Political party strength in Michigan explained

The tables below indicate the political party affiliation of elected officials in the U.S. State of Michigan from statehood through the results of the November 2022 elections.

Officials listed include: Governors, Lieutenant Governors, Secretaries of State, Attorneys General/
State Treasurers. The tables also indicate the historical party composition in the State Senate, State House of Representatives, the names and party affiliations of Michigan's U.S. Senators, and the party composition of Michigan's delegations to the U.S. House of Representatives. For years in which a presidential election was held, the tables show which party's nominees received the State's electoral votes.

1837–1899

YearExecutive offices[1] [2] State LegislatureUnited States CongressElectoral votes
class=unsortable Governor!class=unsortable Lt. Governor!class=unsortable Secretary
of State!		class=unsortable Attorney
General!		class=unsortable Treasurer!class=unsortable State Senate!class=unsortable State House!class=unsortable U.S. Senator
(Class I)!		class=unsortable U.S. Senator
(Class II)!		class=unsortable U.S. House
1837Stevens T. Mason (D)Edward Mundy (D)Kintzing Prichette (D)Peter Morey (D)[3] appointed office8D, 5W, 3?24W, 23D, 2?Lucius Lyon (D)John Norvell (D)1D
1838Randolph Manning (D)14D, 2W30D, 20W
183911D, 6W31D, 21Wvacant1D
1840William Woodbridge (W)James Wright Gordon (W)Thomas Rowland (W)[4] 10W, 7D37W, 15DAugustus Seymour Porter (W)Harrison/
Tyler (W)
1841James Wright Gordon (W)Thomas J. Drake (W)Zephaniah Platt (W)12W, 5D31W, 20D, 1 tieWilliam Woodbridge (W)1W
1842John S. Barry (D)Origen D. Richardson (D)Robert P. Eldredge (D) [5] 12D, 5W, 1 vac.47D, 6W
1843Elon Farnsworth (D)18D46D, 7W3D
184447D, 6WPolk/
Dallas (D)
1845Henry N. Walker (D)[6] 46D, 7WLewis Cass (D)3D
1846Alpheus Felch (D)William L. Greenly (D)Gideon O. Whittemore20D, 1W50D, 16W
1847William L. Greenly (D)Charles P. Bush (D)Edward Mundy (D)20D, 2W51D, 15WAlpheus Felch (D)3D
1848Epaphroditus Ransom (D)William M. Fenton (D)George Washington Peck (D)[7] George V. N. Lothrop (D)21D, 1WThomas Fitzgerald (D)Cass/
Butler (D)
184918D, 4W46D, 16W, 3FS, 1 tieLewis Cass (D)2D, 1W
1850John S. Barry (D)George R. Redfield (D)[8] Bernard C. Whittemore (D)46D, 20W
1851Charles H. Taylor (D)[9] William Hale (D)16D, 5W, 1FSD40D, 26W2W, 1D
1852Robert McClellandCalvin Britain (D)Pierce/
King (D)
1853Andrew Parsons (D)William Graves (D)[10] 25D, 7W52D, 19W, 1?Charles E. Stuart (D)4D
Andrew Parsons (D)George Griswold (D)
1854
1855Kinsley S. Bingham (R)George Coe (R)John McKinney (R)Jacob M. Howard (R)Silas M. Holmes (R) 25R, 7D[11] 48R, 24D3R, 1D
1856Frémont/
Dayton (R)
