Nations Treaty Collection . Treaties.un.org . 30 July 2017.
  7. Web site: Pacific News Minute: Cook Islands Bid for UN Membership On Hold. Neal. Conan. Hpr2.org. 30 July 2017.
  8. Web site: Home Page - Pacific Islands Report. pidp.eastwestcenter.org. 30 July 2017.
  9. Uncharted Waters: Has the Cook Islands become Eligible for Membership in the United Nations . Smith . Stephen Eliot . New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law . 8 . 169–215 . 30 July 2017.
  10. Web site: Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs Supplement No. Volume VI Article 102. The question of whether the Cook Islands and Niue were 'independent' entities, i.e. – States, with full treaty making capacity was also considered. The Cook Islands and Niue maintained the status of self-governing territories in free association with New Zealand. In view of this special relationship with New Zealand, which discharged the external affairs and defense of the Cook Islands and Niue, neither the Cook Islands nor Niue could invoke the 'all States' clause to participate in treaties deposited with the Secretary-General unless specifically invited to participate in a treaty.. United Nations. 20 October 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131019223055/http://legal.un.org/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf. 19 October 2013.
  11. Web site: Since 2001, the Cook Islands have complete sovereignty in managing their Foreign affairs according to the common declaration of 6 April 2001.. Cook Islands. France in New Zealand. 30 October 2015. 13 March 2014.
  12. Web site: Niue. 13 March 2014. 30 October 2015. France in New Zealand. Niue started its own foreign policies in 2007, when they established official diplomatic relationships with China. New Zealand allows this evolution of autonomy by the island..
  13. Web site: Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs Supplement No. 8 . . 10 . 2015-01-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131019223055/http://legal.un.org/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf#xml=http://legal.un.org/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&DocId=1206&Index=D%3a%5csites%5clegal%5crepertory%5cdtSearch%5cIndexes%5cEnglish%2dAnglais%2dIngles%2dRepertory&HitCount=20&hits=1049+104a+105c+105d+107f+1080+1085+1086+10a6+10a7+10bc+10bd+1103+1104+110a+110b+1134+1135+1158+1159+&.pdf . 2013-10-19 .
  14. https://pina.com.fj/2022/09/30/u-s-confirms-recognition-of-the-cook-islands-as-a-sovereign-state/ U.S confirms recognition of the Cook Islands as a sovereign state
  15. Web site: Statement on the Recognition of the Cook Islands and the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. 25 September 2023. The American Presidency Project. 25 September 2023.
  16. https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/cook-islands/ U.S. Department of State: Cook Islands
  17. Web site: Pacific summit: Biden announces diplomatic ties with Cook Islands, Niue . Stuff.co.nz . 26 September 2023 . 26 September 2023 .
  18. Web site: Senarai tarikh penubuhan hubungan diplomatik Malaysia dan negara - negara luar . 13 November 2021 . ms.
  19. Web site: New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions - N . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090122030143/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Embassies/3-NZ-Ambassadors/countries-n.php . 22 January 2009 . 18 November 2023.
  20. Web site: Foreign Affairs . 2015 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration . 2015-10-08 . Cook Islands Government . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141013182244/http://www.mfai.gov.ck/index.php/foreign-affairs/pacific/67-pacific-relations.html . 2014-10-13 .
  21. Web site: Niue country brief. Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2014. 2015-01-26. 2014-08-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20140829123900/http://dfat.gov.au/geo/niue/niue_brief.html. dead.
  22. Web site: NAURU, Foreign Affairs, Diplomatic Relations . Permanent Mission to the UN of Republic of Nauru . 2004-01-09 . 2015-05-19 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141004083335/http://www.un.int/nauru/foreignaffairs.html . 4 October 2014 .
  23. News: 2014-12-23 . Niue establish diplomatic relations with PNG . Pacific Islands News Association . 2015-10-03. "...Papua New Guinea... signed the agreement with Niue... on 09 December 2014..."
  24. The People's Republic of China is recognized by 179 out of 193 UN member states. The Republic of China on Taiwan, who has official relations with 12 UN member states and unofficial relations with 58 countries, has no diplomatic relations with Cook Islands or Niue. See also One China, Political status of Taiwan and Foreign relations of Taiwan.
  25. Web site: Joint Communique Between the People's Republic of China and the Cook Islands on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in New Zealand. The two Governments have agreed to develop friendly relations and cooperation between the two countries on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity.... 27 October 2003. 20 October 2014.
