List of political parties in Russia explained

This article discusses political parties in Russia.

The Russian Federation has a de jure multi-party system, however it operates as a dominant-party system., six parties have members in the federal parliament, the State Duma, with one dominant party (United Russia)., 27 political parties[1] are officially registered in the Russian Federation, 25 of which have the right to participate in elections.[2]

History

thumb|right|200px|Certificate of state registration of political parties in Russia, issued by the Ministry of Justice of RussiaAfter the Perestroika reforms in the 1980s Russia had over 100 registered parties, but the people elected to the State Duma represented only a small number of parties. After 2000, during Vladimir Putin's first presidency (2000–2008), the number of parties quickly decreased. From 2008 to 2012 there were only seven parties in Russia, and every new attempt to register new parties was blocked. The last registered party of this period was the government-organized Right Cause (now the Party of Growth) which was registered on 18 February 2009. Before the 2011 parliamentary election, about 10 opposition parties were denied registration.

In 2001, the federal law "On political parties" was adopted. All parties had to be re-registered. Parties have been assigned the status of the only type of public association that has the right to independently nominate candidates for deputies and other elective positions in government bodies. One of the major provisions of the law is the establishment of a single national status of a political party, and, as a result, the liquidation of regional and interregional political public associations. According to paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 95-FZ “On Political Parties”, a political party in Russia is recognized as "a public association created for the purpose of participation of citizens of the Russian Federation in the political life of society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political actions, in elections and referendums, as well as in order to represent the interests of citizens in state authorities and local governments".[3]

In December 2004, amendments were introduced requiring a minimum number of party members of 50,000 and the presence of more than 45 regional branches of 500 people each. By January 1, 2006, all parties had to submit documents proving that their party structures complied with the requirements of the law on the minimum number of members and the number of regional branches.[4] [5]

In 2009, a bill was introduced to reduce the minimum number of party members from 50,000 to 45,000, and from 500 to 450 members in regional branches. This law came into effect on January 1, 2010. The minimum number of party members was reduced again on January 1, 2012, to 40,000 and to 400 members per regional branch.[6]

On February 28, 2012, an election law was adopted meaning parties were exempted from collecting signatures and making a cash deposit for nominating a party and its candidate, and gubernatorial elections were restored. The number of required signatures for candidates for the presidential elections was reduced from 2 million to 100,000 for party candidates, and 300,000 for self-nominated candidates. The electoral threshold for parties was also reduced from 7% to 5%.[7]

On March 20, 2012, the State Duma approved a presidential bill to reduce the minimum number of political party members from 40,000 to only 500 people, and from 500 to 5 members for a regional branch.

However, after a series of mass protests and a 2011 European Court decision on the case of the Republican Party of Russia (now the People's Freedom Party), the law changed and the number of registered parties quickly increased to more than 48 .

Party of power

See main article: Party of power. A "party of power" refers to a political party that has a close relationship with the executive branch of government such that the party appears to function as an extension of the executive rather than as an autonomous political organization.[8] [9] The concept resembles that of a cartel party. These parties are considered by some to have been especially established for support of the incumbent president or prime minister in the Russian parliament:

Voter demographics

According to studies, United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market-oriented than the average voter. The party's electorate includes a substantial share of government employees, pensioners and military personnel, who are dependent on the state for their livelihood.[10] Sixty-four percent of United Russia supporters are female. In the run-up to the 2011 Duma elections, it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people.[11]

In April 2023, a survey on the issue of the dissolution of the United Russia Party was conducted among Russians. About 2,500 people participated in the survey, mostly aged 45+. The question was "Is it necessary to dissolve the United Russia party with the inability of its members to participate in political life in the future?" the answers were distributed as follows: 65% stated: "I am for dissolution without permission to participate in political life in the future", 3% stated "I am against dissolution", 6% stated "I am for dissolution, but with permission to participate in political life in the future", and 26% stated "I am for the dissolution of all bourgeois parties".[12]

Current parties

All parties registered with the Ministry of Justice have the right to participate in any elections across the country. A list of registered parties is placed on the Ministry website. In December 2012, there were 48 registered parties in Russia; 6 of them are currently represented in the State Duma as of 2021.

Parties represented in the State Duma and the Federation Council

PartyEst.LeaderIdeologyState DumaFederation CouncilRegionalPolitical
position
Alliances
align=center ER
ЕР
United Russia
Единая Россия
2001Dmitry MedvedevBig tentONF
align=center KPRF
КПРФ
Communist Party of the Russian Federation
Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации
1993Gennady ZyuganovCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
Left-wing nationalism
Democratic socialism
Neo-Stalinism (Some)
Left-wing
to far-left
UCP–CPSU
International:
IMCWP
align=center SRZP
СРЗП
A Just Russia — For Truth
Справедливая Россия — За правду
2006Sergey Mironov,
Zakhar Prilepin,
Gennady Semigin
Social democracy
Democratic socialism

Russian nationalism
Centre to
centre-left
ONF
align=center LDPR
ЛДПР
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
Либерально-демократическая партия России
1992Leonid SlutskyPan-Slavism
Monarchism
Economic interventionism
Social conservatism
Right-wing populism
Ultranationalism
Right-wing
to far-right
align=center NL
НЛ
New People
Новые люди
2020Alexey NechayevCommunitarianism
Regionalism
Direct democracy
Centre-rightSPPS
align=center Rodina
Родина
Rodina
Родина
2012Aleksey ZhuravlyovRussian nationalism
Russian conservatism
Social conservatism
Right-wing populism
Far-rightONF
align=center GP
ГП
Civic Platform
Гражданская платформа
2012Rifat ShaykhutdinovLiberal conservatism
Economic liberalism
Centre-right

Parties represented in the regional parliaments

NameFoundedLeaderIdeologyRegional parliamentsPositionAlliances
align=center RPPSJ
РППСС
Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice
Российская партия пенсионеров за социальную справедливость
2012Vladimir BurakovPensioners' interests
Elderly interests
Social justice
Single-issue politics
Centre
align=center CPCR
КПКР
Communist Party "Communists of Russia"
Коммунистическая партия «Коммунисты России»
2012Maxim SuraykinCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism
Anti-revisionism
Far-leftInternational:
align=center Yabloko
Яблоко
Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko"
Российская объединённая демократическая партия «Яблоко»
1993Nikolay RybakovSocial liberalism
Progressivism
Feminism
Anti-war
Pro-Europeanism
Centre-leftInternational:
LI
European:
ALDE Party
align=center T-NV
Т-НВ
Tatarstan — New Age
Татарстан — новый век
2023Rinat ZakirovTatar nationalism
Environmentalism
Putinism
Big Tent
align=center
РЭП «Зелёные»
Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"
Российская экологическая партия «Зелёные»
2012Andrey NagibinGreen politics
Agrarianism
Centre to centre-leftONF
EAGP
align=center GA!
ЗА
Green Alternative
Зелёная альтернатива
2020Ruslan KhvostovGreen politics
Environmentalism
Pro-Europeanism
align=center PSP
ПСЗ
Political party of Social Protection
Политическая партия социальной защиты
2012Vladimir MikhailovSocial justiceCentre
align=center
ПД
Party of Business
Партия дела
2010Konstantin BabkinCentre to centre-left
align=center PDD
ППД
Party of the Direct Democracy[13]
Партия прямой демократии
2020Oleg ArtamonovDirect democracy
E-Democracy
NameFoundedLeaderIdeologyLocationRepresentation in
regional legislature
Donetsk Republic2005Denis PushilinRussian nationalism
Donbas separatism
Donetsk People's Republic
2014Vladimir MedvedevRussian nationalism
Donbas separatism
Donetsk People's Republic
Peace to Luhanshchyna2014Leonid PasechnikLuhansk People's Republic
Luhansk Economic Union2014Zinaida NadionDonbas separatism
Liberal conservatism
Luhansk People's Republic
New Russia Party2014Pavel Gubarev
Ekaterina Gubareva
Russian nationalism
Eurasianism
Donetsk People's Republic
Volodymyr Saldo Bloc2019Vladimir SaldoKherson regionalismDecentralizationRussophiliaKherson Oblast

List of registered parties

No.[14] Full nameShort nameAbbr.IdeologyPositionLeader(s)CreatedRegistrationLast federal elections resultsFree access to the
next legislative election
Note
PresidentialLegislative
1All-Russian political party "United Russia"
Всероссийская политическая партия "Единая Россия"
UR
ЕР
Big tentDmitry Medvedev20012003DNP
(endorsed Vladimir Putin)
49.82% (Party list)
45.86% (SMC)
(324 seats)
MJ profile
Website
2Political party "Communist Party of the Russian Federation"
Политическая партия "Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации"
Communist PartyCPRF
КПРФ
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Democratic socialism
Soviet patriotism
Neo-Stalinism
Left-wing to far-leftGennady Zyuganov1990200211.77%
(Pavel Grudinin)
18.93% (Party list)
16.35% (SMC)
(57 seats)
MJ profile
Website
3Political party LDPR — Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
Политическая партия ЛДПР – Либерально-демократическая партия Россия
Liberal Democratic PartyLDPR
ЛДПР

