Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa explained

The Constitution of South Africa protects all basic political freedoms. However, there have been many incidents of political repression,[1] dating back to at least 2002,[2] as well as threats of future repression in violation of this constitution leading some analysts, civil society organisations and popular movements to conclude that there is a new climate of political repression[3] [4] [5] or a decline in political tolerance.[6]

It has been argued that repression peaked during the period of the Jacob Zuma presidency, with some analysts linking the increase in repression to the influence of the 'security cluster' under the Jacob Zuma presidency.[7] [8] It has been argued that Zuma "enhanced the coercive capacity of the state"[9] and that he focused on "building a state based on fear".[10] It has also been argued that repression has affected poor people's organisations most seriously but that repression directed against poor people has been systemically under-reported in the media.[11]

Serious concern has been expressed about police brutality in South Africa.[12] [13] Sipho Hlongwane, writing in Business Day, has argued that "South Africa is a brutal police state."[14] According to Greg Marinovich "The police are acting with impunity. Their political masters are acting with impunity. In the South Africa of 2012, if you are poor and without political clout, you are on your own."[15] Amnesty International has expressed serious concerns about brutality, including torture and extrajudicial killings, at the hands of the police in South Africa.[16] [17] Ronnie Kasrils has argued that there has been a "descent into police state depravity" under Jacob Zuma.[18] It has been observed that "Torture is routine practice in South Africa's police stations and prisons".[19]

The country also has a serious problem with political assassinations.[20]

It has been claimed that senior ANC politicians are responsible for the repression of grassroots activists.[21] In 2012 Bishop Rubin Phillip said that "a dark night is settling over our country as the light of our democratic dawn dims".[22]

Threats to media freedom

Under Jacob Zuma the ANC expressed open opposition to media freedom.[23] Serious concern was expressed about the proposed Media Appeals Tribunal and Protection of Information Bill which, if passed, would significantly reduce press freedom.[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [9] [29]

There have been a number of reports of serious intimidation of journalists.[30] In 2007 the Freedom of Expression Institute and The Mercury newspaper reported a death threat against a journalist in Durban by controversial local businessman Ricky Govender who claims close links with Jacob Zuma.[31] In Durban in 2009 the editor of The Mercury, Philani Makhanya, laid a charge of intimidation against S'bu Mpisani, a politically connected contractor for the housing department in that city who had allegedly threatened the newspaper for its investigations into his activities.[32] In Port Elizabeth the branch chairperson of the ruling African National Congress (ANC), Nceba Faku, called for party supporters to burn down the offices of the local newspaper the Daily Dispatch in 2011.[33] In 2012 Piet Rampedi and Adriaan Bassoon, journalists at the City Press, were subject to various threats and forms of intimidation while covering a story on corruption by Julius Malema.[34] Also in 2012 ANC supporters publicly burnt copies of the City Press newspaper in Durban.[35]

Threats to artistic freedom

Poet Mbongeni Khumalo has claimed "that his no-holds barred lyricism attracted the attention of state security".[36]

In 2012 leading figures in the ruling party called for a painting, The Spear, to be destroyed and publicly endorsed the defacement of the painting.

Unlawful state bans on protests

There have been a number of independently documented cases where the constitutionally protected right to protest has not been honoured by the state.[9] [37] [38] [39] [40] One particularly well documented instance occurred in Durban in 2006[41] and another in Cape Town in 2012.[42] [43] It has also been claimed that the right to protest has been summarily denied to shack dwellers on the East Rand.[44] It has been argued that not just ANC controlled municipalities, but also opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) ones, engage in unlawful bans on the right to protest.[45] It has also been suggested that recent judicial interventions amount to a de facto curtailment of the right to protest.[46] It has been argued that there was an increase in the unlawful banning of protests after the 2012 Marikana massacre[47] and that this has taken the form of a de facto "state of emergency".[48]

Police repression

See also: Human rights in South Africa.