  26. Web site: JOINT COMMUNIQUE ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN NIUE AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Lithuania. 12 December 2007. 20 October 2014. The two Governments have agreed to develop friendly cooperation between the two countries on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity....
  27. News: Niue wants China's 'most favoured nation' status. Ritesh Kumar. 24 October 2008. 20 October 2014. History will note though that China is the first country to recognise Niue diplomatically formally and I thank the Chinese Government for that honour. I acknowledge the former Premier Hon Young Vivian and his Government who initiated and finalised these arrangements in December last year.. Pacific Islands News Association.
  28. Book: Summary of World Broadcasts: Asia, Pacific . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2000 . 3960–3971 . 11.
  29. Web site: Former High Commissioners . 21 May 2023.
  30. Web site: India establishes Diplomatic Relations with Niue . mea.gov.in . 4 January 2020.
  31. Web site: Formal diplomatic relations list . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190827171052/http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.fj/images/FDR_LIST_version_of_6_June_2016.pdf . 27 August 2019 . 31 March 2018.
  32. Web site: 7 November 2023 . Government of Niue established diplomatic relations with the Government of the Republic of Fiji . 14 November 2023 . Office of the Secretary of Government NIUE.
  33. Web site: Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945 . fr . 52.
  34. Web site: Autres pays d'accréditation . 2015-06-26 . French . Embassy of France in Wellington . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150421184129/http://www.ambafrance-nz.org/-Autres-pays-d-accreditation- . 2015-04-21 .
  35. Web site: Accredited Countries . Embassy of France in Wellington . 2015-01-04 .
  36. Web site: H.E. Mrs Jeanblanc-Risler presents credentials in Samoa . Embassy of France in Wellington . 2015-11-15 . 2016-01-30 . Ambassador of France in New Zealand, Mrs Jeanblanc-Risler is also accredited to Cook Islands, Niue and Samoa..
  37. News: COOK ISLANDS PRIME MINISTER CONGRATULATES THE PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCILS OF STATE AND MINISTERS, THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CUBAN PEOPLE ON THE ANNIVERSARY. Embassy of Cuba in New Zealand with concurrent accreditations to the Republic of Fiji, Cook Islands, Independent State of Samoa, Kingdom of Tonga, Tuvalu, Republic of Kiribati. 3 January 2013. 21 October 2014. In his letter, the dignitary referred to the strengthening and deepening of the ties of friendship between the two countries since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 2002....
  38. News: Cuba And Niue Establish Diplomatic Relations. 5 September 2014. 20 October 2014. Cuba-I. Cuba has diplomatic relations with 190 countries, orders and institutions. With this signing, Niue becomes the 191st State with which Cuba has ties at the highest level.. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140907095832/http://www.cuba-l.com/cuba-and-niue-establish-diplomatic-relations/. 7 September 2014.
  39. Web site: STATI DI SERVIZIO DEL PERSONALE DELLA CARRIERA DIPLOMATICA E DELLA DIRIGENZA DEL MINISTERO DEGLI AFFARI ESTERI CHE HA CESSATO DI FAR PARTE DELL'AMMINISTRAZIONE DAL 1° GENNAIO 2000 AL 30 MAGGIO 2014 . 21 May 2023 . it.
  40. Web site: Niue Establish Diplomatic Relations with Italy . Government of Niue . 2015-09-21 . 2015-10-03 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150929004016/http://www.niuegov-premiersoffice.com/uploads/3/1/8/2/31826071/niue_establish_diplomatic_relations_with_italy.pdf . 2015-09-29 .
  41. Web site: หมู่เกาะคุก (Cook Islands) . 21 May 2023 . th.
  42. News: Press Releases : Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Thailand and Niue. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand. 27 August 2013. 20 October 2014. The two Governments have agreed to develop and strengthen friendly relations and cooperation between the two countries and peoples in accordance with the principles of equality, mutual respect for sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs..
  43. Web site: Announcement On the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between The Kingdom of Thailand and Niue. Being desirous of promoting and reinforcing friendly relations between the two countries and peoples in accordance with the principles of equality, mutual respect for sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and non-interference in each other's internal affairs.... Yingluck Shinawatra. 27 August 2013. 21 October 2014.
  44. News: 10 July 2017 . The Cook Islands . 21 May 2023.
  45. Web site: Niue and the State of Israel Establish Diplomatic Relations . Government of Niue . 26 September 2023 . 1 August 2023.
  46. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Cook Islands. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Diplomatic relations between Turkey and Cook Islands were established on 28 October 2008.. 21 October 2014.