Monarchism
Economic interventionism
Social conservatism
Right-wing populism
Russian ultranationalism
Right-wing to far-rightVladimir Zhirinovsky199220025.65%
(Vladimir Zhirinovsky)
7.55% (Party list)
5.89% (SMC)
(21 seats)
MJ profile
Website
4Political party "Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko""
Политическая партия "Российская объединенная демократическая партия "Яблоко"
Yabloko
Яблоко
Social liberalism
Social democracy
Progressivism
Feminism
Trade unionism
Pro-Europeanism
Centre to centre-leftNikolay Rybakov199520031.05%
(Grigory Yavlinsky)
1.34% (Party list)
1.99% (SMC)
(0 seats)
MJ profile
Website
5Socialist political party "A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth"
Социалистическая политическая партия "Справедливая Россия — Патриоты — За Правду"
A Just Russia — For TruthSRZP
СРЗП
Social democracy
Democratic socialism
Social conservatism
Russian nationalism
Centre to Centre-leftSergey Mironov20062006DNP
(endorsed Vladimir Putin)
7.46% (Party list)
8.78% (SMC)
(27 seats)
MJ profile
Website
6All-Russian political party "Party of Growth"
Всероссийская политическая партия "Партия Роста"
Party of GrowthPG
ПР

Conservatism
Liberal conservatism
Conservative liberalism
Economic liberalism
Boris Titov201620160.76%
(Boris Titov)
0.52% (Party list)
0.94% (SMC)
(1 seat)
MJ profile
Website
7Political party "People's Freedom Party" (PARNAS)
Политическая партия "Партия народной свободы" (ПАРНАС)
People's Freedom PartyPARNAS
ПАРНАС
Anti-Putinism
Republicanism
Liberalism
Classical liberalism
Federalism
Atlanticism
Anti-communism
Centre-rightMikhail Kasyanov19902002DNP
(endorsed Ksenia Sobchak and Grigory Yavlinsky)
DNPMJ profile
Website
8Political party "Democratic Party of Russia"
Политическая партия "Демократическая партия России"
Democratic PartyDPR
ДПР
ConservatismCentre-right to right-wingTimur Bogdanov19902012DNPDNPMJ profile
9Political party "Party of Progress"
Политическая партия "Партия прогресса"
Party of ProgressPP
ПП
Nikolay Pakin20122012DNPDNPMJ profile
10Political party "Russian Party of Freedom and Justice"
Политическая партия "Российская партия свободы и справедливости"
Party of Freedom and JusticeRPFJ
РПСС
Social democracy
Russian nationalism
Patriotism
Federalism
Centre-leftMaksim Shevchenko20122012DNP0.77% (Party list)
0.68% (SMC)
(0 seats)
MJ profile
11Political party "Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"
Политическая Партия "Российская экологическая партия «Зелёные»
REP "The Greens"
РЭП «Зелёные»
Putinism
Green politics
Agrarianism
CentreAndrey Nagibin19932012DNP
(endorsed Vladimir Putin)
0.91% (Party list)
0.98% (SMC)
(0 seats)
MJ profile
Website
12Political party Communist Party Communists of Russia
Политическая Партия Коммунистическая партия Коммунисты России
Communists of RussiaCPCR
КПКР
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism
Anti-revisionism
Far-leftMaxim Suraykin200920120.68%
(Maxim Suraykin)
1.27% (Party list)
2.98% (SMC)
(0 seats)
MJ profile
Website
13Public organization — political party "Russian All-People's Union"
Общественная организация — политическая партия "Российский общенародный союз"
Russian All-People's UnionROS
РОС
Russian nationalism
Pochvennichestvo
Social conservatism
Right-wing socialism
Right-wingSergey Baburin199120120.65%
(Sergey Baburin)
DNPMJ profile
Website
14All-Russian political party "Party for Fairness!"
Всероссийская политическая партия "Партия за справедливость!"
Party for Fairness!PARZAS!
ПАРЗАС
Social democracyCentre-leftVladimir Ponomarenko20122012DNP
(endorsed Vladimir Putin)
DNPMJ profile
Website
15Political party of Social Protection
Политическая партия социальной защиты
Party of Social ProtectionPSP
ПСЗ
Vladimir Mikhailov20122012DNPDNPMJ profile
Website
16Public organization All-Russian political party "Civilian Power"
Общественная организация Всероссийская политическая партия "Гражданская сила"
Civilian PowerCP
ГС
Green liberalismCentre to centre-leftKirill Bykanin20022012DNP
(endorsed Vladimir Putin)
0.14% (Party list)
0.16% (SMC)
(0 seats)
MJ profile
Website
17Political party "Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice"
Политическая партия "Российская партия пенсионеров за социальную справедливость"
Party of PensionersRPPSJ
РППСС
Pensioners' interests
Elderly interests
Social justice
Single-issue politics
CentreVladimir Burakov19972012DNP
(endorsed Vladimir Putin)
2.45% (Party list)
3.58% (SMC)
(0 seats)
MJ profile
Website
18Political party "Civic Platform"
Политическая партия "Гражданская платформа"
Civic PlatformCP
ГП
Conservatism
Liberal conservatism
Economic liberalism
Right-wingRifat Shaykhutdinov20122012DNP
(endorsed Vladimir Putin)
0.15% (Party list)
0.70% (SMC)
(1 seat)
MJ profile Website
19All-Russian political party "Party of Business"
Всероссийская политическая партия "Партия дела"
Party of BusinessPB
ПД
Social conservatism
Green politics
Protectionism
Economic nationalism
Left patriotism
Centre to Centre-leftKonstantin Babkin20102012DNP
(endorsed Vladimir Putin)
DNPMJ profile Website
20All-Russian political party "Rodina"
Всероссийская политическая партия "Родина"
Rodina
Родина
Russian nationalism
Russian conservatism
National conservatism
Social conservatism
Right-wing populism
Far-rightAleksey Zhuravlyov20032012DNP
(endorsed Vladimir Putin)
0.80% (Party list)
1.51% (SMC)
(1 seat)
MJ profile Website
21Political party "Cossack Party of the Russian Federation"
Политическая партия "Казачья партия Российской Федерации"
Cossack PartyCosPRF
КаПРФ
Cossack interestsNikolay Konstantinov20132013DNPDNPMJ profile Website
22All-Russian political party "Civic Initiative"
Всероссийская политическая партия "Гражданская инициатива"
Civic InitiativeGRANI
ГРАНИ
Liberalism
Conservative liberalism
Centre-rightAndrey Nechayev201320131.68%
(Ksenia Sobchak)
DNPMJ profile Website
23Political party "Party of Russia's Rebirth"
Политическая партия "Партия возрождения России"
Party of Russia's RebirthPRR
ПВР
Democratic socialismCentre-leftIgor Ashurbeyli20022013DNPDNPMJ profile Website
24Political party "People's Patriotic Party of Russia – Power to the People"
Политическая партия «Народно-патриотическая партия России – Власть Народу»
People's Patriotic PartyPPPR
НППР
Vladimir Miloserdov20182018DNPNewMJ profile Website
25Political party "New People"
Политическая партия «Новые люди»
New PeopleNP
НЛ
Communitarism
Regionalism
Centre-rightAlexey Nechayev20202020New5.32% (Party list)
4.88% (SMC)
(13 seats)
MJ profile Website
26Political party "Green Alternative"
Политическая партия «Зелёная альтернатива»
Green AlternativeGA
ЗА
Green politics
Environmentalism
Pro-Europeanism
Centre-leftRuslan Khvostov20202020New0.64% (Party list)
0.22% (SMC)
(0 seats)
MJ profile Website
27Political party "Party of Direct Democracy"
Политическая партия «Партия прямой демократии»
Party of Direct DemocracyPDD
ППД
Direct democracy
E-democracy
Centre-rightOleg Artamonov20202020NewDNPMJ profile Website

Historical parties (1991–present)

Far-left

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists
Конфедерация анархо-синдикалистов
CAS
КАС
Andrey Isaev
Igor Podshivalov
Alexander Shubin
Vladlen Tupikin
Anarcho-syndicalism
Syndicalism
1988–1995
Committee for Workers' Democracy and International Socialism
Комитет за рабочую демократию и международный социализм
CWDIS
КРДМС
Sergei BietsMarxism
Trotskyism
1990–1999
Succeeded by RWP
Party of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat
Партия диктатуры пролетариата
PDP
ПДП
Grigory IsayevCommunism
1990–2020
Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Коммунистическая партия Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики
CP RSFSR
КП РСФСР
Ivan Polozkov
Valentin Kuptsov
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Left-wing nationalism
1990–1993

Succeeded by CPRF
Russian Communist Workers Party
Российская коммунистическая рабочая партия
RCWP
РКРП
Viktor Anpilov
Viktor Tyulkin
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Anti-revisionism
Stalinism
1991–2001
Russian Party of Communists
Российская партия коммунистов
Revolutionary Party of Сommunists
Революционная партия коммунистов
RPC
РПК
Anatoly KryuchkovCommunism
Marxism
1991–2001
Merged into RCWP-RPC
Communists — Labour Russia — For the Soviet Union
Коммунисты — Трудовая Россия — За Советский Союз
KTR
КТР
Viktor Tyulkin
Anatoly Kryuchkov
Viktor Anpilov
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Anti-revisionism
Soviet patriotism
1995–1999
Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
Сталинский блок — За СССР
SB
СБ