Militarisation of the police

The police, which were demilitarised after apartheid have been remilitarised[49] [50] and some politicians have encouraged the police to 'shoot to kill'.[51] In the view of some analysts this has contributed to escalating repression.[50] [52] Concern has also been expressed at use of tactical response teams to contain popular protest[53] and at the idea that the army should support the police in containing popular protest.[54]

Police harassment of journalists

In 2010 journalists Mzilikazi waAfrika was arrested at the offices of the Sunday Times. Charges against him were later dropped.[55] waAfrika's phone was also unlawfully tapped by the police.[56] In July 2012 Nic Dawes, Sam Sole and Stefaans Brummer, journalists at the Mail & Guardian, were questioned by the police following the publication of a story alleging corruption by senior ANC leader Mac Maharaj.[57]

Police harassment of activists

There have been numerous incidents of repression against grassroots social movements[58] and activists have alleged arrests on trumped up charges[2] and assaults at the hands of the police.[59] For instance it was reported that Ashraf Cassiem from the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign was assaulted by the police in 2000 while resisting an eviction[60] and that S'bu Zikode and Philani Zungu from Abahlali baseMjondolo were arrested and assaulted while on the way to a radio interview in 2006.[61] In September 2010 four residents of Hangberg, in Hout Bay, near Cape Town were shot in the face at close range by police with rubber bullets leading to the loss of their eyes.[62] In February 2011 two protesters were killed by the police and a number subject to torture in Ermelo.[53] In January 2012 it was reported that Ayanda Kota was assaulted in the Grahamstown police station.[63] [64] In August and September 2012 strikers and community activists in Marikana were subject to sustained police harassment, including a large number of fatalities.[65] In October 2012 activists in Makause, on the East Rand, reported death threats from the police.[66] In December 2012 it was reported that in Wesselton, Mpumalanga, police were engaged in sustained collective harassment, some of it violent, of a local community.[67]

Police torture of activists

There has been general concern about police torture in South Africa,[27] [28] [68] which has been described as "occurring en masse" and "spiralling out of control".[69] In 1996 Kevin Kunene, founding chairman of the KwaMbonambi Environmental Group, was tortured by the police.[70] Organisations such as the Landless People's Movement[71] have documented cases in which activists and protesters have been tortured.[72] [73] There were media reports of police torture of activists in Wessleton, Ermelo, in 2011[53] [74] [75] and in Marikana in 2012.[76] [77] [78]

People Killed by the Police During Protests

The worst instance of lethal police violence in response to protest since the end of the apartheid era in South Africa is the shootings of 34 striking miners at Marikanan near Rustenburg, which have come to be known as 'The Marikana Massacre', during the Marikana miner strike on 16 August 2012.[5] [79] [80] [81]

The ICD has reported a rise in police violence against protesters since 2010[82] and a number of unarmed protesters have been killed by the South African Police Service since 2000.[83] Four people were killed by the police during protests between 2000 and 2004, two in 2006, one in 2008, two in 2009, three in 2010 and eleven in 2011.[84] The media have reported at least 27 police killings of protesters and bystanders (not including the 34 people killed in the Marikana Massacre) and a number of killings by private security guards since 2000.

People killed by police during protests

People killed by private security guards during protests

Activists killed by vigilantes

People killed during protests by attackers whose details have not been clearly reported

Repression from forces other than the police

Harassment of activists by intelligence structures

The Right2Know Campaign has documented several instances in which activists have been harassed by intelligence structures.[154]

Party political violence against activists

Organisations such as the Landless People's Movement,[155] Abahlali baseMjondolo[156] [157] [158] and the Unemployed People's Movement[159] [160] have been subject to armed political violence by groups claiming to represent the ruling ANC. The Makause Community Development Forum have also claimed to have been subject to state sanctioned violence by an ANC aligned 'mob'.[66] There have also been cases where ANC supporters have disrupted protests organised by independent groups. One example of this was the attempt to disrupt a protest by the Moretele Concerned Communities Association in May 2012.[161] It has been argued that the violence associated with the Marikana miners' strike in August 2012 began after officials of the National Union of Mineworkers murdered two strikers.[162]

Death threats against activists

Grassroots activists have been reporting fears that they may be killed since at least 2002.[163] There have been reports of death threats against activists in Ermelo (2011),[164] in Grahamstown (2011),[165] in eTwatwa on the East Rand (2010),[166] and in Durban (2006, 2009, 2012).[157] [158] [167] [168] [169] [170]

