List of Polish monarchs explained

Royal Title:	Monarchy
Realm:	Poland
Coatofarms:	Coat of arms of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.svg
Coatofarmssize:	130px
Coatofarmscaption:	Royal coat of arms
First Monarch:	Mieszko I (as Duke) Bolesław I the Brave (as King)
Last Monarch:	Stanislaus II Augustus
Style:	Royal Majesty (HRM)^[1] Wasza Królewska Mość Serene Reigning Majesty Jaśnie Panujący Mości^[2] Grace (HG) Wasza Miłość Highness (HH) Wasza Wysokość
Residence:	Wawel Castle Warsaw Castle Wilanów Palace
Appointer:	Hereditary Elective^[3]
Began:	(Duchy of Poland)
Ended:	25 November 1795
Pretender:	none Daniel, Margrave of Meissen (disputed) Alexander, Margrave of Meissen (disputed)

Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries). During the latter period, a tradition of free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electable position in Europe (16th to 18th centuries).

The first Polish ruler whose existence is not debatable was Duke Mieszko I, who adopted Christianity under the authority of Rome in the year 966. He was succeeded by his son, Bolesław I the Brave, who greatly expanded the boundaries of the Polish state and ruled as the first king in 1025. The following centuries gave rise to the mighty Piast dynasty, consisting of both kings such as Mieszko II Lambert, Przemysł II or Władysław I the Elbow-high and dukes like Bolesław III Wrymouth. The dynasty's rule over Poland ceased with the death of Casimir III the Great in 1370. In the same year, the Capetian House of Anjou became the ruling house with Louis I as king of both Poland and Hungary. His daughter, Jadwiga, later married Jogaila, the pagan Grand Duke of Lithuania, who in 1386 was baptized and crowned as Władysław II Jagiełło, thus creating the Jagiellonian dynasty and a personal union between Poland and Lithuania.

During the reign of Casimir IV Jagiellon and Sigismund I the Old, culture flourished and cities developed. This era of progress, also known as the Polish Renaissance, continued until the Union of Lublin under Sigismund II Augustus, which unofficially marked the end of the Polish Golden Age. After the death of the last Jagiellonian king, the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth became an elective monarchy with mostly foreigners elected as monarchs such as Henry III of France, who witnessed the introduction of the Golden Liberty system and Stephen Báthory, a capable military commander who strengthened the nation. The meaningful rule of the Vasa dynasty initially expanded the Commonwealth as the arts and crafts developed, as well as trade and commerce. King Sigismund III Vasa, a talented but somewhat despotic ruler, involved the country in many wars, which subsequently resulted in the successful capture of Moscow and the loss of Livonia to Sweden. His son, Władysław IV Vasa, fiercely defended the Commonwealth's borders and continued the policy of his father until his death, unlike John II Casimir whose tragic rule resulted in his abdication.

The election of John III Sobieski to the Polish throne proved to be beneficial for the Commonwealth. A brilliant military tactician, John III led the coalition forces to victory at Vienna in 1683 and he partially recaptured land from the Ottoman Empire. However, the years that followed were not as successful.^[4] The long and ineffective rule of the Wettin dynasty (Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III) placed the Commonwealth under the influence of Saxony and the Russian Empire. Additional feuds with rebel nobility (szlachta) and most notably Stanislaus I Leszczyński and France diminished the influence of Poland–Lithuania in the region, which led to the partitions that occurred under King Stanislaus II Augustus, yet another enlightened, but ineffective monarch. The last true sovereign of Poland was Frederick Augustus I as Duke of Warsaw, who throughout his political career attempted to rehabilitate the Polish state. Following the Napoleonic Wars, many sovereigns claimed the title of Polish king, duke or ruler, notably German, Russian and Austrian emperors. The monarchy was abolished and a parliamentary republican authority was established when Poland was re-constituted as a sovereign state in 1918.

Legendary

Most of the legendary Polish rulers appear for the first time in chronicles from the 13th century and their existence has not been determined.

|-|| | Unknown| Unknown| Unknown|Legendary founder of the Polish nation according to folktales, tribal leader| Lechites (Tribe)

Elected| Goplans and Polans (Tribes)

Succession| Popielids

|-|
| |
Son of Chościsko| Rzepicha| | Legendary founder of the Piast dynasty. He appears in the oldest Polish chronicle, from the early 12th century| Piast|}

Debatable rulers

The three direct predecessors of Mieszko I are known only from the account of Gallus Anonymus, who wrote the oldest Polish chronicle, at the beginning of the 12th century. Though their historicity was once debatable, now historians tend to consider them actually existing rulers.^[6]