Viktor Anpilov
Stanislav Terekhov
Communism
Stalinism
Marxism-Leninism
Anti-revisionism
Soviet patriotism
National Communism
1997–1999
Socialist Resistance
Социалистическое сопротивление
SocSopr
СоцСопр
Collective leadershipSocialism
Trotskyism
1998–2011
Successed by SA
Russian Communist Workers' Party – Revolutionary Party of Communists
Российская коммунистическая рабочая партия – Революционная партия коммунистов
RCWP-RPC
РКРП-РПК
Viktor TyulkinCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
Anti-revisionism
2001–2007
(officially deregistered)
Resistance Movement named after Petr Alexeev
Движение сопротивления имени Петра Алексеева
DSPA
ДСПА
Dmitry ZhvaniaSocialism
Self-management socialism
2004–2012
All-Russian Communist Party of the Future
Всероссийская коммунистическая партия будущего
VKPB
ВКПБ
Vladimir Tikhonov
Aleksandr Kuvayev
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Soviet patriotism
2004–2009
Socialist League "Forward"
Социалистическое движение «Вперёд»
SLV
СДВ
Collective leadershipTrotskyism
Eco-socialism
Socialist feminism
2005–2011
Merged into RSM
Interprofessional Workers' Union
Межпрофессиональный союз трудящихся
MPST
МПСТ
Collective leadershipAnarcho-communism
Anarcho-syndicalism
2008–2019
Russian United Labour Front
Российский объединённый трудовой фронт

РОТ ФРОНТ
Viktor Tyulkin
Sergei Udaltsov
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Socialism
2010–2020
(officially deregistered)
Russian Maoist Party
Российская маоистская партия
RMP
РМП
Communism
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
Anti-revisionism
Proletarian internationalism
Marxist feminism
2000

Left-wing

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
Civil United Green Alternative
Гражданская объединённая зелёная альтернатива
GROZA
ГРОЗА
Oleg Mitvol (2009–2012)Green politics
Alter-globalism
Anti-fascism
Social justice
1991–2012
Labour Party
Партия труда
PT
ПТ
Oleg SmolinDemocratic socialism
Syndicalism
1992–1994
Agrarian Party of Russia
Аграрная партия России
APR
АПР
Mikhail Lapshin
Vladimir Plotnikov
Agrarian socialism
Collectivist anarchism
1993–2008
Merged into United Russia
Re-founded in 2012
Socialist United Party of Russia
Социалистическая единая партия России
SEPR
СЕПР
Alexey Podberezkin
Ivan Rybkin
Vasily Shestakov
Socialism
Socialist patriotism
Christian left
2002–2007
Merged into A Just Russia
Patriots of Russia
Патриоты России
PR
ПР
Gennady SemiginDemocratic socialism
Social democracy
Left-wing nationalism
Soviet patriotism
2005–2021
Merged into SRZP

Centre-left

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
Social Democratic Party of Russia
Социал-демократическая партия России
SDPR
СДПР
Pavel Kudyukin
Oleg Rumyantsev
Alexander Obolensky
Social democracy
Social liberalism
Democratic socialism
1990–2011
Civic Union
Гражданский союз
CU
ГС
Arkady VolskySocial democracy
Anti-Yeltsinism
Federalism
1992–1994
Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"
Российская экологическая партия «Зелёные»
REP "The Greens"
РЭП «Зелёные»
Yevgeny Belyaev
Viktor Danilov-Danilyan
Anatoly Panfilov
Green politics
Environmentalism
1992–2008
Merged into A Just Russia
Re-founded in 2012
Russian Party of Social Democracy
Российская партия социальной демократии
RPSD
РПСД
Alexander Yakovlev
Konstantin Titov
Social democracy
Liberal democracy
1994–2002
Merged into SDPR
Ivan Rybkin Bloc
Блок Ивана Рыбкина
Rybkin Bloc
Блок Рыбкина
Ivan RybkinSocial democracy
Agrarianism
1995–1995
Trade Unions and Industrialists – Union of Labour
Профсоюзы – Промышленники России – Союз труда
ST
СТ
Vladimir ShcherbakovTrade unionism
Industrialism
1995–1996
Party of Workers' Self-Government
Партия самоуправления трудящихся
PST
ПСТ
Svyatoslav FyodorovSocial democracy
Social liberalism
1995–2006
Russian United Social Democratic Party
Российская объединённая социал-демократическая партия
RUSDP
РОСДП
Mikhail GorbachevSocial democracy2000–2001
Reorganized to SDPR
Party of Russia's Rebirth
Партия возрождения России
PVR
ПВР
Gennady SeleznyovSocial democracy
Democratic socialism
Humanism
Federalism
Civic nationalism
2000–2008
Merged into Patriots of Russia
Re-founded in 2012
Social Democratic Party of Russia
Социал-демократическая партия России
SDPR
СДПР
Mikhail Gorbachev
Konstantin Titov
Social democracy
Democratic socialism
2001–2007
Succeeded by USD
Party of Social Justice
Партия социальной справедливости
PSJ
ПСС
Vladimir Kishenin
Alexey Podberezkin
Democratic socialism
Progressivism
Social conservatism
2002–2008
Merged into A Just Russia
Union of Greens of Russia
Союз зелёных России
UGR
СЗР
Alexey YablokovGreen politics
Environmentalism
Civil rights
2004–2006
Merged into Yabloko
Union of Social Democrats
Союз социал-демократов
USD
ССД
Mikhail GorbachevSocial democracy2007–2013
Green Alliance
Альянс зелёных
GA
АЗ
Oleg Mitvol
Gleb Fetisov
Grassroots democracy
Green politics
Social democracy
2012–2019
Social Democratic Party of Russia
Социал-демократическая партия России
SDPR
СДПР
Sirazhdin RamazanovSocial democracy2012–2019

Centrist

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
Russian Democratic Reform Movement
Российское движение демократических реформ
RDRM
РДДР
Gavriil Popov
Anatoly Sobchak
Liberal democracy
Pro-CIS
Federalism
1992–1995
Dignity and Charity
Достоинство и милосердие
DC
ДМ
Konstantin Frolov
Nikolai Gubenko
Vyacheslav Grishin
Disability rights
Federalism
1993–1993
Future of Russia — New Names
Будущее России — Новые имена
BRNI
БРНИ
Youth politics
Social policies
1993–1994
Women of Russia
Женщины России
ZhR
ЖР
Alevtina Fedulova
Yekaterina Lakhova
Feminism
Women's rights
1993–1999
Party of Russian Unity and Accord
Партия российского единства и согласия
PRES
ПРЕС
Sergey ShakhrayReformism1993–1999
Merged into Unity
Russian Party of Pensioners
Российская партия пенсионеров
RPP
РПП
Sergei Atroshenko
Igor Zotov
Pensioners' interests
Elderly interests
Social justice
Single-issue politics
Social conservatism
1997–2007
Merged into A Just Russia
Re-founded in 2012
Fatherland – All Russia
Отечество – Вся Россия
OVR
ОВР
Yury Luzhkov
Yevgeny Primakov
Civic nationalism
Social liberalism
Regionalism
1998–2002
Merged into United Russia
People's Party of the Russian Federation
Народная партия Российской Федерации
NPRF
НПРФ
Gennady Raikov
Gennady Gudkov
Centrism
Lobbyism
1999–2007
Merged into A Just Russia
Russian Party of Life
Российская партия жизни
RPL
РПЖ
Sergey MironovEconomic liberalism
Third Way
Russian nationalism
2002–2006
Merged into A Just Russia
Union of People for Education and Science
Союз людей за образование и науку
UPES
СЛОН
Vyacheslav IgrunovSocial liberalism
2002–2007
Civilian Power
Гражданская сила
GS
ГС
Alexander Ryavkin
Mikhail Barshchevsky
Green politics2002–2008
Merged into Right Cause
Re-founded in 2012
Committee 2008: A Free Choice
Комитет 2008: Свободный выбор

Комитет 2008
Garry KasparovLiberalism
Liberal democracy
2004–2005
Russian Democratic Party «Our Choice»
Российская демократическая партия «Наш выбор»
Our Choice
Наш выбор
Irina KhakamadaLiberalism
Social liberalism
2004–2006
Merged into RNDS
Yabloko-United Democrats
Яблоко — Объединённые демократы
Yabloko-UD
Яблоко-ОД
Ivan NovitskySocial liberalism
Liberal conservatism
Green politics
Pro-Europeanism
2005–2005
Russian People's Democratic Union
Российский народно-демократический союз
RNDS
РНДС
Mikhail KasyanovLiberalism2006–2012
Merged into RPR–PARNAS
The Other Russia
Другая Россия
DR
ДР
Garry Kasparov
Eduard Limonov
Mikhail Kasyanov
Big tent
Liberal democracy
National democracy
Social democracy
Social liberalism
Civic nationalism
National bolshevism
2006–2010
Independent Democratic Party of Russia
Независимая демократическая партия России
IDPR
НДПР
Mikhail Gorbachev
Alexander Lebedev
Liberalism
Social liberalism
2008–2014/16
People's Freedom Party "For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption"
Партия народной свободы «За Россию без произвола и коррупции»
PARNAS
ПАРНАС
Mikhail Kasyanov
Vladimir Milov
Boris Nemtsov
Vladimir Ryzhkov
Liberalism
Liberal democracy
Anti-corruption
2010–2012
Succeeded by RPR–PARNAS
People's Party of Russia
Народная партия России
PPR
НПР
Andrei Bogdanov
Stanislav Aranovich
Centrism
Populism
Anarchism (factions)
2012–2019
Agrarian Party of Russia
Аграрная партия России
APR
АПР
Olga BashmachnikovaAgrarianism
Agricultural policy
Centrism
2012–2019
Party of Pensioners of Russia
Партия пенсионеров России
PPR
ППР
Valery Ryazansky
Nikolay Chebotarev
Pensioners' interests2012–2019