  47. Web site: Turkey's candidacy for UN Security Council 'valuable'. He said a Joint Declaration on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations with the Pacific island country of Niue was signed at the meeting. 'With Niue added, we have diplomatic relations with all Pacific Island Forum countries,' he said. ... The Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS) include the Cook Islands… Niue…. 7 June 2014. 21 October 2014.
  48. Web site: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration . 2011-03-07 . Cook Islands and Switzerland establish diplomatic relations . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151023051145/http://www.mfai.gov.ck/index.php/news/19-general/149-cook-islands-and-switzerland-establish-diplomatic-relations.html . 2015-10-23 . 2015-10-09 . Cook Islands Government.
  49. Web site: 9 August 2023 . Switzerland is expanding its network in the PacificIslands. . 9 August 2023.
  50. Web site: 2011-06-20 . Establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the Cook Islands and a courtesy call by Mr Takeaki Matsumoto, Foreign Minister of Japan to Hon Henry Puna, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands . 2015-10-09 . Embassy of Japan in New Zealand.
  51. Web site: Niue Establish Diplomatic Relations with Japan . Government of Niue . 2015-08-10 . 2015-08-19 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150928073927/http://www.niuegov-premiersoffice.com/uploads/3/1/8/2/31826071/niue_establish_diplomatic_relations_with_japan_pr23.pdf . 2015-09-28 .
  52. Web site: Foreign Affairs . 2015 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration . 2015-10-08 . Cook Islands Government . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110658/http://www.mfai.gov.ck/index.php/foreign-affairs/other-regions/69-asia.html . 2016-03-04 .
  53. News: Signing of the Joint Communique with Niue Premier Dalton Tagelagi 9/27/2022 . 27 September 2022 . Youtube.
  54. Web site: Singapore established bilateral relations with Niue and Cook Islands on 6 August 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140727041138/http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/countries_and_region/oceania/the_pacific_islands.printable.html?status=1 . 27 July 2014 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore . Singapore has established diplomatic relations with Cook Islands, ... Niue, ....
  55. Web site: KOREA ESTABLISHES DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE COOK ISLANDS. 25 February 2013. 21 October 2014. The Cook Islands will mark the 190th country with which Korea has forged diplomatic relations.. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea.
  56. Web site: 2023-05-29 . S. Korea establishes diplomatic ties with Pacific island nation of Niue. 2023-05-29 . Yonhap News Agency .
  57. Web site: Foreign Affairs & Trade Bulletin . 18 June 2022 . 2.
  58. News: Niue signs Diplomatic relations with Turkey. Government of Niue. 2004-06-10. 2014-08-02. "The Memorandum..., increases Niues foreign relationship with international countries that include, ..., Samoa, ... and Singapore."
  59. Web site: 30 October 2013 . Tuvalu PM visits Rarotonga . 21 May 2023 . Cook Islands News . 9.
  60. Web site: Simon . Kofe . 11 July 2022 . Signed a Joint Communique today with the PremierNiue Hon. Dalton Tagelagi to formalize diplomatic relations between our two nations. The JC recognises the permanency of our statehood and claims to our EEZ regardless of the impacts of climate change. . 11 July 2022.
  61. Kosovo has been recognised by out of United Nations member states
  62. News: Kosova lidh marrëdhënie diplomatike me Ishujt Cook. Albanian. KOHA. 18 May 2015. 28 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150520223850/http://koha.net/?id=27&l=58028. 20 May 2015. dead.
  63. News: Ceremony celebrates Kosovo ties. The Joint Communiqué outlines the agreement of the two governments to develop friendly relations and cooperation on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.. Cook Islands News. 19 May 2015. 28 July 2015. MW/CIHC.
  64. News: Niue recognizes Kosovo's independence. Republika E Kosovës Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It considers Queen Elizabeth as head of state, while this recognition is important as Niue is a sovereign member with full voting rights in UN agencies such as UNESCO, WHO, WTO, which Kosovo intends to join.. 24 June 2014. 28 July 2015.
  65. News: Cook Islands . 4 January 2020 . www.itamaraty.gov.br.
  66. Web site: Randig . Rodrigo Wiese . 2017 . Argentina, primeiro país a reconhecer a independência do Brasil . 16 September 2023 . 524 . pt.