185729R, 3D63R, 17DZachariah Chandler (R)4R
1858
1859Moses Wisner (R)Edmund Burke Fairfield (R)Nelson G. Isbell (R)John McKinney (R)24R, 8D56R, 25DKinsley S. Bingham (R)3R, 1D
1860Lincoln/
Hamlin (R)
1861Austin Blair (R)James M. Birney (R)James B. Porter (R) [12] Charles Upson (R)John Owen (R)[13] 30R, 2D72R, 11D4R
Joseph R. Williams (R)
1862Henry T. Backus (R)Jacob M. Howard (R)
1863Charles S. May (R)Albert Williams (R)[14] 18R, 14D60R, 39D, 1?5R, 1D
1864Lincoln/
Johnson (NU)
1865Henry H. Crapo (R)Ebenezer O. Grosvenor (R)21R, 11D73R, 27D6R
1866
1867Dwight May (R)Oliver L. Spaulding (R)[15] William L. Stoughton (R)Ebenezer O. Grosvenor (R)30R, 1D, 1?79R, 21D6R
1868Grant/
Colfax (R)
1869Henry P. Baldwin (R)Morgan Bates (R)Dwight May (R)27R, 5D75R, 25D6R
1870
1871Daniel Striker (R)[16] Victory P. Collier (R)[17] 71R, 29DThomas W. Ferry (R)5R, 1D
1872Grant/
Wilson (R)
1873John J. Bagley (R)Henry H. Holt (R)Byron D. Ball (R)[18] 31R, 1D95R, 5D9R
1874Isaac Marston (R)[19]
1875Ebenezer G. D. Holden (R)[20] Andrew J. Smith (R)[21] William B. McCreery (R)[22] 17R, 15D54R, 46DIsaac P. Christiancy (R)6R, 3D
1876Hayes/
Wheeler (R)
1877Charles Croswell (R)Alonzo Sessions (R)Otto Kirchner (R)23R, 9D75R, 25D8R, 1D
1878
1879William Jenney (R)[23] Benjamin D. Pritchard (R)[24] 65R, 35DZachariah Chandler (R)9R
1880Henry P. Baldwin (R)Garfield/
Arthur (R)
1881David Jerome (R)Moreau S. Crosby (R)Jacob J. Van Riper (R)[25] 30R, 2D86R, 13D, 1IOmar D. Conger (R)9R
1882
1883Josiah Begole (D)Harry A. Conant (R)[26] Edward H. Butler (R)[27] 19R, 13D62R, 38DThomas W. Palmer (R)5R, 6D
1884Blaine/
Logan (R)
1885Russell A. Alger (R)Archibald Buttars (R)Moses Taggart (R) [28] 18R, 14D52R, 48D4R, 7D
1886
1887Cyrus G. Luce (R)James H. MacDonald (R)Gilbert R. Osmun (R)[29] George L. Maltz (R)[30] 22R, 10D63R, 37DFrancis B. Stockbridge (R)6R, 5D
1888Harrison/
Morton (R)
1889William Ball (R)Stephen V. R. Trowbridge (R)[31] 24R, 8D70R, 30DJames McMillan (R)9R, 2D
1890Benjamin W. Huston (R)[32]
1891Edwin B. Winans (D)John Strong (D)Daniel E. Soper (D)[33] Adolphus A. Ellis (D)[34] Frederick Braastad (D)[35] 17D, 15R55D, 45R3R, 8D
1892Robert R. Blacker (D)[36] 9 – Harrison/
Reid (R)
5 – Cleveland/
Stevenson (D)
1893John Treadway Rich (R)J. Wight Giddings (R)John W. Jochim (R)Joseph F. Hambitzer (R)22R, 9D, 1DP69R, 28D, 3Pop7R, 5D
1894Washington Gardner (R)James M. Wilkinson (R) John Patton Jr. (R)
1895Alfred Milnes (R)Fred A. Maynard (R)32R99R, 1DJulius C. Burrows (R)12R
1896Joseph R. McLaughlin (R)McKinley/
Hobart (R)
1897Hazen S. Pingree (R)Thomas B. Dunstan (R)George A. Steel (R)[37] 26R, 6D81R, 19D10R, 2D
1898
1899Orrin W. Robinson (R)Justus Smith Stearns (R)[38] Horace M. Oren (R)27R, 5D92R, 8D12R