Centre-right

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
Democratic Union
Демократический союз
DU
ДС
Valeriya NovodvorskayaClassical liberalism
Neoliberalism
Laissez-faire
Anti-Sovietism
Anti-communism
Anti-fascism
Individualism
Atlanticism
1988–2014
Conservative Party of Russia
Консервативная партия России
CPR
КПР
Lev UbozhkoConservatism
Liberal conservatism
Anti-communism
1989–2005
Peasant Party of Russia
Крестьянская партия России
KPR
КПР
Yuri ChernichenkoLiberalism
Agrarianism
Anti-communism
1990–1999
Russian Christian Democratic Party
Российская христианско-демократическая партия
RCDP
РХДП
Alexander ChuevChristian democracy
Conservatism
1990–2002
Party of Economic Freedom
Партия экономической свободы
PEF
ПЭС
Konstantin BorovoyLiberalism
Neoconservatism
Economic liberalism
1992–2003
Merged into SPS
Democratic Choice of Russia
Демократический выбор России
DVR
ДВР
Yegor GaidarLiberalism
Conservative liberalism
Liberal conservatism
Economic liberalism
1993–2001
Merged into SPS
Forward, Russia!
Вперёд, Россия!
FR
ВР
Boris FyodorovLiberal democracy
Liberal conservatism
Patriotism
Conservatism
1995–2002
Merged into RPR
Our Home – Russia
Наш дом — Россия
NDR
НДР
Viktor ChernomyrdinLiberalism
Liberal conservatism
Fiscal conservatism
1995–2006
Merged into United Russia
Democratic Choice of Russia – United Democrats
Демократический выбор России — Объединенные демократы
DVR-OD
ДВР-ОД
Yegor GaidarLiberal conservatism
Anti-communism
1995–1995
Union of Right Forces
Союз правых сил
SPS
СПС
Sergey Kiriyenko
Boris Nemtsov
Nikita Belykh
Leonid Gozman
Liberal conservatism
Conservative liberalism
Neoliberalism
Economic liberalism
Pro-Europeanism
1999–2008
Succeeded by Right Cause
Liberal Russia
Либеральная Россия
LR
ЛР
Boris Zolotukhin
Sergei Yushenkov
Boris Berezovsky
Liberalism
Liberal conservatism
2000–2004
New Course — Automobile Russia
Новый курс — Автомобильная Россия
NCAR
НКАР
Viktor Pokhmelkin
Boris Fyodorov
Leonid Olshansky
Liberalism
Liberal conservatism
Drivers' rights
Anti-militarism
2003–2003
People's Party "For Women of Russia"
Народная партия «За женщин России»
NPZZhR
НПЗЖР
Galina Latysheva
Galina Khavraeva
Women's rights
Conservatism
Neoconservatism
Single-issue party
2007–2019
Right Cause
Правое дело
PD
ПД
Boris Titov
Mikhail Prokhorov
Leonid Gozman
Georgy Bovt
Liberal conservatism
Conservative liberalism
Economic liberalism
Pro-Europeanism
in 2012-2016:
National democracy
National patriotism
2008–2016
Succeeded by Party of Growth
Party of Growth
Партия роста
PR
ПР
Boris TitovLiberal conservatism
Conservative liberalism
Economic liberalism
Centre-right2016-2024

Right-wing

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
Constitutional Democratic Party – Party of Popular Freedom
Конституционно-демократическая партия – Партия народной свободы
KDP-PNS
КДП-ПНС
Mikhail Astafyev
Sergei Rogozin
Russian nationalism
National conservatism
Constitutionalism
Anti-Yeltsinism
1991–2001
Merged into People's Will
Re-founded in 2008
Russian All-People's Union
Российский общенародный союз
ROS
РОС
Sergey BaburinNational conservatism
Russian nationalism
Pochvennichestvo
Right-wing socialism
Social conservatism
1991–2001
Merged into People's Will
Re-founded in 2008


Congress of Russian Communities
Конгресс русских общин
CRC
КРО
Dmitry Rogozin
Alexander Lebed
Yury Skokov
Russian nationalism
National conservatism
Traditionalism
1992–2004
Merged into Rodina in 2004
Re-founded in 2006
Merged into Rodina in 2012
Popular Patriotic Party
Народно-патриотическая партия
NPP
НПП
Alexander Kotenev
Anatoly Gil
Russian nationalism
Social conservatism
Veterans of Afghan war' interests
Yeltsinism
1992–1999
Merged into Unity
Social Patriotic Movement "Power"
Социал-патриотическое движение «Держава»
Derzhava
Держава
Alexander Rutskoy
Konstantin Zatulin
Russian nationalism
Social conservatism
Patriotism
Social patriotism
Right-wing populism
Pan-Slavism
1995–1999
Merged into OVR
Power to the People!
Власть — народу!
VN
ВН
Nikolai Ryzhkov
Sergey Baburin
Yelena Shuvalova
Patriotism
Social conservatism
Pochvennichestvo
Right-wing socialism
1995–1995
People's Republican Party of Russia
Народно-республиканская партия России
NRPR
НРПР
Alexander Lebed
Vladimir Kushnerenko
National conservatism
Social conservatism
Third way
Statism
1995–2007
Russian Socialist Party
Русская социалистическая партия
RSP
РСП
Vladimir BryntsalovModerate conservatism
Traditionalism
Social conservatism
1996–2001
Merged into United Russia
Inter-Regional Movement "Unity"
Межрегиональное движение "Единство"
Unity
Единство
Sergey Shoygu
Vladimir Putin
1999–2001


People's Union
Народный союз
Party of National Revival "People's Will"
Партия национального возрождения «Народная Воля»
NS
НС

Sergey BaburinRussian nationalism
Conservatism
National conservatism
Social conservatism
Pochvennichestvo
Patriotism
2001–2008
Successed by ROS
For a Holy Russia
За Русь святую
ZRS
ЗРС
Sergei PopovChristian patriorism
Conservatism
Social conservatism
Right-wing socialism
Patriotism
2002–2005
Monarchist Party of Russia
Монархическая партия России
MPR
МПР
Anton Bakov

Constitutional monarchism
Russian conservatism
2012–Present
Great Fatherland Party
Партия Великое Отечество
PVO
ПВО
Nikolai StarikovConservatism
National conservatism
Russian nationalism
Centrism
2013–2020

Far-right

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
National Patriotic Front "Memory"
Национально-патриотический фронт «Память»
Pamyat
Память
Dmitri VasilyevRussian ultranationalism
Neo-fascism
Orthodox nationalism
Christian fundamentalism
Anti-communism
antisemitism
Anti-zionism
Anti-Masonry
Traditionalism
National conservatism
Monarchism
1980–2003
Re-founded in 2005
National Republican Party of Russia
Национально-республиканская партия России
NRPR
НРПР
Nikolay LysenkoRussian ultranationalism
Mono-national state
Anti-internationalism
Anti-cosmopolitanism
Anti-communism
1990–1998
Russian National Unity
Русское национальное единство
RNU
РНЕ
Neo-Nazism
Russian nationalism
Antisemitism
Islamophobia
Anti-immigration
Anti-communism
Third Position
1990–2000
(officially banned)
Russian All-National Union
Русский общенациональный союз
RONS
РОНС
Igor ArtemovRussian ultranationalism
Orthodox nationalism
Christian fundamentalism
National capitalism
White nationalism
Anti-communism
Anti-Sovietism
Antisemitism
Anti-LGBT
Pan-Slavism
1990–2011
People's Liberation Movement "Ours"
Народно-освободительное движение «Наши»
Nashi
Наши
Alexander NevzorovRussian nationalism
Soviet nationalism
Statism
Chauvinism
1991–1993
Russian Party
Русская партия
RP
РП
Viktor Korchagin
Vladimir Miloserdov
Russian ultranationalism
Russian irredentism
Antisemitism
Economic liberalism
Anti-Christianity
1991–1997
Front of National Revolutionary Action
Фронт национал-революционного действия
FNRD
ФНРД
Ilya LazarenkoRussian ultranationalism
Revolutionary nationalism
Neo-Fascism
Neo-Nazism
Strasserism
Antisemitism
Russian imperialism
Orthodox fundamentalism
1991–1999
Oprichny Dvor
Опричный двор
National Socialist Russian Workers' Party
Национал-социалистическая русская рабочая партия
Oprichniks
Опричники
NSRWP
НСРРП
Mikhail GlukhovRussian ultranationalism
Neo-fascism
Neo-Nazism
Anti-Americanism
Anti-Turkism
Anti-communism
1993–1997
Russian National Union
Русский национальный союз
Russian National Socialist Party
Русская национальная социалистическая партия
RNU
РНС
RNSP
РНСП
Konstantin KasimovskyNeo-Nazism
White power
Racism
Antisemitism
Anti-caucasian
Orthodox nationalism
1993–1999 (RNU)
1999–2007 (RNSP)
Freedom Party
Партия свободы
PS
ПС
Yuri BelyaevRussian ultranationalism
Neo-nazism
Neo-fascism
White nationalism
Anti-immigration
Anti-democracy
antisemitism
Anti-communism
1994–2009
People's National Party
Народная национальная партия
PNP
ННП
Aleksandr Ivanov-SukharevskyRussian ultranationalism
Neo-fascism
Neo-Nazism
White nationalism
Racism
Antisemitism
Statism
1994–2009
Slavic Union
Славянский союз
SS
СС
Dmitry DemushkinNeo-Nazism
White supremacism
Pan-Slavism
Anti-communism
Xenophobia
Antisemitism
Anti-LGBT
1999–2010
Conceptual Party "Unity"
Концептуальная партия «Единение»
CPU
КПЕ
Konstantin Petrov
of Dead Water