Elected| Piast| ^[7]

Succession| Piast| ^[8] ^[9]

Succession| Piast| ^[10] |}

House of Piast

|-| Duke
Mieszko I
Latin: Misico, dux Wandalorum
960

25 May 992
(years)| |

Son of semi-legendary Siemomysł| Doubravka of Bohemia

2 children

Oda of Haldensleben

3 children| 25 May 992
Poznań
Aged about 62| First Christian ruler of Poland

Succession| Piast

|-| King
Bolesław I the Brave
also Boleslaus I the Great
Polish: Bolesław I Chrobry (Wielki)
9921025 (as duke)

18 April 102517 June 1025 (as king)
(years)| |
Poznań

Son of Mieszko I and Doubravka of Bohemia| Hunilda, daughter of Rikdag

Judith of Hungary

Emnilda of Lusatia

Oda of Meissen| 17 June 1025
Kraków
Aged about 58| First crowned king

Succession| Piast

|-| King
Mieszko II Lambert
25 December 10251031
(years)| |

Son of Bolesław I the Brave and Emnilda of Lusatia| Richeza of Lotharingia, 4 children| 10/11 May 1034
Poznań
Aged about 44| Crowned king

Succession

Deposed as a result of the Pagan Rebellion| Piast

|-| Duke
Bezprym
10311032 (years)| |

Son of Bolesław I the Brave and Judith of Hungary| Unknown|
Aged about 46| Country divided, ruler of a Duchy

Usurped| Piast

|-| Duke
Otto
10321033 (years)| |

Son of Bolesław I the Brave and Emnilda of Lusatia| Unknown|
Aged about 33| Country divided, ruler of a Duchy

Usurped| Piast

|-| Duke
Dytryk
also Dietrich and Theoderick
10321033 (years)| |

Son of Lambert Mieszkowic or Mieszko Mieszkowic| Unknown|
Aged about 41| Country divided, ruler of a Duchy

Usurped| Piast

|-| Duke
Mieszko II Lambert
10331034
(years)| |

Son of Bolesław I the Brave and Emnilda of Lusatia| Richeza of Lotharingia, 4 children| 10/11 May 1034
Poznań
Aged about 44| Restored as duke| Piast

|-| Duke
Bolesław the Forgotten
Polish: Bolesław Zapomniany
10341038/1039
(years)| | before 1016

Presumed son of Mieszko II Lambert| Unknown| 1038/1039| Semi-legendary, existence disputed| Piast

|-| Duke
Casimir I the Restorer
Polish: Kazimierz I Odnowiciel
1034/10401058
(years)| | 25 July 1016

Son of Mieszko II Lambert and Richeza of Lotharingia| Maria Dobroniega, 5 children| 19 March 1058
Poznań
Aged 41| Made prince in 1034, returned from abroad in 1040

Restoration| Piast

|-| King
Bolesław II the Generous
Polish: Bolesław II Szczodry (Śmiały)
10581076 (as duke)
26 December 10761079 (as king)
(years)| | 1042

Son of Casimir I the Restorer and Maria Dobroniega| Wyszesława, 1 son| 2/3 April 1081
Hungary or Ossiach
Aged about 39| Crowned king in 1076

Deposed and exiled in 1079 after slaying Saint Stanislaus| Piast

|-| Duke
Władysław I Herman
10794 June 1102
(years)| | 1044

Son of Casimir I the Restorer and Maria Dobroniega| Przecława

Judith of Bohemia

Judith of Swabia| 24 June 1102
Płock
Aged about 58| Succeeded brother after his exile| Piast

|-| Duke
Zbigniew
11021107
(years)| |

Son of Władysław I Herman and Przecława (?)| Unknown| 8 July 1113
Aged about 40| Succession| Piast

|-| Duke
Bolesław III Wrymouth
also Boleslaus III
Polish: Bolesław III Krzywousty
11071138
(years)| | 20 August 1086
Płock

Son of Władysław I Herman and Judith of Bohemia| Zbyslava of Kiev

Salomea of Berg| 28 October 1138
Sochaczew
Aged 52| Succession

His death led to the fragmentation of Poland| Piast |}

Fragmentation of Poland (1138–1320)

|-| High Duke
Władysław II the Exile
Polish: Władysław II Wygnaniec
11381146
(years)| | 1105
Kraków

Son of Bolesław III Wrymouth and Zbyslava of Kiev| Agnes of Babenberg, 5 children| 30 May 1159
Altenburg
Aged 54| Succession

Deposed and exiled| Piast

|-| High Duke
Bolesław IV the Curly
Polish: Bolesław IV Kędzierzawy
11461173
(years)| |