1900–1964

YearExecutive officesState LegislatureUnited States CongressElectoral votes
class=unsortable Governor!class=unsortable Lt. Governor!class=unsortable Sec. of State!class=unsortable Attorney General!class=unsortable Treasurer!class=unsortable Auditor General!class=unsortable Highway Comm.!class=unsortable State Senate!class=unsortable State House!class=unsortable U.S. Senator
(Class I)!		class=unsortable U.S. Senator
(Class II)!		class=unsortable U.S. House
1900Hazen S. Pingree (R)Orrin W. Robinson (R)Justus Smith Stearns (R)Horace M. Oren (R)George A. Steel[39] Roscoe D. Dix (R)no such office27R, 5D92R, 8DJulius C. Burrows (R)James McMillan (R)12RMcKinley/
Roosevelt (R)
1901Aaron T. Bliss (R)Fred M. Warner (R)[40] Daniel McCoy (R)Perry F. Powers (R)31R, 1D90R, 10D12R
1902
1903Alexander Maitland (R)Charles A. Blair (R)[41] 100RRussell A. Alger (R)11R, 1D
1904Roosevelt/
Fairbanks (R)
1905Fred M. Warner (R)George A. Prescott (R)[42] John E. Bird (R)[43] Frank P. Glazier (R)James B. Bradley (R)Horatio Earle (R)32R95R, 5D12R
1906
1907Patrick H. Kelley (R)95R, 5DWilliam Alden Smith (R)12R
1908John Treadway Rich (R)Taft/
Sherman (R)
1909Frederick C. Martindale (R)[44] Albert Sleeper (R)Oramel B. Fuller (R)Townsend A. Ely (R)98R, 2D12R
1910Franz C. Kuhn (R)[45]
1911Chase Osborn (R)John Q. Ross (R)28R, 4D88R, 12DCharles E. Townsend (R)10R, 2D
1912Roger I. Wykes (R)[46] Roosevelt/
Johnson (Prog)
1913Woodbridge N. Ferris (D)Grant Fellows (R)[47] John W. Harrer (R)Frank F. Rogers (R)21R, 6Prog, 5D54R, 35D, 11Prog10R, 2D, 2Prog
1914
1915Luren Dickinson (R)Coleman C. Vaughan (R)[48] 29R, 3D95R, 5D11R, 2D
1916Hughes/
Fairbanks (R)
1917Albert Sleeper (R)Alex J. Groesbeck (R)Samuel Odell27R, 5D88R, 12D11R, 2D
1918
191932R98R, 2DTruman H. Newberry (R)12R, 1D
1920Frank E. Gorman (R)[49] Harding/
Coolidge (R)
1921Alex J. Groesbeck (R)Thomas Read (R)Charles J. DeLand (R)[50] Merlin Wiley (R)[51] 100R13R
1922
1923Andrew B. Dougherty (R)[52] 95R, 5DWoodbridge N. Ferris (D)James Couzens (R)12R, 1D
1924Coolidge/
Dawes (R)
1925George W. Welsh (R)Frank D. McKay100R13R
1926Clare Retan (R)[53]
1927Fred W. Green (R)Luren Dickinson (R)John S. Haggerty (R)[54] William W. Potter98R, 2D13R
1928Wilber M. Brucker (R)Arthur Vandenberg (R)Hoover/
Curtis (R)
1929Grover C. Dillard (R)13R