Conspiracy theory
Occultism
Neopaganism
Neo-Stalinism
antisemitism
Anti-communism
Anti-Christianity
Anti-Western sentiment
2000–2007
New Russian National Unity
Новое Русское национальное единство
VOPD RNU
ВОПД РНЕ
Mikhail Lalochkin
Yevgeny Lalochkin
Neo-Nazism
Russian ultranationalism
Monarchism
Orthodox nationalism
Xenophobia
2000–2013
National Sovereignty Party of Russia
Национально-державная партия России
NDPR
НДПР
Alexander Sevastyanov
Stanislav Terekhov
Russian nationalism
Ethnic nationalism
Antisemitism
2002–2017
Movement Against Illegal Immigration
Движение против нелегальной иммиграции
DPNI
ДПНИ

Alexander Belov
Vladimir Yermolayev
Russian nationalism
Ethnic nationalism
Anti-immigration
Xenophobia
Anti-Islam
2002–2011
National Socialist Society
Национал-социалистическое общество
NSO
НСО
Political CouncilNeo-Nazism
Neo-fascism
Russian ultranationalism
2004–2010
Northern Brotherhood
Северное братство
NB
СБ
Russian ultranationalism
Revolutionary nationalism
Ethnic nationalism
Russian separatism
Neo-Nazism
Anti-immigration
Anti-caucasian
Antisemitism
Nordicism
2006–2012
People's Militia named after Minin and Pozharsky
Народное ополчение имени Минина и Пожарского
NOMP
НОМП
Vladimir KvachkovRussian nationalism
Ultranationalism
Antisemitism
Militarism
Orthodox nationalism
Soviet patriotism
2009–2015
Ethno-political Association "Russians"
Этнополитическое объединение «Русские»
Russians
Русские
Dmitry Demushkin
Alexander Belov
Russian nationalism
Ethnic nationalism
Anti-immigration
2011–2015
Nation and Freedom Committee
Комитет «Нация и свобода»
NFC
КНС
Vladimir BasmanovRussian ultranationalism
Anti-communism
Anti-immigration
European nationalism
Pan-Slavism
2014–2020
Male State
Мужское государство
MG
МГ
Vladislav PozdnyakovNational patriarchy
Russian ultranationalism
Antifeminism
Homophobia
Anti-immigration
2016–2020

Syncretic

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
National Salvation Front
Фронт национального спасения
NSF
ФНС
Collective leadershipStatism
National patriotism
Russian nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Soviet patriotism
Anti-Yeltsinism
1992–1994
National Bolshevik Party
Национал-большевистская партия
NBP
НБП
Eduard LimonovNational Bolshevism
Russian nationalism
Neo-Sovietism
Russian irredentism
Anti-Western sentiment
1993–2007
Succeeded by The Other Russia
Beer Lovers Party
Партия любителей пива
BLP
ПЛП
Dmitry Shestakov
Joke party
Patriotism
Protectionism
Environmentalism
Anti-establishment
1993–1998
Spiritual Heritage
Духовное наследие
SH
ДН
Alexey PodberezkinRussian nationalism
Moderate nationalism
Patriotism
Statism
1995–2002
Party of Peace and Unity
Партия мира и единства
PME
ПМЕ
Sazhi UmalatovaInternationalism
Eurasianism
Putinism
Anti-Americanism
Soviet nationalism
1996–2008
Merged into Patriots of Russia
Re-founded in 2012
People's Patriotic Union of Russia
Народно-патриотический союз России
NPSR
НПСР
Gennady Zyuganov
Gennady Semigin
Patriotism
Nationalism
Statism
Soviet patriotism
1996–2010
Merged into Patriots of Russia
People's Will Army
Армия воли народа
For Responsible Government
За ответственную власть
AVN
АВН
ZOV
ЗОВ
Yury MukhinDelocracy
Russian nationalism
National democracy
Left-wing nationalism
Anti-Bureaucracy
Neo-Stalinism
antisemitism
1997–2011
2011–2015
National Patriotic Union "Rodina"
Народно-патриотический союз «Родина»
NPS "Rodina"
НПС «Родина»
Dmitry Rogozin
Sergey Glazyev
Yury Skokov
Russian patriotism
Social democracy
Protectionism
Economic nationalism
2003–2006
Merged into A Just Russia
Re-founded in 2012
National Bolshevik Front
Национал-большевистский фронт
NBF
НБФ
Alexei Golubovich
Maksim Shurkin
National Bolshevism
Eurasianism
Anti-Limonov tendency
Russian ultranationalism
Revolutionary socialism
Left-wing nationalism
Anti-liberalism
Factions:
Strasserism
Antisemitism
Ethnocentrism
2006–2016
Interregional Social Movement "Artpodgotovka"
Межрегиональное общественное движение «Артподготовка»
Artpodgotovka
Артподготовка
Vyacheslav MaltsevPopulism
National democracy
Russian nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Socialism
Anti-communism
Liberalism
Direct democracy
2013–2017
For Truth
За правду
ZP
ЗП
Zakhar PrilepinNational conservatism

Russian nationalism
Anti-liberalism
Authoritarian capitalism
National patriotism
Hard euroscepticism
2020–2021
Merged into SRZP

Regionalist parties

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyPolitical positionYears active
Adyghe Hase
Адыгэ Хасэ
AH
АГ
Circassian nationalismBig tent1988–present (Adygea, Krasnodar Krai)
1988–1993 (Kabardino-Balkaria)
1989–1995 (Karachay-Cherkessia)
Nijsxo
Нийсхо
N
Н
Issa DashlakiyevIngush nationalismBig tent1988–present
(unregistered)
Khostug Tyva
Свободная Тува
Хостуг Тыва
KhT
СТ
ХТ
Kaadyr-ool BicheldeyTuvan nationalism
Anti-communism
Anti-Russian sentiment
Pan-Turkism
Big tent1989–?
Sakha Omuk
Саха Омук
SO
СО
Yakut nationalism
Anti-communism
Pan-Turkism
Big tent1990–1994
Vainakh Democratic Party
Вайнахская демократическая партия
Вайнехан Демократан Цхьанкхетаралла
VDP
ВДП
ВДЦ
Zelimkhan YandarbievChechen separatism
Chechen nationalism
Anti-communism
Big tent1990–1993
Buryat-Mongolian People's Party
Бурят-Монгольская народная партия
Буряад-Монгол Арадай Нам
BMPP
БМНП
БМАН
Mikhail OchirovBuryat nationalism
Pan-Mongolism
Anti-communism
Big tent1990–1997
Communist Party of the Republic of Tatarstan
Коммунистическая партия Республики Татарстан
Татарстан Республикасы коммунистлар партиясе
CPRT
КПРТ
ТРКП
Robert Sadykov
Alexander Saliy
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Far-left1991–2002
Merged into CPRF
Union for the National Revival of Alania
Союз национального возрождения Алании
UNRA
СНВА
Aleksandr RamonovNational Bolshevism
Ossetian nationalism
Soviet patriotism
Far-left1991–?
Fatherland Socialist Party
Отечество
Фыдыбӕстӕ
F
О
Ф
Vadim BaskayevSocialism
Ossetian nationalism
Anti-Ingush sentiment
Left-wing1993–2004
Styr Nyxas
Стыр Ныхас
SN
СН
Mikhail GioyevOssetian nationalism
Styr Nyxas
Anti-Ingush sentiment
Anti-militarism
1993–?
Baltic Republican Party
Балтийская республиканская партия
BRP
БРП
Sergei Pasko
Rustam Vasiliev
Kaliningrad independence
Kaliningrad autonomism
Social liberalism
Pro-Europeanism
Anti-communism
Centre-right1993–2005
Mari National Rebirth Party "Ushem"
Марийская партия национального возрождения "Ушем"
Ushem
Ушем
Vladimir KozlovMari nationalismBig tent1917–1918 (banned)
1989–?
Russian Unity
Русское единство
Руська єдність
RE
РЕ
РЄ
Maksym Kovalenko
Sergey Aksyonov
Russian nationalism
Russian irredentism
Russophilia
Crimean regionalism
Right-wing2008–2014
Merged into United Russia

Soviet parties (1917–1991)

See also: Political parties of Russia in 1917.