Unsolved murders of activists claimed to be political assassinations

Convictions for political assassinations

Political violence & intimidation by MK veterans

In July 2012 Alpheus Moseri (68) collapsed and died following an assault by MK Veterans at a lecture given by Jacob Zuma.[207] [208] In October 2012 COSATU President Sidumo Dlamini called for MK veterans to use "their guerrilla military skills to work with us on the ground to defend this movement and our revolution as a whole"[209] In November 2012 it was reported that MK veterans had made threats against Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe.[210] In November 2012 it was reported that armed men claiming to be MK veterans stormed into an ANC branch meeting on the East Rand and threatened to shoot members of the branch if they did not nominate Zuma for re-election.[211]

According to Barney Pityana "we are beginning to see the emergence of party (or presidential) militia in the guise of the Umkhonto weSizwe Veterans, who are the new Gestapo with a fascist agenda."[212]

Breakdown in the rule of law

In Durban in 2013 the shack dwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo secured five High Court injunctions against evictions which were "systemically ignored by state actors who have repeatedly torn down the shacks of local residents".[213]

Ruling party attitudes to independent organisations

According to Zwelinzima Vavi, COSATU Secretary General, "The [ruling] party unfortunately has adopted in our view an unnecessarily hostile posture to some progressive civil organisations and coalitions, painted a number of organisations with the same brush and has tended to take the view that they are the product of external agendas."[214]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-31-political-repression-in-south-africa/ ‘The Politic of Blood’: Political Repression in South Africa
  2. http://antieviction.org.za/related-writing-and-resources/housing-battles-in-post-apartheid-south-africa-the-case-of-mandela-park-khayelitsha/ Housing battles in post-Apartheid South Africa: The Case of Mandela Park, Khayelitsha
  3. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/489.1 The Return of State Repression
  4. , Freedom of Expression Institute, 2006
  5. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-23-activists-decry-talk-of-third-force-at-marikana/ Activists decry talk of 'third force' at Marikana
  6. http://sabarometerblog.wordpress.com/archive/volume-eight-2010/political-tolerance-on-the-wane-in-south-africa/ Political tolerance on the wane in South Africa
  7. http://www.thedailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-06-16-jane-duncan-on-the-ever-increasing-menace-of-sas-security-cabal Jane Duncan on the ever-increasing power of SA's security cabal
  8. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-17-00-zuma-why-were-not-laughing-any-more Zuma: Why we're not laughing any more
  9. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/599.1 The 'Gatvol' Factor
  10. http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2012/09/11/electing-for-lesser-evil-will-not-get-us-very-far Electing for lesser evil will not get us very far
  11. http://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/media-underplaying-police-state-brutality-1.1369675#.UDpA2cHibgy Media underplaying police, state brutality
  12. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/21/south-africa-police-brutality-shooting No end in sight for police brutality in South Africa
  13. http://mg.co.za/article/2014-08-07-the-lang-arm-of-the-law-is-a-deadly-dance The lang-arm of the law is a deadly dance
  14. http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2014/01/22/this-brutal-police-state-in-which-we-live This brutal police state in which we live
  15. http://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2012-11-06-marikana-a-cover-up-for-all-to-see Marikana: A cover-up for all to see
  16. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2013-03-01-police-brutality-comes-as-a-surprise-really/ Police brutality comes as a surprise? Really?
  17. https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/south-africa/report-2012 Amnesty International South Africa Report
  18. http://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-06-mr-president-arrest-this-descent-into-police-state-depravity Mr President, arrest this descent into police state depravity
  19. http://opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/carolyn-raphaely/fish-rot-from-head
  20. https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Rumbi-Matamba-The-business-of-killing-Assassinations-in-SA.-April23-web.pdf The Business of Killing: Assassinations in South Africa