1930
1931Wilber M. Brucker (R)Frank Fitzgerald (R)[55] Paul W. Voorhies (R)[56] Howard C. Lawrence (R)31R, 1D13R
1932Roosevelt/
Garner (D)
1933William Comstock (D)Allen E. Stebbins (D)Patrick H. O'Brien (D)[57] Theodore I. Fry (D)John K. Stack Jr. (D)Murray Van Wagoner (D)17D, 15R55D, 45R10D, 7R
1934Clarke W. Brown (R)[58]
1935Frank Fitzgerald (R)Thomas Read (R)Orville E. Atwood (R)[59] Harry S. Toy (R)[60] John J. O'Hara (R)21R, 11D51R, 49D11R, 6D
1936David H. Crowley (R)[61]
1937Frank Murphy (D)Leo J. Nowicki (D)Leon D. Case (D)[62] Raymond Wesley Starr (D)[63] George T. Gundry (D)17D, 15R60D, 40RPrentiss M. Brown (D)9R, 8D
1938
1939Frank Fitzgerald (R)Luren Dickinson (R)Harry Kelly (R)[64] Thomas Read (R)Miller Dunckel (D)Vernon J. Brown (R)23R, 9D73R, 27D12R, 5D
Luren Dickinson (R)Matilda Dodge Wilson (R)
1940Willkie/
McNary (R)
1941Murray Van Wagoner (D)Frank Murphy (D)Herbert J. Rushton (R)[65] Theodore I. Fry (D)G. Donald Kennedy (R)22R, 10D68R, 32D11R, 6D
1942
1943Harry Kelly (R)Eugene C. Keyes (R)Herman H. Dignan (R)[66] D. Hale Brake (R)Lloyd B. Reid (D)25R, 7D74R, 26DHomer S. Ferguson (R)12R, 5D
1944Charles M. Zeigler (R)Roosevelt/
Truman (D)
1945Vernon J. Brown (R)John R. Dethmers (R)John D. Morrison (R)24R, 8D66R, 34D11R, 6D
1946Foss O. Eldred (R)[67]
1947Kim Sigler (R)Eugene C. Keyes (R)Frederick M. Alger Jr. (R)[68] Eugene F. Black (R)[69] Murl K. Aten (R)28R, 4D95R, 5D14R, 3D
1948Dewey/
Warren (R)
1949G. Mennen Williams (D)John W. Connolly (D)Stephen John Roth (D)[70] 23R, 9D61R, 39D13R, 4D
195012R, 5D
1951William C. Vandenberg (R)Frank Millard (R)[71] John B. Martin (R)25R, 7D66R, 34DBlair Moody (D)12R, 5D
1952Eisenhower/
Nixon (R)
1953Clarence A. Reid (R)Owen Cleary (R)[72] 24R, 8DCharles E. Potter (R)13R, 5D
1954
1955Philip Hart (D)James M. Hare (D)[73] Thomas M. Kavanagh (D)[74] Sanford Brown (D)Victor Targonski (D)23R, 11D59R, 51DPatrick V. McNamara (D)11R, 7D
1956
1957Frank S. Szymanski (D)John C. Mackie (D)61R, 49D12R, 6D
1958Paul L. Adams (D)
1959John Swainson (D)Otis M. Smith (D)22R, 12D55R, 55DPhilip Hart (D)11R, 7D
1960Kennedy/
Johnson (D)
1961John Swainson (D)T. John Lesinski (D)Billie S. Farnum (D)56R, 54D11R, 7D
1962Frank J. Kelley (D)
1963George W. Romney (R)23R, 11D58R, 52D11R, 8D
1964Johnson/
Humphrey (D)