CPSU and factions

NameAbbr.Leader(s)IdeologyPolitical positionYears active
Sole legal party (before 1990)
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза
CPSU
КПСС
Vladimir Lenin
Joseph Stalin
Georgy Malenkov
Nikita Khrushchev
Leonid Brezhnev
Yuri Andropov
Konstantin Chernenko
Mikhail Gorbachev
Vladimir Ivashko
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Far-left1917–1991
Factions inside the RKP(b), VKP(b) and CPSU
Left Communists
Левые коммунисты
Nikolai BukharinLeft communism
World revolution
1918–1921
Group of Democratic Centralism
Группа демократического централизма
Valerian Obolensky
Timofei Sapronov
Vladimir Smirnov
Andrei Bubnov
Yakov Drobnis
Left communism
Democratic centralism
1919–1923
Workers' Opposition
Рабочая оппозиция
Alexander Shliapnikov
Sergei Medvedev
Alexandra Kollontai
Yury Lutovinov
Trade unionism
Council communism
Anti-bureaucratism
1920–1922
Workers' Truth
Рабочая правда
Fanya Shutskever
Efim Shulman
Vladimir Khaikevich
Yakov Budnitsky
Pauline Lass-Kozlova
Oleg Vikman-Beleev
Nellie Krym
Anti-bureaucratism1921–1923
Right Opposition
Правая оппозиция
Nikolai Bukharin
Alexei Rykov
Mikhail Tomsky
Agrarian socialism
Anti-Stalinism
New Economic Policy
Anti-Collectivization
1921–1933
Left Opposition
Левая оппозиция
Leon TrotskyTrotskyism
Anti-Stalinism
Industrialism
1923–1927
Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party
Рабочая группа Российской коммунистической партии
Gavril MyasnikovLeft communism
Anti-bureaucratism
Workplace democracy
1923–1930
United Opposition
Объединённая оппозиция
Leon Trotsky
Grigory Zinoviev
Lev Kamenev
Anti-New Economic Policy
Anti-Stalinism
Industrialism
1926–1933
Left-Right Bloc
Право-левый блок
Vissarion Lominadze
Sergey Syrtsov
Jan Sten
Anti-Stalinism
Anti-Collectivization
1929–1933
Union of Marxist-Leninists
Союз марксистов-ленинцев
Martemyan Ryutin
Vasily Kayurov
Anti-Stalinism1932–1932
Anti-Party Group of Malenkov, Kaganovich, Molotov and Shepilov, who joined them
Антипартийная группа Маленкова, Кагановича, Молотова и примкнувшего к ним Шепилова
Georgy Malenkov
Lazar Kaganovich
Vyacheslav Molotov
Dmitri Shepilov
Anti-Khrushchevism
Anti-De-Stalinization
1957–1957
Bolshevik Platform
Большевистская платформа
Nina AndreyevaAnti-Perestroika
Neo-Stalinism
Anti-liberalism
1988–1991
Succeeded by VKPB
United Workers' Front
Объединённый фронт трудящихся
Viktor Stepanov
Mikhail Popov
Igor Malyarov
Soviet patriotism
Proletarian internationalism
Anti-separatism
1989–1991
Succeeded by RCWP
Democratic Platform
Демократическая платформа
Yury Afanasyev
Boris Yeltsin
Telman Gdlyan
Nikolay Ivanov
Nikolay Travkin
Igor Chubais
Vyacheslav Shostakovsky
Alexander Minzhurenko
Perestroika
Democratization
Social liberalism
1989–1991
Succeeded by RPRF
Communist Initiative Movement
Движение коммунистической инициативы
Viktor Tyulkin
Albert Makashov
Foundation of the Russian Communist Party
Anti-capitalism
Left-wing nationalism
1989–1991
Succeeded by RCWP
Marxist Platform
Марксистская платформа
Alexander Buzgalin
Sergey Skvortsov
Alexey Prigarin
Andrey Kolganov
Anatoly Kryuchkov
Orthodox Marxism
Marxism–Leninism
1990–1992
Succeeded by RCWP, RPC and SK
Democratic Movement
Демократическое движение
Anatoly Sobchak
Gavriil Popov
Vladimir Lysenko
Vyacheslav Shostakovsky
Alexander Rutskoy
Social democracy
Democratization
1990–1992
Succeeded by NPSR

Clandestine and illegal parties

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyPolitical positionYears active
Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
Партия левых социалистов-революционеров
Left SRs
Левые эсеры
Boris Kamkov
Mark Natanson
Maria Spiridonova
Agrarian socialism
Anti-Bolshevism
Revolutionary socialism
Narodism
Left-wing to far-left1917–1921
Clandestine since 1918
True Communists
Истинные коммунисты
TC
ИК
Ivan Yatsuk
Yuri Shokk
Alexander Elin
Shamil Gubaidulin
Kamil Salakhutdinov
Marxism
Anti-Stalinism
Left communism
Far-left1940–1940
Lithuanian Activist Front
Литовский фронт активистов
Lietuvių Aktyvistų Frontas
LAF
ЛФА
Kazys ŠkirpaLithuanian independence
Nazism
Anti-communism
Antisemitism
Anti-Polonism
Far-right1940–1941
People's Socialist Party of Russia "Viking"
Народная социалистическая партия России «Викинг»
NSPR
НСПР
Konstantin Voskoboinik
Bronislav Kaminski
Nazism
Russian nationalism
Russian collaborationism
Antisemitism
Anti-communism
Far-right1941–1943
Vladimir Gil1942
Far-right1943-?
Communist Party of Youth
Коммунистическая партия молодёжи
CPM
КПМ
Anatoly ZhigulinCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
Anti-Stalinism
Left-wing to far-left1946–1949
All-Union Democratic Party
Всесоюзная демократическая партия
VDP
ВДП
Alexander Tarasov
Viktor Belkin
Anti-Stalinism
Socialism
Left-wing1948–1948
Russian nationalism
Ethnic nationalism
AntisemitismFactions:
Stalinism
Anti-communism
1950s-1980s
Union of Struggle for the Cause of the Revolution
Союз борьбы за дело революции
SBDR
СБДР
Boris Slutsky
Evgeny Gurevich
Vladilen Furman
Anti-Stalinism
Revolutionary socialism
Far-left1950–1951
Baltic Federation
Балтийская федерация
Baltijas federācija
BF
БФ
Gunārs Rode
Dailis Rijnieks
Jānis Rijnieks
Aina Zābaka
Ziedonis Rozenbergs
Viktors Kalniņš
Uldis Ofkants
Anti-Sovietism
Latvian nationalism
Latvian independence
Right-wing1957–1962
Soviet Revolutionary Communists (Bolsheviks)
Советские революционеры-коммунисты (большевики)
RC (b)
РК (б)
Stalinism
Anti-revisionism
Marxism–Leninism
Communism
Far-left1960-1991
[15] S. D. KhakhaevKhruschevism
Anti-Brezhnevism
Anti-Stalinism
Communism
Far-left1963-1965
National United Party
Национальная объединённая партия
Ազգային Միացյալ Կուսակցություն
NUP
НОП
ԱՄԿ
Haykaz Khachatryan
Paruyr Hayrikyan
Armenian nationalism
Armenian independence
National democracy
Liberalism
Anti-communism
Big tent1966–1987
Succeeded by UNSD
Free Russia Party
Партия свободной России
Revolutionary Workers' Party
Революционная рабочая партия
PSR
ПСР
RWP
РРП
Victor Pestov
Nikolay Shaburov
Anti-communism
Anti-Sovietism
1968–1970
Group of Revolutionary Communism
Группа революционного коммунизма
GRK
ГРК
Alexander Romanov
Oleg Senin
Valentin Kirikov
Marxism
Social democracy
Left-wing1972–1972
All-Russian Social-Christian Union for the Liberation of the People
Всероссийский социал-христианский союз освобождения народа
VSKhSON
ВСХСОН
Igor OgurtsovAnti-communism
Russian nationalism
Social Christianity
Third Position
Right-wing to far-right1972–1972
Socialist Party of the Soviet Union
Социалистическая партия Советского Союза
SPSU
СПСС
Alexander GanyushkinDemocratic socialism
Self-governing socialism
Left-wing1972–1972/1990-1992
Left School
Левая школа
LS
ЛШ
Natalia Magnat
Olga Barash
Inna Okup
Marxism–Leninism
Trotskyism
Atheistic existentialism
New Left
Far-left1972/73–1977
Party of New Communists
Партия новых коммунистов
PNC
РНК
Alexander Tarasov
Vasily Minorsky
Neo-communism
Orthodox Marxism
Marxism–Leninism
Revolutionary socialism
Direct democracy
Trotskyism
Neo-anarchism
Anti-Stalinism
Far-left1972/73–1977
Neo-Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Неокоммунистическая партия Советского Союза
NCPSU
НКПСС
Alexander Tarasov
Natalia Magnat
Vasily Minorsky
Olga Barash
Igor Dukhanov
Neo-communism
Atheistic existentialism
Communism
Guevarism
Neo-Marxism
Anti-clericalism
Trotskyism
New Left
Far-left1974–1985
Boris KagarlitskySocial democracy (faction)Eurocommunism (faction)Left-wing1977-1982
Democratic Union
Демократический союз
DU
ДС
Valeriya NovodvorskayaClassical liberalism
Neoliberalism
Laissez-faire
Anti-Sovietism
Anti-communism
Anti-fascism
Individualism
Atlanticism
Centre-right1988–2014