  21. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/07/20/protestors-are-killed-on-instructions-of-politicians-in-kzn-and_a_23038922/ Protestors Are Killed On Instructions Of Politicians In KZN And Society Turns A Blind Eye – Inquiry
  22. http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/features/84390 Biko: A bright guiding light in dark times
  23. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-06-18-jacob-zuma-and-the-second-transition-the-print-media Jacob Zuma and the second transition: The print media
  24. Web site: Maintaining and creating a safe space for freedom of expression in South Africa – Freedom of Expression Institute. fxi.org.za. fxi.org.za. 3 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120320160050/http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/217/1/. 20 March 2012. usurped.
  25. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/652.1 The Real Fear Factor: Secrecy as the Mask of Power
  26. https://www.hrw.org/node/94480 Revise Protection of Information Bill
  27. http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/amnesty-red-flag-police-brutality-1.1068706 Amnesty red flag police brutality
  28. Web site: Countries. Amnesty International.
  29. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/685.1 The Secrecy Bill: Speak Now or Forever be Gagged
  30. http://www.thedailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-07-06-anc-ratchets-up-its-anti-media-campaign-in-provinces ANC ratchets up its anti-media campaign in provinces
  31. http://abahlali.org/node/2183 Police repression in Protea South an indicator of a national trend
  32. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-02-11-the-rise-and-fall-of-shauwn-and-sbu-mpisane-durbans-teflon-couple/ The rise and fall of Shauwn and S'bu Mpisane, Durban's Teflon Couple
  33. http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/article/1297 Faku: Burn down the press
  34. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-07-23-the-price-of-investigating-malema The price of investigating Julius Malema
  35. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/spear-fury-shatters-haffajee-1.1306097?ot=inmsa.ArticlePrintPageLayout.ot 'Spear' fury shatters Haffajee
  36. http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2013/01/18/poetry-must-reflect-south-africa-today Poetry must reflect South Africa today
  37. , Simon Delaney, Freedom of Expression Institute, May 2007
  38. https://www.ru.ac.za/documents/Politics/Duncan_Dissent_Under_Mbeki%5B1%5D.doc Dissent Under Thabo Mbeki
  39. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/1203 The Struggle for Street Politics
  40. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/1574 The Criminal Injustice System
  41. , Freedom of Expression Institute, 2006
  42. http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/siessa-patricia/ Siessa Patricia!
  43. http://72.27.231.67/south-africa/police-brutally-suppress-protesters-cape-town Police Brutally Suppress Protesters in Cape Town
  44. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-10-05-police-to-people-of-makause-march-and-therell-be-another-marikana Police to people of Makause: 'March and there'll be another Marikana'
  45. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-01-30-charges-against-occupy-rondebosch-protesters-withdrawn/ Rondebosch protest: Charges withdrawn
  46. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/1338 Penalizing Protest Action
  47. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-09-28-sas-banned-gatherings-goodbye-constitution-we-hardly-knew-you SA's banned gatherings: Goodbye Constitution, we hardly knew you
  48. http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/1448 Marikana, the Farlam Commission, and the Undeclared State of Emergency
  49. http://www.opendemocracy.net/christopher-mcmichael/green-zone-nation-south-african-government%E2%80%99s-new-growth-path Green Zone Nation: The South African government’s new growth path
  50. http://thinkafricapress.com/south-africa/police-service-and-public-order-war-saps-marikana-lonmin The South African Police Service and the Public Order War
  51. http://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2012-08-23-marikana-avoidable-unconstitutional-and-entirely-predictable Marikana: Avoidable, unconstitutional… and entirely predictable
  52. http://thinkafricapress.com/south-africa/concerns-police-become-increasingly-militarised With Enough Bullets
  53. http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2012/11/05/a-template-for-marikana-was-made-in-ermelo-a-year-ago A template for Marikana was made in Ermelo a year ago
  54. http://www.opendemocracy.net/chris-mcmichael/re-militarisation-of-south-africa%E2%80%99s-borders The re-militarisation of South Africa's borders
  55. http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article586878.ece/Clampdown-feared-as-journalist-arrested Clampdown feared as journalist arrested