Son of Bolesław III Wrymouth and Salomea of Berg| Viacheslava of Novgorod, 3 children| 5 January 1173
Aged about 51| Succeeded exiled half-brother| Piast

|-| High Duke
Mieszko III
Polish: Mieszko III Stary
11731177
(years)| |

Son of Bolesław III Wrymouth and Salomea of Berg| Elisabeth of Hungary

Eudoxia of Kiev| 13 March 1202
Kalisz
Aged about 75| Succession

Deposed by brother in 1177| Piast

|-| High Duke
Casimir II the Just
Polish: Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy
11771190
(years)| |

Son of Bolesław III Wrymouth and Salomea of Berg| Helen of Znojmo, 7 children| 5 May 1194
Kraków
Aged about 56| Usurped power from brother| Piast

|-| Mieszko III
11901190| | –| –| –| Usurped| Piast

|-| Casimir II the Just
11901194| | –| –| –| Usurped| Piast

|-| High Duke
Leszek I the White
Polish: Leszek Biały
11941198
(years)| | /1185

Son of Casimir II the Just and Helen of Znojmo| Grzymisława of Luck, 2 children| 24 November 1227
Marcinkowo Górne
Aged about 43| Succession| Piast

|-| Mieszko III
11981199| | –| –| –| Usurped| Piast

|-| Leszek I the White
11991199| | –| –| –| Restored| Piast

|-| Mieszko III
11991202| | –| –| –| Usurped| Piast

|-| High Duke
Władysław III Spindleshanks
Polish: Władysław III Laskonogi
12021206
(years)| |

Son of Mieszko III and Eudoxia of Kiev| Lucia of Rügen, 2 children| 3 November 1231
Aged about 64| Usurped| Piast

|-| Leszek I the White
12061210| | –| –| –| Restored| Piast

|-| High Duke
Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
Polish: Mieszko IV Plątonogi
12101211
(years)| |

Son of Władysław II the Exile and Agnes of Babenberg| Ludmila, 5 children| 16 May 1211
Aged about 81| Usurped| Piast

|-| Leszek I the White
12111227
(years)| | –| –| –| Restored

Murdered in 1227| Piast

|-| Władysław III Spindleshanks
12271229| | –| –| –| Usurped| Piast

|-| High Duke
Konrad I of Masovia
12291232
(years)| | /1188

Son of Casimir II the Just and Helen of Znojmo| Agafia of Rus, 10 children| 31 August 1247
Aged about 60| Usurped| Piast

|-| High Duke
Henry I the Bearded
Polish: Henryk I Brodaty
12321238
(years)| | /1188
Głogów

Son of Bolesław I the Tall and Christina (?)| Hedwig of Andechs, 7 children| 19 March 1238
Krosno Odrzańskie
Aged about 73| Usurped| Piast

|-| High Duke
Henry II the Pious
Polish: Henryk II Pobożny
12381241
(years)| |
Głogów

Son of Henry the Bearded and Hedwig of Andechs| Anne of Bohemia, 10 children| 9 April 1241
Legnickie Pole
Aged about 45| Succession

Killed at the Battle of Legnica| Piast

|-| High Duke
Bolesław II the Horned
Polish: Bolesław II Rogatka
12411241| | /1225
Głogów

Son of Henry II the Pious and Anne of Bohemia| Hedwig of Anhalt, 7 children
Euphemia of Pomerania
Sophia of Dyhrn| 26 December 1278
Legnica| Succession

Deposed| Piast

|-| High Duke
Konrad I of Masovia
12411243
(years)| | /1188

Son of Casimir II the Just and Helen of Znojmo| Agafia of Rus, 10 children| 31 August 1247
Aged about 60| Usurped| Piast

|-| High Duke
Bolesław V the Chaste
Polish: Bolesław V Wstydliwy
12431279
(years)| | 21 June 1226
Stary Korczyn

Son of Leszek I the White and Grzymisława of Luck| Kinga of Poland, no children| 7 December 1279
Kraków
Aged 52| Restored as rightful Duke| Piast

|-| High Duke
Leszek II the Black
Polish: Leszek Czarny
12791288
(years)| |
Brześć Kujawski

Son of Casimir I of Kuyavia and Constance of Wrocław| Gryfina of Halych| 30 September 1288
Kraków
Aged about 47| Succession| Piast

|-| High Duke
Henryk IV Probus
English: Henry the Righteous
Polish: Henryk IV Prawy
12881290
(years)| | /1258