Parties of the multi-party period

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyPolitical positionYears active
Democratic Union
Демократический союз
DU
ДС
Valeriya NovodvorskayaClassical liberalism
Neoliberalism
Laissez-faire
Anti-Sovietism
Anti-communism
Anti-fascism
Individualism
Atlanticism
Centre-right1988–2014
Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union
Либерально-демократическая партия Советского Союза
LDPSU
ЛДПСС
Vladimir Bogachov
Vladimir Zhirinovsky
Russian nationalism
Ultranationalism
Right-wing populism
Monarchism
Before 1990:
Liberalism
Liberal conservatism
Right-wing to far-right
Before 1990:
Centre-right
1989–1992
Democratic Party of Russia
Демократическая партия России
DPR
ДПР
Nikolay TravkinAnti-communism
Centrism
Liberalism
Centre-right1990–1992
Socialist Party
Социалистическая партия
SP
СП
Boris Kagarlitsky
Anatoliy Baranov
Alexander Kolpakidi
Vladimir Kondratov
Democratic socialism
Self-governing socialism
Left-wing1990–1992
Social Democratic Party of Russia
Социал-демократическая партия России
SDPR
СДПР
Pavel Kudyukin
Oleg Rumyantsev
Alexander Obolensky
Social democracy
Social liberalism
Democratic socialism
Centre-left1990–2011
All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks
Всесоюзная Коммунистическая партия большевиков
VKPB
ВКПБ
Nina AndreyevaCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
Bolshevism
Anti-revisionism
Stalinism
Far-left1991–

Parties of the Russian Empire (1721–1917)

Pre-revolutionary organizations

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
Decembrist Societies
Общества декабристов
Decembrists
Декабристы
Sergei Trubetskoy
Nikita Muravyov
Pavel Pestel
Sergey Muravyov-Apostol
and others
Constitutional monarchism
Anti-Tsarist autocracy
Anti-Serfdom
Republicanism (factions)
1816–1825
Petrashevsky Circle
Кружок Петрашевского
Petrashevtsy
Петрашевцы
Mikhail PetrashevskyUtopian socialism
Agrarian socialism
1844–1849
Land and Liberty
Земля и воля
Zemlevolists
Землевольцы
Collective leadershipNarodism
Agrarianism
Agrarian socialism (1860–64)
Anarcho-collectivism (1876–1879)
1860–1864,
1876-1879
Committee of Russian Officers in Poland
Комитет русских офицеров в Польше
KROP
КРОП
Vasily Kaplinski
Jarosław Dąbrowski
Andrey Potebnya
Zygmunt Padlewski
Narodism
Republicanism
1861–1863
Grand Propaganda Society
Большое общество пропаганды
Tchaikovtsy
Чайковцы
Nikolai Tchaikovsky
Sophia Perovskaya
Mark Natanson
Narodism
Revolutionary socialism
1871–1874
Bashenists
Башенцы
Grigory Popko
Innokenty Voloshenko
Fedor Shcherbina
Radical Narodism
Republicanism
1874–1877
Narodnaya Volya
Народная воля
Narodovolists
Народовольцы
Collective leadershipNarodism
Agrarian socialism
Left-wing terrorism
Revolutionary socialism
1879–1884
Black Repartition
Чёрный передел
BR
ЧП
Georgi Plekhanov
Pavel Axelrod
Osip Aptekman
Leo Deutsch
Vera Zasulich
Narodism
Agrarian socialism
Revolutionary socialism
Federalism
1879–1881
Emancipation of Labour
Освобождение труда
OT
ОТ
Georgi Plekhanov
Pavel Axelrod
Marxism
Scientific socialism
1883–1903
Social Revolutionary Party of People's Right
Социально-революционная партия Народного права
People's Right
Народное право
Mark Natanson
Nikolay Tyutchev
Narodism
Revolutionary democracy
1893–1894
League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
Союз борьбы за освобождение рабочего класса
SBORK
СБОРК
Vladimir UlyanovMarxism
Social democracy
1895–1897
Workers' Party for the Political Liberation of Russia
Рабочая партия политического освобождения России
RPPOR
РППОР
Grigory Gershuni
Catherine Breshkovsky
Narodism
Revolutionary socialism
1897–1900
Workers' Banner
Рабочее знамя
WB
РЗ
Sergey Andropov
Lydia Dan
Viktor Nogin
Social democracy
Anti-Economism
1897–1902

Post-revolutionary parties

Left-wing

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia
Всеобщий еврейский рабочий союз в Литве, Польше и России
אלגעמײנער יידישער ארבעטער־בונד אין ליטע, פױלן און רוסלאנד
Bund
Бунд
בונד
Victor AlterBundism
Socialism
Jewish Autonomism
Non-Zionism
Secularism
1897–1921
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия
RSDLP
РСДРП
Vladimir Ulyanov (Bolsheviks)
Julius Martov (Mensheviks)
Marxist socialism
Revolutionary socialism
Social democracy
1898–1912
Socialist Revolutionary Party
Партия социалистов-революционеров
Esers
Эсеры
Viktor ChernovAgrarian socialism
Revolutionary socialism
Democratic socialism
Federalism
Neo-Narodism
1902–1921
Zionist Socialist Workers Party
Сионистско-социалистическая рабочая партия
ציוניסטישע סאציאליסטישע ארבעטער פארטיי
SS
СС
צס
Naum Syrkin
Ber Borochov
Socialism
Zionism
Territorialism
1905–1917
Jewish Socialist Workers Party
Социалистическая еврейская рабочая партия
סאציאליסטישע יידישע ארבעטער פארטײ
SEPR
СЕРП
סיאפ
Chaim ZhitlowskySocialism
National personal autonomism
1905/6-1917
Labour Popular-Socialist Party
Трудовая народно-социалистическая партия
Enes's
Энесы
Alexey Peshekhonov
Nikolai Annensky
Venedikt Miakotin
Neo-Narodism
Popular socialism
Agrarian socialism
Social democracy
Left-wing nationalism
1906–1921
Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion)
Еврейская социал-демократическая партия (Поалей Цион)
יידישע סאציאל דעמאקראטישער ארבעטער פארטיי (פאלעי ציון)
JSDLP(PZ)
ЕСДРП(ПЦ)
יסדאפ (פצ)
Ber Borochov
Yitzhak Ben-Zvi
Marxism
Socialist Zionism
Socialism
Centrist Marxism
1906–1928
Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists
Союз социалистов-революционеров-максималистов
Maximalists
Максималисты
Mikhail Sokolov
Vladimir Mazurin
Revolutionary socialism
Neo-Narodism
Left-wing terrorism
Anti-capitalism
1906–1911,
1917-1919
Labour Group
Трудовая группа
Trudoviks
Трудовики
Alexey Aladyin
Alexander Kerensky
Social democracy
Neo-Narodism
Agrarian socialism
1906–1921
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия (большевиков)
RSDLP(b)
РСДРП(б)
Vladimir Lenin
Grigory Zinoviev
Communism
Bolshevism
1912–1918
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks)
Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия (меньшевиков)
RSDLP(m)
РСДРП(м)
Julius Martov
Pavel Axelrod
Fyodor Dan
Social democracy
Democratic socialism
Menshevism
1912–1918
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Internationalists)
Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия (интернационалистов)
Mezhraiontsy
Межрайонцы
Leon Trotsky
Moisei Uritsky
Adolph Joffe
V. Volodarsky
Marxist socialism
Proletarian internationalism
Bolshevism-Menshevism
1913–1917
Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
Партия левых социалистов-революционеров
Left SRs
Левые эсеры
Boris Kamkov
Mark Natanson
Maria Spiridonova
Agrarian socialism
Anti-Bolshevism (since 1918)
Revolutionary socialism
Neo-Narodism
1917–1921
Russian Socialist Labour Party of Internationalists
Российская социалистическая рабочая партия интернационалистов
RSLPI
РСРПИ
Boris Avilov
Vladimir Bazarov
Viacheslav Volgin
Nikolai Sukhanov
Marxist socialism
Proletarian internationalism
1917–1920
Party of Narodnik Communists
Партия народников-коммунистов
PNC
ПНК
Grigoriy ZaksCommunism
Neo-Narodism
1918-1918
Party of Revolutionary Communism
Партия революционного коммунизма
PRC
ПРК
Mark Natanson
Alexei Ustinov
Andrei Kolegayev
Integral socialism
Neo-Narodism
1918–1920
Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)
Еврейская коммунистическая партия (Поалей Цион)
יידישע קאמוניסטישע פארטיי (פאאלעי ציון)
JСP(PZ)
ЕКП (ПЦ)
יקפ (פצ)
Central CommitteeCommunism
Marxism
Proletarian internationalism
Socialist Zionism
1919–1922
Union of Working Peasants
Союз трудового крестьянства
STK
СТК
Alexander Antonov
Pyotr Tokmakov
Anti-communism
Neo-Narodism
Agrarian socialism
Revolutionary socialism
1920–1921