  67. News: 4 August 2016 . His Excellency Isauro Torres Negri, Ambassador of Chile and His Excellency Mario Alzugaray Rodriguez, Ambassador of Cuba both presented their credentials to the Queens Representative, His Excellency Tom Marsters at Government House 3rd August 2016. . Cook Islands Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Immigration . 2017-10-11.
  68. Web site: 6 July 2021 . We are pleased to announce that the Ambassador of Chile and the High Commissioner of Niue, Mr. Fisa Igilisi Pihigia, signed today the "Joint Statement Concerning the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Niue and the Republic of Chile". . 6 July 2021.
  69. News: Cook Islands formalises links with third Latin nation . 2017-10-06 . 2017-10-08 . Cook Islands News.
  70. News: El Perú y Niue establecen relaciones diplomáticas . 8 September 2020 . Government of Peru . 3 July 2020 . es.
  71. Web site: Cook Islands establish diplomatic relations with Indonesia. Pacific Islands News Association. 14 July 2019. 6 September 2019. Joint communiques play a significant role in relations between states, as they are affirmation of recognition by each state of each other’s political and economic sovereignty as states and signify commitment by both states to promote cooperation on the basis of equality, mutual respect for each other’s sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity as well as non-interference in the internal affairs of each other, guided by the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961..
  72. News: RI opens ties with Cook Islands, Niue . 4 January 2020 . The Jakarta Post.
  73. News: 20 May 2023 . COOK ISLANDS AND CANADA ESTABLISH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS . 22 May 2023.
  74. News: 13 September 2023 . Niue Formalises Diplomatic Relations With The Government Of Canada . 27 September 2023.
  75. Web site: On the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the United States and the Cook Islands . 26 September 2023 . United States Department of State . en.
  76. Web site: 25 September 2023 . On the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Niue . 25 September 2023.
  77. Web site: 1999-04-27 . Norges opprettelse av diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater. . Norway's establishment of diplomatic relations with foreign states . 2017-12-02 . no.
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  80. Web site: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration . 2015 . Foreign Affairs . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151018090642/http://www.mfai.gov.ck/index.php/foreign-affairs.html . 2015-10-18 . 2015-10-08 . Cook Islands Government.
  81. Web site: 14 February 2020 . Reference: FS50870253 . 14 July 2023.
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  83. Web site: Diplomatic relations of the Holy See . 5 September 2022.
  84. Web site: Cookinseln Außenpolitik. German. Der völkerrechtliche Status der Cookinseln ist besonderer Natur. Die Cookinseln sind ein unabhängiger Staat in 'freier Assoziierung mit Neuseeland'.. October 2013. 28 July 2015.
  85. Web site: 2014 . Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040029/http://mfaft.gov.jm/jm/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations . 2016-03-08 . 2016-01-27 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Jamaica.
  86. Web site: SERVICE PUBLIC FEDERAL AFFAIRES ETRANGERES, COMMERCE EXTERIEUR ET COOPERATION AU DEVELOPPEMENT . 6 April 2005 . 9 December 2021 . fr.
  87. Web site: 2011-01-10 . Souhrnná teritoriální informace Cookovy ostrovy . Summary of territorial information Cook Islands . 2012-10-13 . Czech Embassy Canberra & Czech Consulate Sydney . cs.
  88. Web site: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration . 2011-08-16 . Cook Islands and Netherlands establish diplomatic relations . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151023050706/http://www.mfai.gov.ck/index.php/news/19-general/168-cook-islands-and-netherlands-establish-diplomatic-relations.html . 2015-10-23 . 2015-10-09 . Cook Islands Government.
  89. Web site: 1 June 2020 . Solomon Islands Diplomatic and Consular List . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210812053600/http://www.mfaet.gov.sb/resources/publications/22-foreign-affairs-p/61-solomon-islands-diplomatic-and-consular-list.html . 12 August 2021 . 12 December 2020 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade of Solomon Islands . 36–38.
  90. Web site: 4 September 2013 . Cook Island establishes diplomatic relations with Kiribati, Palau and Marshall Islands . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073424/http://www.pina.com.fj/?p=pacnews&m=read&o=126043295226c6b1451e729005ef5c . 24 September 2015 . 21 May 2023.
  91. Web site: JOINT COMMUNIQUĒ ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA AND THE COOK ISLANDS. Reaffirming their commitment to the principles of: sovereign equality, respect for each other's territory.... Government of the Federated States of Micronesia. 21 October 2014. 24 September 2014. Emanuel Mori. Henry Puna.
  92. Web site: 20 November 2014 . Diplomatic relations with all Pacific Island Forum members complete . 9 October 2015 . Cook Islands News.