  56. http://www.timeslive.co.za/opinion/commentary/2011/10/30/another-view-time-to-oversee-the-officials-who-spy-on-us Another View: Time to oversee the officials who spy on us
  57. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-07-26-mg-journalists-suspects-in-criminal-investigation M&G journalists warned of criminal charges
  58. https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-31-political-repression-in-south-africa/ ‘The Politic of Blood’: Political Repression in South Africa
  59. http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=275713&sn=Marketingweb+detail Ayanda Kota lays assault charge against police – UPM
  60. http://www.poormagazine.org/node/2718 Ashraf Cassiem: South African Resistance Against Evictions
  61. http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006-09-16-i-was-punched-beaten 'I was punched, beaten'
  62. http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/1338 Penalizing Protest Action
  63. http://www.dispatch.co.za/news/article/2681 Outcry over 'savage assault'
  64. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-01-13-cops-arrest-grahamstown-activist-for-book-theft Grahamstown activist arrested for book theft
  65. http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/1432 The Smashing of a Strike
  66. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-10-05-police-to-people-of-makause-march-and-therell-be-another-marikana Police to people of Makause: 'March and there'll be another Marikana'
  67. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-12-10-tactical-response-teams-brutal-reign-in-wesselton-mpumalanga Tactical Response Team's brutal reign in Wesselton, Mpumalanga
  68. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-28-marikana-police-torture-takes-central-stage http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-28-marikana-police-torture-takes-central-stage
  69. http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/04/30/predator-police-in-reign-of-terror 'Predator police' in reign of terror
  70. http://www.mg.co.za/article/1996-03-22-police-still-torturing-suspects-claim Police still torturing suspects – claim
  71. http://www.ukzn.ac.za/ccs/files/Greenberg%20LPM%20RR.pdf The Landless People's Movement and the Failure of Post-Apartheid Land Reform
  72. https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR53/005/1999/en Torture and misuse of lethal force by security forces must end
  73. https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR53/002/2006/en Briefing for the Committee against Torture
  74. News: Community leader lives in fear of his life . Lungile . Dube . Mail & Guardian . 1 April 2011.
  75. http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-25-violence-on-tape-confirms-police-tactics Violence on tape confirms police tactics
  76. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-10-17-torture-sas-never-ending-curse Torture, SA's never-ending curse
  77. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-10-18-marikana-after-wave-of-arrests-miners-to-return-to-strike Marikana: After wave of arrests, miners to return to strike
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  80. http://www.africanscene.co.za/2012/08/the-night-before-lonmins-explanation/ The Night Before Lonmin's Explanation
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  82. Web site: ICD: Rise in police abuse at service delivery protests. Emsie. Ferreira. 14 June 2011 .
  83. http://sacsis-org-za.win24.wadns.net/site/article/666.1 State Violence
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  86. Web site: Blair protester's death raises fresh rioting fears. – Free Online Library. thefreelibrary.com.
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  89. http://www.labournet.net/world/0402/apf2.html Police shoot dead two high school pupils resisting eviction
  90. http://www.citypress.co.za/SouthAfrica/News/Tatanes-death-opens-old-wounds-for-family-20110422 Tatane's death opens old wounds for family
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  116. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-10-01-in-durbans-cato-manor-death-by-protest-death-by-dissent In Durban's Cato Manor: Death by protest, death by dissent
  117. Web site: Chaos erupts in Bekkersdal. Govan. Whittles.
  118. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-01-13-analysis-never-forget-jan-rivombo/#.UtPW_NIW11U Never forget Jan Rivombo
  119. http://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-16-brits-water-shortages-shrouded-in-murk Mothotlung water shortages shrouded in murk
  120. http://www.citypress.co.za/news/fourth-person-dies-mothutlung-protests/ Fourth person dies after Mothutlung protests
  121. Web site: Fourth Mothotlung casualty 'shot with his hands up'. Zain. Ebrahim. 20 January 2014 .