Son of Henry III the White and Judith of Masovia| Constance of Opole

Matilda of Brandenburg| 23 June 1290
Wrocław
Aged about 32| Succession| Piast|}

Attempt at restoration (1295–1296)

|-| King
Przemysł II
English: Premislaus II
12901291 (as duke)

12951296 (as king)
(1 year)| | | 14 October 1257
Poznań

Son of Przemysł I of Greater Poland and Elisabeth of Wrocław| Ludgarda of Mecklenburg

Richeza of Sweden

Margaret of Brandenburg| 8 February 1296
Rogoźno
Aged 38| Crowned king in 1295

Granted Poland its coat of arms

Assassinated| Piast|}

Přemyslid House

|-| King
Wenceslaus II of Bohemia
Polish: Wacław II Czeski
12961300 (as High Duke)

13001305 (as King)
(years)| | | 27 September 1271
Prague

Son of Ottokar II of Bohemia and Kunigunda of Slavonia| Judith of Habsburg

Elisabeth Richeza of Poland| 21 June 1305
Prague
Aged 33| Crowned himself King of Poland in 1300| Přemyslid

Son of Wenceslaus II and Judith of Habsburg| Viola of Teschen| 4 August 1306
Olomouc
Aged 16| Succession

Uncrowned and assassinated| Přemyslid|}

House of Piast (restored)

|-| King
Ladislaus the Short
Polish: Władysław I Łokietek
13061320
(as High Duke)

20 January 1320

2 March 1333
(as King)
| | |

Son of Casimir I of Kuyavia and Euphrosyne of Opole| Jadwiga of Kalisz, 6 children| 2 March 1333
Kraków
Aged about 73| Reunited the Kingdom of Poland after fragmentation

Crowned King in 1320| Piast

Son of Władysław I the Elbow-high and Jadwiga of Kalisz| Aldona of Lithuania

Adelaide of Hesse

Christina Rokiczana

Hedwig of Sagan| 5 November 1370
Kraków
Aged 60| Succession

Strengthened Poland's position in Europe

Died without a male heir

Last monarch from the Piast Dynasty| Piast|}

House of Anjou

Son of Charles I of Hungary and Elizabeth of Poland| Margaret of Bohemia

Elizabeth of Bosnia| 10 September 1382
Nagyszombat (Trnava)
Aged 56| Succeeded his uncle, Casimir III, to the Polish throne| Anjou

Daughter of Louis I of Hungary and Elizabeth of Bosnia| Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila)| 17 July 1399
Kraków
Aged 25| Succeeded her father in Poland

Her husband was crowned jure uxoris on 4 March 1386| Anjou|}

House of Jagiellon

Son of Algirdas and Uliana of Tver| Hedwig of Poland (Jadwiga)

Anna of Cilli

Elisabeth of Pilica

Sophia of Halshany| 1 June 1434
Gródek
Aged 72–82| Born a pagan

Previously Grand Duke of Lithuania

Crowned co-ruler with wife Hedwig

Longest-reigning Polish monarch| Jagiellon

|-| King
Władysław III
English: Ladislaus III of Varna
Polish: Władysław III Warneńczyk
25 July 1434

10 November 1444
| | | 31 October 1424
Kraków

Son of Jogaila and Sophia of Halshany| Unmarried and childless| 10 November 1444
Varna
Aged 20| Succeeded his father in Poland

Killed at the Battle of Varna

Interregnum until 1447| Jagiellon

Son of Jogaila and Sophia of Halshany| Elizabeth of Habsburg, 13 children| 7 June 1492
Grodno
Aged 64| Succession

Previously Grand Duke of Lithuania

Divided the Polish-Lithuanian realm between John and Alexander| Jagiellon

Son of Casimir IV and Elizabeth of Habsburg| Unmarried and childless| 17 June 1501
Toruń
Aged 41| Succeeded his father in Poland

Laid foundation for the Sejm and Senate (Polish Parliament)| Jagiellon

Son of Casimir IV and Elizabeth of Habsburg| Helena of Moscow, childless| 19 August 1506
Vilnius
Aged 45| Succeeded his brother in Poland

Previously Grand Duke of Lithuania

Buried in Lithuania| Jagiellon

Son of Casimir IV and Elizabeth of Habsburg| Barbara Zápolya

Bona Sforza of Milan| 1 April 1548
Kraków
Aged 81| Succeeded his brother in Poland and Lithuania| Jagiellon

Son of Sigismund I and Bona Sforza| Elizabeth of Austria

Barbara Radziwiłł

Catherine of Austria| 7 July 1572
Knyszyn
Aged 51| Succession

Formation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with an elective monarchy