  93. Web site: Joint communique . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230521000000/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:CUEDn5vkSO0J:https://foreign.gov.mt/en/Treaties%2520Series/Documents/Joint%2520Communique%2520-%2520The%2520Cook%2520Islands.pdf&cd=2&hl=da&ct=clnk&gl=dk&client=safari . 21 May 2023 . 21 May 2023.
  94. Web site: Diplomatic relations between Iceland and Cook Islands . 2017-10-13 . Ministry for Foreign Affairs Iceland . 2017-11-11.
  95. News: 2017-11-15 . Antigua and Barbuda Establishes Diplomatic Relations with the Cook Islands . Antigua Chronicle . dead . 2017-11-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171116075025/https://antiguachronicle.net/antigua-and-barbuda-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-cook-islands/ . 2017-11-16.
  96. Web site: UAE, Cook Islands sign deal to establish diplomatic relations . The Gulf Today . 5 August 2018 . 5 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180806113102/http://www.gulftoday.ae/portal/db080783-fed9-4e69-aba2-5556c67f5f63.aspx . 6 August 2018 . dead .
  97. Web site: 2018-10-25 . Estonia and Cook Islands establish diplomatic relations . 2018-11-11 . MFA Estonia.
  98. Web site: 24 September 2018 . Cook Islands formalize diplomatic relations with Hungary . 24 February 2024.
  99. Web site: 2018-10-22 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs Announcement on the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Cook Islands . 2018-11-11 . Embassy of Greece in Canberra.
  100. News: 8 December 2021. Kuwait signs a joint statement with the Cook Islands to establish diplomatic relations. 8 December 2021.
  101. Web site: en.baochinhphu.vn . 2022-04-26 . Viet Nam, Cook Islands set up diplomatic ties . 2022-05-17 . en.baochinhphu.vn . vi.
  102. News: Cooks formalise diplomatic relations with Ireland . 25 November 2022 . Cook Islands News . 24 November 2022 . en.
  103. News: 12 April 2023 . Saudi Arabia, Cook Islands sign protocol to establish diplomatic relations between them . 12 April 2023.
  104. Web site: 8 November 2023 . Marking a milestone in our relations with Pacific countries, today in Rarotonga the Prime Minister of the Cook Islands Hon. @MarkBrownPM and I signed an MOU to establish diplomatic relations between our two countries. . 8 November 2023.
  105. News: Bravo . Alfredo Pérez . 21 November 2023 . México fortalece su presencia en el Pacífico Sur. Con la Alta Comisionada HE Kairangi Samuela, tuve el honor de realizar el canje de notas con el cual se reconoció la existencia de relaciones diplomáticas entre México e Islas Cook. . es .
  106. News: 8 March 2024 . THE COOK ISLANDS FORMALISE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH PANAMA . 9 March 2024.
  107. Web site: 11 April 2024 . Cook Islands and Bangladesh Establish Diplomatic Relations . 12 April 2024 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration Government of the Cook Islands.
  108. Web site: 23 May 2024 . Ecuador firma un acuerdo con Islas Cook, que beneficia a la flota pesquera . es.
  109. Web site: 31 May 2024 . Seychelles and Cooks Islands formalise diplomatic relations on margins of SIDS4 .
  110. Web site: Limits in the Seas No. 100 MARITIME BOUNDARIES: UNITED STATES-COOK ISLANDS and UNITED STATES-NEW ZEALAND(TOKELAU). One issue that had to be addressed during the negotiation of this treaty was the political status of the Cook Islands Government. The Cook Islands is in free association with New Zealand. On internal matters it is self-governing and it may unilaterally declare its independence from New Zealand at any time. The Cook Islands conducts its foreign affairs in conjunction with New Zealand. The Cook Islands declared and does manage a 200-nautical-mile zone. During the negotiations the question arose whether it was legally possible for the United States to enter into a treaty relationship with political entity other than a fully sovereign and independent state.. United States Department of State.
  111. Web site: Foreign Consular Offices in the United States. https://web.archive.org/web/20120926093322/http://www.state.gov/s/cpr/rls/fco/188361.htm#cookislands. dead. 2012-09-26. State.gov.
  112. Web site: Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty. United Statesa Department of State. 21 October 2014. 29 November 2011.
  113. Web site: AUSTRALIA-OCEANIA :: COOK ISLANDS. The World Factbook. 20 June 2014. 21 October 2014. Central Intelligence Agency.