  122. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-01-24-durban-deep-in-photos-another-day-another-police-victim/ Durban Deep, in photos: Another day, another police victim
  123. http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2014/01/30/cops-under-siege-as-anger-explodes Cops under siege as anger explodes
  124. Web site: Relela SAPS station under siege from 2,000-strong mob of petrolbombers: 2 shot dead by cops, 15 cops injured, police-cars torched - anger over woman's muti-death | FARMITRACKER . 18 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140223132921/http://www.censorbugbear.org/farmitracker/reports/view/2099 . 23 February 2014 . dead .
  125. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/man-shot-dead-in-soweto-protest-1.1649402#.UwSE0WKSx1U Man shot dead in Soweto protest
  126. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/call-for-ipid-to-probe-baby-death-1.1654798#.Uxh4IOO1ZA8 Call for Ipid to probe baby death
  127. https://unitedfrontsa.wordpress.com/2015/02/27/uf-calls-for-action-against-gauteng-police/
  128. Thembelihle resident killed, eNCA, 27 February 2015, https://www.enca.com/media/video/thembelihle-resident-killed?playlist=107
  129. http://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-27-protesting-teen-killed-allegedly-by-police/
  130. http://citizen.co.za/378738/one-killed-in-limpopo-protest/
  131. http://m.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/Eastern-Cape-protester-shot-dead-by-police-20150512
  132. http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/572c1900485b010d940ebfe1ccb64421/Protester-fatally-shot-in-Limpopo-20150513
  133. Young child dies during protests at Bela Bela, Die Pos, 17 February 2017, http://www.diepos.co.za/articles/news/40893/2017-02-17/young-child-dies-during-protests-at-bela-bela?&p890=3
  134. http://m.ewn.co.za/2017/05/19/boy-16-shot-dead-in-mpumalanga-protest Boy (16) shot dead in Mpumalanga protest
  135. http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2017/05/29/I-was-just-playing-with-him-and-then-the-gas-came-inside-father-of-dead-infant 'I was just playing with him and then the gas came inside' – father of dead infant
  136. GroundUp Staff, Why did Hout Bay explode?, 11 July 2017, http://www.groundup.org.za/article/why-reblocking-hardly-moving-imizamo-yethu/
  137. https://www.newframe.com/steven-kaus-death-was-no-mistake Steven Kau's death was 'no mistake'
  138. https://m.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/police-shoot-2-protesters-dead-in-caledon-20190404 Ipid investigating police after 2 protesters die in Caledon
  139. https://ewn.co.za/2020/06/19/ct-police-probe-fatal-protest-shooting-in-philippi-east CT POLICE PROBE FATAL PROTEST SHOOTING IN PHILIPPI EAST
  140. https://ewn.co.za/2020/08/17/leo-williams-the-laingville-boy-shot-in-service-deliery-protest-dies LEO WILLIAMS, THE LAINGVILLE BOY SHOT IN SERVICE DELIVERY PROTEST, DIES
  141. https://www.newframe.com/deadly-result-as-state-forces-seize-loot-in-durban/ Deadly result as state forces seize ‘loot’ in Durban
  142. https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-08-04-i-dont-want-to-remember-him-i-want-him-here/ 'I don't want to remember him, I want him here'
  143. Web site: Archived copy . 2012-09-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120403042425/http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Faculties/humanities/researchcentres/csr/research/Documents/Quick%20response%20research%20into%20Service%20Delivery%20Protest%20Hotspots.pdf . 3 April 2012 .
  144. http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/fatal-turn-in-taxi-fare-protest-1.1080198 Fatal turn in taxi fare protest
  145. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-11-19-western-cape-protests-bloody-hands-in-private-security-firms Western Cape protests: Bloody hands in private security firms?
  146. http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-11-19-unregulated-and-taking-root-sas-private-security-peril Unregulated, and taking root: SA's private security peril
  147. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/two-killed-in-fight-over-electricity-1.1594614#.Umtpc_nI3UW Two killed in fight over electricity
  148. http://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-06-protesters-take-on-nyalas-in-newclare-housing-protest/Protesters take on Nyalas in Newclare housing protest
  149. http://www.iol.co.za/isolezwe/izindaba/basola-onogada-bakamasipala-ngobulewe-ngesihluku-9784579 Basola onogada bakamasipala ngobulewe ngesihluku
  150. https://www.iol.co.za/sunday-tribune/news/mlungisi-madonsela-died-to-protect-fellow-students-friend-19225711 Mlungisi Madonsela died to protect fellow students – friend