Centrist and moderate

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
Progressive Economic Party of the Russian Empire
Прогрессивно-экономическая партия Российской империи
Commercial and Industrial Union of the Russian Empire
Торгово-промышленный союз Российской империи
Commercial and Industrial Party of the Russian Empire
Торгово-промышленная партия Российской империи
PEP
ПЭП
TPS
ТПС
TPP
ТПП
Grigory KrestovnikovAnti-socialism
Bourgeoisie interests
1905-1905
Party of the Legal Order
Партия правового порядка
PPP
ППП
Anatoly SavenkoConstitutional monarchism
Russian nationalism
1905–1917
Ittifaq al-Muslimin
Иттифак аль-Муслимин
İttifaqi-Müslimin
اتفاق المسلمين
Ittifaq
Иттифак
اتفاق
Alimardan bey Topchubashov
Khalil bey Khasmammadov
Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev
Islamic liberalism
Jadidism
Constitutional monarchism
1905–1917
Constitutional Democratic Party
Конституционно-демократическая партия
Kadets
Кадеты
Pavel MiliukovConstitutionalism
Constitutional monarchism
Liberal democracy
Parliamentarism
Political pluralism
Social liberalism
1905–1917
Union of October 17
Союз 17 октября
Octoberists
Октябристы
Alexander GuchkovReformism
Liberal conservatism
Constitutional monarchism
1905–1917
Union of freedom, Truth and Peace
Союз свободы, истины и мира
UFTP
ССИМ
Ivan Prokhanov
Nikolay Odintsov
Pyotr Frizen
Christian democracy
Mennonism
Evangelical Christianity
Left Baptism
Constitutional monarchism
1905–1906
Party of Democratic Reform
Партия демократических реформ
PDR
ПДР
Maksim KovalevskyClassical liberalism1906–1907
Party of Peaceful Renovation
Партия мирного обновления
PMO
ПМО
Pyotr Heiden
Nikolay Lvov
Liberal conservatism
Classical liberalism
1906–1907
Progressive Party
Прогрессивная партия
Progressists
Прогрессисты
Aleksandr Konovalov
Ivan Yefryemov
Classical liberalism
Conservative liberalism
Constitutional monarchism
1907–1917

Right-wing

NameAbbr.Leader (s)IdeologyYears active
Russian Assembly
Русское собрание
RS
РС
Dmitri Golitsyn
Nikolai Engelhardt
Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
Monarchism
Conservatism
Russian nationalism
1900–1917
Russian Brotherhood
Русское братство
RB
РБ
major Protsenko
Pyotr Zhukov
Black Hundreds
Tsarist monarchism
Great Russian nationalism
National conservatism
Christian fundamentalism
antisemitism
1904–1913
Union of the Russian People
Союз русского народа
URP
СРН
Alexander Dubrovin
Nikolai Markov
Black Hundreds
Tsarist monarchism
Russia for Russians
Triune Russian nation
Great Russian nationalism
Conservatism
Orthodox fundamentalism
Right-wing populism
Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
Pochvennichestvo
antisemitism
1905–1917
Union of the Russian Men
Союз русских людей
URM
СРЛ
Alexander Shcherbatov
Pavel Sheremetev
Pyotr Sheremetev
Black Hundreds
Tsarist monarchism
Great Russian nationalism
Conservatism
Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
antisemitism
1905-1910/11
Russian Monarchist Union
Русский монархический союз
RMU
РМС
Vladimir Gringmut
Mihail Hutorov
Black Hundreds
Tsarist monarchism
Great Russian nationalism
Conservatism
1905–1917
United Nobility
Объединённое дворянство
OD
ОД
Aleksei Bobrinsky
Alexander Naryshkin
Ananiy Strukov
Alexander Samarin
Tsarist monarchism
Russian nationalism
Nobility interests
1906–1917
Union of the Archangel Michael
Союз имени Михаила Архангела
SMA
СМА
Vladimir PurishkevichBlack Hundreds
Tsarist monarchism
Russian ultranationalism
National conservatism
antisemitism
1908–1917
All-Russian National Union
Всероссийский национальный союз
VNS
ВНС
Pyotr Balashov
Vasily Shulgin
Russian nationalism
Tsarist monarchism
National liberalism
National conservatism
1908–1917
Party of Moderate Right
Партия умеренно-правых
PMR
ПУП
Pyotr BalashovRussian nationalism
Tsarist monarchism
Orthodox fundamentalism
Anti-liberalism
1909–1910
All-Russian Dubrovinist Union of the Russian People
Всероссийский дубровинский союз русского народа
ARDURP
ВДСРН
Alexander DubrovinBlack Hundreds
Anti-Stolypin reform
Great Russian ultranationalism
National conservatism
Orthodox fundamentalism
Agrarianism
antisemitism
1912–1917
Domestic Patriotic Union
Отечественный патриотический союз
OPS
ОПС
Vasiliy Orlov
Vasiliy Skvortsov
Tsarist monarchism
Conservatism
Orthodox fundamentalism
Anti-socialism
1915–1917

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Список зарегистрированных политических партий. Официальный сайт Министерства юстиции России. 2021-07-26. 2020-09-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20200913094341/https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/pages/politicheskie-partii/.
  2. Web site: Список политических партий, имеющих право в соответствии с Федеральным законом от 11.07.2001 № 95-ФЗ «О политических партиях» принимать участие в выборах, по состоянию на текущую дату (07.07.2021). 2021-07-26. Официальный сайт Министерства юстиции России. doc. 2021-07-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20210726042940/https://minjust.gov.ru/uploaded/files/spisok-partij-na-vyiboryi-07072021.doc.
  3. Web site: Федеральный закон от 11.07.2001 № 95-ФЗ «О политических партиях» (в ред. от 03.07.2018). 2016-10-19. 2016-10-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20161025035616/http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_32459/.
  4. Web site: Каспаров. Ru 15 политических партий не соответствуют положениям нового закона и будут ликвидированы . 2012-10-09 . 2013-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130314215542/http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=45AC6DD4A8027.
  5. Web site: 2004-12-03. Госдума приняла закон об увеличении минимальной численности партии до 50 тыс. человек. NEWSru. 2012-10-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20140915175052/http://newsru.com/russia/03dec2004/partia3.html. 2014-09-15.
  6. Web site: 2009-03-13. Госдума одобрила снижение обязательной минимальной численности партий. Оппозиция все равно недовольна. NEWSru. 2012-10-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20140915171956/http://newsru.com/russia/13mar2009/minimum.html. 2014-09-15.
  7. Web site: Госдума одобрила законопроект о Выборах и партиях . 2020-04-27 . 2019-02-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190220062903/http://www.gazeta.spb.ru/662058-0/.
  8. Compare: Book: Isaacs. Rico. Party System Formation in Kazakhstan: Between Formal and Informal Politics. Routledge. 9781136791079. Central Asian Studies. 21 March 2011 . Abingdon. 2011. A central principle behind the party of power is a party's relationship with the state (Knox et al., 2006). Parties of power have a close relationship with the executive branch which is seen to co-opt parties of power for their own political purposes (Hale, 2004). Thus, parties of power are an extension of the executive where the party 'is the actual group whose members wield power in and through the executive branch of government' (Oversloot and Verheul, 2006: 394).. 2018-03-07.
  9. Book: Isaacs, Rico. Party System Formation in Kazakhstan: Between Formal and Informal Politics. Routledge. 2011. 38.
  10. Russia Analytical Digest. 102. University of Basel, Center for Security Studies Zürich, Forschungsstelle Osteuropa Bremen. 2–6. 26 November 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120502234239/http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/133117/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/0258a194-4025-4957-b8b6-8c9e0377d996/en/Russian_Analytical_Digest_102.pdf. 2 May 2012.
  11. Yevgeny Utkin. Seven parties, one virtually certain outcome Russia Beyond the Headlines. (2011-11-23)
  12. Web site: VK.com VK . 2023-08-27 . m.vk.com.
  13. https://digitaldem.ru/2021/09/20/partiya-prjamoj-demokratii-proshla-v-zaksobranije-eao/ Партия прямой демократии прошла в заксобрание Еврейской автономной области
  14. Web site: Список зарегистрированных политических партий - Минюст России. minjust.ru. 2020-09-09. 2020-09-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20200913094341/https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/pages/politicheskie-partii/. dead.
  15. Book: Kozlov, Vladimir . Sedition: Everyday Resistance in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev and Brezhnev . Fitzpatrick . Sheila . Mironenko . Sergei . Yale University Press . 2011 . 9780300111699 . 302.