  114. Web site: 2 October 2023 . Independent States in the World . 20 December 2023 . www.state.gov.
  115. Web site: 6 December 2023 . Cook Islands . 20 December 2023 . www.cia.gov . en.
  116. Web site: United States to recognise Cook Islands as a sovereign state . www.cookislandsnews.com . Cook Islands News . 1 October 2022 . en . 29 September 2022.
  117. Web site: Statement on the Recognition of the Cook Islands and the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. 25 September 2023. The American Presidency Project. 25 September 2023.
  118. https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/cook-islands/ U.S. Department of State: Cook Islands
  119. Web site: Pacific summit: Biden announces diplomatic ties with Cook Islands, Niue . Stuff.co.nz . 26 September 2023 . 26 September 2023 .
  120. Web site: Limits in the Seas No. 119 Maritime Boundary: United States-Niue. Prior to signing the treaty, the political status of Niue was addressed. Niue is in free association with New Zealand. On internal matters it is self-governing. Niue conducts its foreign affairs in conjunction with New Zealand. Niue has declared and does manage its exclusive economic zone. The United States requested, and received, confirmation from New Zealand that the Government of Niue had the competence to enter into this agreement with the United States. The text of New Zealand's note is reproduced at Annex 2 to this study.. 21 October 2014. 30 July 1997. United States Department of State.
  121. Web site: AUSTRALIA-OCEANIA :: NIUE. The World Factbook. 20 June 2014. 21 October 2014. Central Intelligence Agency.
  122. Web site: 14 November 2023 . Niue . 20 December 2023 . www.cia.gov . en.
  123. News: Manch . Thomas . United States to recognise NZ-realm countries Cook Islands and Niue as 'sovereign states' . 1 October 2022 . Stuff . 29 September 2022 . en.
  124. Web site: Statement on the Recognition of Niue and the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. 25 September 2023. The American Presidency Project. 25 September 2023.
  125. https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/niue/ U.S. Department of State: Niue
  126. Web site: Cook Islands. France in New Zealand. 30 October 2015. Subsequently the Cook Islands has no international sovereignty.. 13 March 2014.
  127. Web site: Niue. France in New Zealand. 30 October 2015. Niue has no international sovereignty, although the island has begun establishing its own foreign policies.. 13 March 2014.
  128. Web site: ASPECTS OF FOREIGN RELATIONS UNDER THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN AGREEMENTS ON INTERIM SELF-GOVERNMENT ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE WEST BANK AND GAZA. 1 July 1994. 21 October 2014. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  129. News: 3 August 2023 . Niue formalises diplomatic relations with Israel . 3 August 2023.
  130. News: PM warns Cook Islands over sovereignty. The New Zealand Herald. John Andrews. 16 June 2001. 21 October 2014. She said she had pointed out New Zealand citizenship implications for Cook Islanders if the Cooks sought sovereignty, enabling them to be a member in their own right.
    If the Cooks wanted to become a sovereign nation, it needed its own citizenship. Cook Islanders would remain New Zealand citizens but "if they want to change it, they can."
    Ms Clark said: "If they want to exert full independence, New Zealand will not stand in their way.".
  131. Web site: The maturity of the Cook Islands' international personality does not mean that the Cook Islands is, in constitutional terms, and independent sovereign state. In New Zealand's view, a constitutional change of that significance would have implications in terms of Cook Islanders' eligibility for New Zealand citizenship, and would require formal constitutional acts including a referendum and changes to the Cook Islands Constitution.. COOK ISLANDS: CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS AND INTERNATIONAL PERSONALITY. 21 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000423/http://www.mfai.gov.ck/attachments/068_WELLINGTON-1129712-v1-CookIslands%20%20Constitutional%20Status%20and%20International%20Personality%20%20informationpaper.pdf. 4 March 2016. dead.
  132. Web site: Niue. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. New Zealand and Niue have a special relationship founded on close historical ties, unique constitutional arrangements and a common citizenship and currency. Niue became a British protectorate in 1900 and was annexed by New Zealand in 1901. In 1974, following an act of self-determination under United Nations auspices, the people of Niue adopted a Constitution providing for full self-government in free association with New Zealand, a status distinct from that of full independence.. 21 October 2014.
  133. Book: Dumienski, Zbigniew. The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity . Shared Citizenship and Sovereignty: The Case of the Cook Islands' and Niue's Relationship with New Zealand . 2019. 978-981-13-2897-8. 221–246. 10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_14 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue".

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