  151. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-07-18-protests-at-malema-buddys-mine-turn-deadly/ A school pupil was shot and killed during a conflict which allegedly erupted between mine security guards and local community members
  152. http://www.journalism.cuny.edu/capstones/to-be-betrayed-by-your-brother/ To Be Betrayed By Your Brother
  153. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-10-25-westonaria-mayhem-when-the-children-hit-the-streets/#.UmtmgvnI3UU Westonaria mayhem: When the children hit the streets
  154. http://bigbrother.r2k.org.za/wp-content/uploads/Big-Brother-Exposed-R2K-handbook-on-surveillance-web.pdf Big Brother Exposed
  155. http://www.habitants.org/notizie/abitanti_d_africa/sudafrica_report_indipendente_sulla_violenza_politica_contro_il_movimento_dei_senzaterra_landless_people_s_movement Independent Report into Political Violence Against Landless People's Movement
  156. http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-SAfrica&month=0912&week=b&msg=W/SUmqooLlQQ7RyZ8XEs2Q Report: Experiences of Abahlali baseMjondolo in Durban, South Africa
  157. http://sds.ukzn.ac.za/default.php?3,6,684,4,0 The Work of violence:a timeline of armed attacks at Kennedy Road
  158. https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR53/011/2009 Failure to conduct impartial investigation into Kennedy Road violence is leading to further human rights abuses
  159. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-28-umlazi-uprising-faces-bullets-arrests Umlazi uprising faces bullets, arrests
  160. http://abahlali.org/node/8880 Update from Ward 88 in Umlazi, Durban
  161. http://www.r2k.org.za/right2know-condemns-disruption-of-community-protest/ Right2Know Condemns Disruption of Community
  162. http://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2012-10-12-marikana-prequel-num-and-the-murders-that-started-it-all Marikana prequel: NUM and the murders that started it all
  163. http://abahlali.org/files/Oldfield%20&%20Stokke%20WCAEC%20Research%20Report.pdf Building unity in diversity: Social movement activism in the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign
  164. http://amabhungane.co.za/article/2011-04-01-community-leader-lives-in-fear-of-his-life Community leader lives in fear of his life
  165. http://www2.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-02-07-ayanda-kota-unapologetic-anc-apostate Ayanda Kota: Unapologetic ANC apostate
  166. http://www.habitants.org/notizie/abitanti_d_africasudafrica_report_indipendente_sulla_violenza_politica_contro_il_movimento_dei_senzaterra_landless_people_s_movement Independent Report into Political Violence Against the Landless People's Movement
  167. Web site: Business Day.
  168. http://www.amandlapublishers.co.za/home-page/914-abahlali-base-mjondolo-press-statement--we-are-all-sbu-zikode We Are All S'bu Zikode
  169. https://archive.today/20130225163357/http://www.abahlali.org/taxonomy/term/2843 Umlazi Political Violence Crisis
  170. http://abahlali.org/node/3558 Motala Heights: Crisis Deepens as Violent Intimidation Against the Strong Poor Continues
  171. http://abahlali.org/node/89 Umlazi Political Violence
  172. 'We Don't Want Your Development', Jacques de Wet, in Rural Resistance in South Africa, Thembele Kepe & Lungisile Ntsebeza (Eds), UCT Press, 2012
  173. http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/575.1 A Culture of Political Assassination
  174. http://www.citypress.co.za/Politics/News/Murders-rock-ANC-20120728 Murders rock ANC
  175. http://www.timeslive.co.za/opinion/commentary/2011/07/31/is-the-sacp-still-relevant Is the SACP still relevant?
  176. https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/south-africa/report-2013#section-133-10 Amnesty International South Africa Report
  177. http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/accbec004cfad8748665ff7155b3eb28/NUM-branch-secretary-shot-dead-at-Westplats-mine-20120610 NUM branch secretary shot dead at Westplats mine
  178. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/cato-crest-community-leader-gunned-down-1.1488319#.UUh1Uxe9a28 Cato Crest community leader gunned down
  179. http://abahlali.org/node/9511 Murder in KwaNdengezi
  180. http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2013/05/13/another-marikana-murder Another Marikana murder
  181. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-07-31-kzn-anatomy-of-an-assassination KZN: Anatomy of an assassination
  182. http://www.abahlali.org/node/9840 KZN protest leader shot 12 times
  183. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b8a413ee-f855-11e2-92f0-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2dKeHpEuTSouth Africa: Killed for crying foul
  184. http://groundup.org.za/article/another-abahlali-basemjondolo-member-assassinated_2308 Another Abahlali baseMjondolo member assassinated
  185. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/political-intolerance-behind-kzn-murders-1.1669237#.Uzt-SvmSzY4 Political intolerance behind KZN murders