In 1963, the Michigan Constitution was rewritten, modifying the statewide elected positions.

1965–present

YearExecutive officesState LegislatureUnited States CongressElectoral votes
class=unsortable Governor!class=unsortable Lt. Governor!class=unsortable Sec. of State!class=unsortable Attorney General!class=unsortable State Senate!class=unsortable State House!class=unsortable U.S. Senator (Class I)!class=unsortable U.S. Senator (Class II)!class=unsortable U.S. House
1965George W. Romney (R)William Milliken (R)James M. Hare (D)Frank J. Kelley (D)23D, 15R73D, 37RPhilip Hart (D)Patrick V. McNamara (D)12D, 7RLyndon B. Johnson/
Hubert Humphrey (D)
1966Robert P. Griffin (R)
196720R, 18D56R, 54D12R, 7D
1968Hubert Humphrey/
Edmund Muskie (D)
1969William Milliken (R)vacant57D, 53R
1970Thomas F. Schweigert (R)
1971James H. Brickley (R)Richard H. Austin (D)19R, 19D58D, 52R
1972Richard Nixon/
Spiro Agnew (R)
197360D, 50R
197411R, 8D
1975James Damman (R)24D, 14R66D, 44R12D, 7R
1976Gerald Ford/
Bob Dole (R)
197768D, 42RDonald Riegle (D)11D, 8R
1978
1979James H. Brickley (R)70D, 40RCarl Levin (D)13D, 6R
1980Ronald Reagan/
George H. W. Bush (R)
198164D, 46R12D, 7R
1982
1983James J. Blanchard (D)Martha Griffiths (D)20D, 18R63D, 47R12D, 6R
198420R, 18D
198557D, 53R11D, 7R
1986
198764D, 46R
1988George H. W. Bush/
Dan Quayle (R)
198961D, 49R
1990
1991John Engler (R)Connie Binsfeld (R)
1992Bill Clinton/
Al Gore (D)
199322R, 16D55R, 55D10D, 6R
1994
1995Candice Miller (R)56R, 54DSpencer Abraham (R)9D, 7R
1996
199752R, 58D10D, 6R
1998
1999Dick Posthumus (R)Jennifer Granholm (D)23R, 15D58R, 52D
2000Al Gore/
Joe Lieberman (D)
200159R, 51DDebbie Stabenow (D)9D, 7R
2002
2003Jennifer Granholm (D)John D. Cherry (D)Terri Lynn Land (R)Mike Cox (R)22R, 16D62R, 48D9R, 6D
2004John Kerry/
John Edwards (D)
200558R, 52D
2006
200721R, 17D58D, 52R
2008Barack Obama/
Joe Biden (D)
200921R, 16D67D, 43R8D, 7R
201022R, 16D
2011Rick Snyder (R)Brian Calley (R)Ruth Johnson (R)Bill Schuette (R)26R, 12D63R, 47D9R, 6D
201264R, 46D
201359R, 50D, 1I9R, 5D
2014
201527R, 11D63R, 47DGary Peters (D)
2016Donald Trump/
Mike Pence (R)
2017
2018
2019Gretchen Whitmer (D)Garlin Gilchrist (D)Jocelyn Benson (D)Dana Nessel (D)22R, 16D58R, 52D[75] 7R, 7D
7D, 6R, 1I/L
2020Joe Biden/
Kamala Harris (D)
20217R, 7D
2022
57R, 53D
202320D, 18R56D, 54R7D, 6R
2024
Key to party colors and abbreviations for elected officials
Democratic (D)National Union (NU)Progressive (Prog)Republican (R)Whig (W)