  186. http://www.numsa.org.za/article/numsa-condemns-killing-three-shopstewards-kwazulu-natal/ Numsa condemns killing of its three shopstewards in Kwazulu – Natal
  187. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/lili-hit-exposes-anc-cracks-1.1776781#.VFylCvmUfUV Lili 'hit' exposes ANC cracks
  188. http://eyethunews.co.za/14087/ziyakhula-izigameko-zokubulawa-kwabantu-besemizini-yabo-kwandengezi/ Ziyanda izigameko zokubulawa kwabantu kwaNdengezi
  189. http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2014/12/05/tweet-of-the-week-a-culture-of-political-violence-and-death TWEET OF THE WEEK: A culture of political violence and death
  190. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/union-leader-gunned-down-in-germiston-1.1844548#.VS-I5yGqqko Union leader gunned down in Germiston
  191. http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2016/01/28/Alliance-takes-strain-in-KZN Inchanga shooting: call for calm
  192. http://www.groundup.org.za/article/opponent-xolobeni-titanium-mine-assassinated/ Opponent of Xolobeni titanium mine assassinated
  193. http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2016/08/22/Protests-in-Inchanga-after-%E2%80%98execution-style%E2%80%99-killing-of-SACP-member Protests in Inchanga after 'execution-style' killing of SACP member
  194. Community leader shot dead after massive Khayelitsha land occupation http://abahlali.org/node/16007/
  195. http://abahlali.org/node/16525/ Statement on the Assassination of S'fiso Ngcobo, Abahlali baseMjondolo Press statement, 24 May 2017
  196. http://abahlali.org/node/16525/ Statement on the Assassination of S'fiso Ngcobo
  197. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-05-25-dying-for-land-kzn-assassinations-continue/ Dying for Land – KZN assassinations continue
  198. https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-07-06-they-left-him-in-a-pool-of-his-blood-saftu-wants-quick-arrest-after-activist-killed/ 'They left him in a pool of his blood' – Saftu wants quick arrest after activist killed
  199. https://www.groundup.org.za/article/workers-tense-platinum-mine-after-assassination-union-recruiter/ Platinum mine tense after assassination of unionist
  200. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-03-15-the-murder-of-abahlalis-ayanda-ngila-is-an-injury-to-us-all/ https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-03-15-the-murder-of-abahlalis-ayanda-ngila-is-an-injury-to-us-all/
  201. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-05-09-slain-abahlali-basemjondolo-activist-aware-of-danger-she-faced/ Slain Abahlali baseMjondolo activist aware of danger she faced
  202. https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/our-hearts-are-heavy-another-kzn-activist-gunned-down-inside-his-home-20220820 ‘Our hearts are heavy’: Another KZN activist gunned down inside his home
  203. https://www.702.co.za/articles/445234/abahlali-basemjondolo-member-s-murder-was-deliberate Abahlali baseMjondolo member's murder was 'deliberate'
  204. https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news-2/item/3216-media-statement-the-south-african-human-rights-commission-condemns-the-brutal-killing-of-lindokuhle-mnguni-a-leader-within-the-abahlali-basemjondolo-movement The South African Human Rights Commission condemns the brutal killing of Lindokuhle Mnguni, a leader within the Abahlali baseMjondolo Movement
  205. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/anc-councillors-jailed-for-activists-murder-2024406 ANC councillors jailed for activist's murder
  206. Web site: Thuli Ndlovu – HRD Memorial. hrdmemorial.org.
  207. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-07-12-brutal-anc-vets-in-the-firing-line Brutal 'ANC vets' in the firing line
  208. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-04-anc-a-party-under-violent-criminal-siege ANC: A party under violent, criminal siege
  209. http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=333070&sn=Detail&pid=71616 Zuma and the "enemy within"
  210. http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/youth-call-on-motlanthe-to-lead-1.1417181#.UJkFJW9FyFc Youth call on Motlanthe to lead
  211. http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/nominate-zuma-or-we-ll-shoot-1.1423014#.UKSYUeRlnLU 'Nominate Zuma… or we'll shoot'
  212. http://www.iol.co.za/dear-mr-zuma-it-s-time-for-you-to-go-1.1475863#.UTMVQKKPSSo Dear Mr Zuma, it's time for you to go
  213. Web site: 1362480614557306 . heoretical Criminology . 19 November 2014 . Olly . Owen . Sarah-Jane . Cooper Knock.
  214. http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-09-report-hammers-self-serving-anc Cosatu report hammers 'self-serving' ANC

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