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Former officials. 14 January 2004. 2015-01-04.
  2. Web site: Michigan County Histories Early history of Michigan with biographies of state officers. 718. Democrat. quod.lib.umich.edu. 2015-01-04.
  3. Richard I. Bonner, (1909), Memoirs of Lenawee County, Michigan, Vol. 1, Western Historical Association, p. 611.
  4. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Chapter+15%3A+politics+in+mid-nineteenth-century+Michigan.-a0155750775 Chapter 15: politics in mid-nineteenth-century Michigan.
  5. "American biographical history of eminent and self-made men ... Michigan volume", page 8, Collection: Michigan County Histories and Atlases, University of Michigan Digital Library.
  6. Stephen D. Bingham, Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators, pages 665–666, University of Michigan Digital Library
  7. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Peck . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  8. Web site: Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887. Bingham, Stephen D.. 547. 2015-01-04. quod.lib.umich.edu.
  9. Web site: Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887. Bingham, Stephen D.. 629. quod.lib.umich.edu. 2015-01-04.
  10. Web site: Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887. Bingham, Stephen D.. 304. quod.lib.umich.edu. 2015-01-04.
  11. Web site: Michigan Manual 2009 -2010 Chapter III – THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH • III-191FORMER STATE LEGISLATURES, 1835-2008. 5 November 2009. 2015-01-04.
  12. Web site: Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887. Bingham, Stephen D.. 530. quod.lib.umich.edu. 2015-01-04.
  13. News: The Election To-Morrow.; Names Of The Candidates Before The People. New-York. Massachusetts. Illinois. Michigan. Iowa. New-Jersey. Minnesota. Wisconsin. Delaware . The New York Times . 1860-11-05.
  14. Report of the Attorney General By Michigan. Attorney General's Dept
  15. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Sparky to Spelts . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  16. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Strickler to Strommen . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  17. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Colemer to Collini . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-07.
  18. Book: Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. 1873. D. Appleton. 538. 2015-01-04.
  19. Book: Michigan History. Fuller, G.N.. Beeson, L.. Michigan Historical Commission. Michigan State Historical Society. Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society. 1917. Michigan Historical Commission.. 10. 2015-01-04.
  20. Book: Grand Rapids and Kent County, Michigan: Historical Account of Their Progress from First Settlement to the Present Time. Fisher, E.B.. 1918. 1. Robert O. Law Company. 341. 2015-01-04.
  21. News: 1874-08-27. POLITICAL CONVENTIONS.; MICHIGAN. THE REPUBLICAN STATE CONVENTION AT LANSING THE STATE TICKET AND PLATFORM.. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-06-22. 0362-4331.
  22. News: 1888-05-09. MICHIGAN FOR ALGER.; THE STATE'S DELEGATES TO THE CHICAGO CONVENTION.. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-06-22. 0362-4331.
  23. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Jenkins-husband to Jenning . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  24. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Princehouse to Procter . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-07.
  25. Web site: American biographical history of eminent and self-made men ... Michigan volume. [Vol. 2]. quod.lib.umich.edu. 2015-01-04.
  26. Web site: Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887.. quod.lib.umich.edu. 2015-01-04.
  27. Book: Livingstone's History of the Republican Party: A History of the Republican Party from Its Foundation to the Close of the Campaign of 1900, Including Incidents of Michigan Campaigns and Biographical Sketches .... Livingstone, W.. 1900. W. Livingstone. 360. 2015-01-04.
  28. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Tagaloa to Talbird . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-07.
  29. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Osbourn to Ostrowsky . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  30. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Malony to Manly . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-07.
  31. Early history of Michigan, with biographies of state officers, members of Congress, judges and legislators. Pub. pursuant to act 59, 1887.Author: Bingham, S. D. (Stephen D.) – p 645 http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=micounty;cc=micounty;q1=trowbridge;rgn=full%20text;idno=bad6021.0001.001;didno=bad6021.0001.001;view=image;seq=651;page=root;size=100
  32. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Hurliman to Hutchings . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-07.
  33. News: Delaware And Hudson Canal.; Close Of Navigation After A Most Prosperous Season . The New York Times . Giover . Cleveland . 1890-12-07.
  34. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Ellis . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-07.
  35. News: Cleveland's Name Cheered.; Enthusiastic Convention Of The Michigan Democrats . The New York Times . 1890-09-11.
  36. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Blackburne to Blackton . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  37. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Stebe to Steel . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-07.
  38. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Stearns . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  39. Web site: 510 CHAPTER IV • THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH FORMER OFFICIALS OF MICHIGAN FRENCH-CANADIAN GOVERNORS, 1603-1760. 14 January 2004. 2015-01-04.
  40. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Warner to Warra . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  41. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Blair . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  42. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Prescott . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  43. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Bird . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  44. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Martin-trigona to Martinelli . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  45. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Kuhn . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  46. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Wyble to Wywiorski . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  47. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Fellows . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  48. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Vaughan . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  49. News: Harmony Key As G.O.P. Meets . https://archive.today/20130131155417/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/freep/access/1784764252.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+27,+1922&author=RAY+JOHNSON;Free+Press+Staff+Correspondent&pub=Detroit+Free+Press+(1858-1922)&edition=&startpage=4&desc=HARMONY+KEY+AS+G.O.P.MEETS . dead . January 31, 2013 . Detroit Free Press . Ray . Johnson . 1922-09-27.
  50. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Dehaan to Deland . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  51. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Wiley to Wiley-segovia . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  52. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Dougherty . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  53. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Resa to Reynoldo . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  54. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Haggerty . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  55. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Fitzgerald . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  56. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Voorheis to Vyzral . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  57. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Obrien, O to R . The Political Graveyard.
  58. News: Demos May Ask For Recount of Wilson's Vote . . November 16, 1934. 4 . . October 24, 2021.
  59. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Atwood . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-04.
  60. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Townshend to Trachtenberg . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  61. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Crowl to Crowly . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  62. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Case . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-05.
  63. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Starr . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  64. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Kelly, G to I . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-05.
  65. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Rushe to Russel . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  66. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Dickison to Dikis . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-05.
  67. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Elderdice to Eldrich . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
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  71. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Miles-lagrange to Millentree . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-06.
  72. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Cleage to Clementine . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-05.
  73. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Hardy-wrigley to Harju . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-05.
  74. Web site: Lawrence Kestenbaum . Index to Politicians: Kaufmann to Keastner . The Political Graveyard . 2011-01-07.
  75. Web site: Egan. Paul. Republicans retain control of Michigan state House after both parties flip seats. 2020-11-05. Detroit Free Press. en-US.

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