Last male member of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, died heirless| Jagiellon|}

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1569–1795

Son of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici| Louise of Lorraine, no children| 2 August 1589
Saint-Cloud
Aged 37| Elected

Left Poland in June 1574 to succeed his brother in France

Interregnum until 1575| Valois

|-| Queen
Anna
Polish: Anna Jagiellonka
15 December 1575

19 August 1587
(de facto)

9 September 1596
(de jure)
| | | 18 October 1523
Kraków

Daughter of Sigismund I and Bona Sforza| Stephen Báthory, no children| 9 September 1596
Warsaw
Aged 72| Elected co-monarch with Stephen Báthory

Sole ruler until Báthory's arrival and coronation in May 1576

Ruled after husband's death until her nephew was elected | Jagiellon

Son of Stephen Báthory of Somlyó and Catherine Telegdi| Anna Jagiellon, no children| 12 December 1586
Grodno
Aged 53| Elected as co-monarch with Anna Jagiellon

Prince of Transylvania| Báthory

Son of John III of Sweden and Catherine Jagiellon| Anne of Austria

Constance of Austria| 30 April 1632
Warsaw
Aged 65| Elected, nephew of Anna Jagiellon

Transferred capital from Kraków to Warsaw

Hereditary King of Sweden until deposition in 1599| Vasa

|-| King
Władysław IV
also Ladislaus IV
Polish: Władysław IV Waza
8 November 1632

20 May 1648
| | | 9 June 1595
Łobzów

Son of Sigismund III and Anne of Austria| Cecilia Renata of Austria

Marie Louise Gonzaga| 20 May 1648
Merkinė
Aged 52| Elective succession

Also titular King of Sweden and elected Tsar of Russia (1610–1613) when the Polish army captured Moscow| Vasa

Son of Sigismund III and Constance of Austria| Marie Louise Gonzaga

Claudine Françoise Mignot (morganatic marriage)| 16 December 1672
Nevers
Aged 63| Elective succession, succeeded half-brother

Previously a cardinal

Titular King of Sweden

Abdicated| Vasa

Son of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki and Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska| Eleonora Maria of Austria, no children| 10 November 1673
Lwów
Aged 33| Elected

Born into nobility of mixed heritage, the son of a military commander and governor| Wiśniowiecki

Son of Jakub Sobieski and Teofila Zofia| Marie Casimire d'Arquien, 13 children| 17 June 1696
Wilanów
Aged 66| Elected

Born into nobility

A successful military commander| Sobieski

Son of John George III and Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark| Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, 1 son by wife| 1 February 1733
Warsaw
Aged 62| Elected

Previously Elector and ruler of Saxony

Dethroned by Stanislaus I in 1706 during the Great Northern War| Wettin

Son of Rafał Leszczyński and Anna Jabłonowska| Catherine Opalińska, 2 children| 23 February 1766
Lunéville
Aged 88| Usurped

Nominated as ruler in 1704, crowned in 1705 and deposed predecessor in 1706

Exiled in 1709| Leszczyński

Son of John George III and Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark| Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, 1 son by wife| 1 February 1733
Warsaw
Aged 62| Restored| Wettin

|-| King
Stanislaus I
Polish: Stanisław I Leszczyński
12 September 1733

26 January 1736
(2nd reign,)| | | 20 October 1677
Lwów

Son of Rafał Leszczyński and Anna Jabłonowska| Catherine Opalińska, 2 children| 23 February 1766
Lunéville
Aged 88| Elected

His election sparked the War of the Polish Succession

Deposed by Augustus III in 1736| Leszczyński

Son of Augustus II the Strong and Christiane Eberhardine| Maria Josepha of Austria, 16 children| 5 October 1763
Dresden
Aged 66| Usurped

Proclaimed King of Poland in 1733, crowned in 1734

Dethroned elected predecessor in 1736| Wettin

|-| King
Stanislaus II Augustus
Polish: Stanisław II August
7 September 1764

25 November 1795
| | | 17 January 1732
Wołczyn

Son of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja Czartoryska| Unmarried| 1 February 1798
Saint Petersburg
Aged 66| Elected

Born into nobility

Last King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, his reign ended in the Partitions of Poland| Poniatowski|}

Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1815

Pretenders to the Polish throne

Vratislaus II of Bohemia (1085–1092)
Rudolf I of Bohemia (1306–1307)
Henry of Bohemia (1307–1310)
John of Bohemia (1310–1335)
Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria (1916–1918)
Kiril, Prince of Preslav (1916–1918)^[11]

Modern

Alexander, Margrave of Meissen (2012–), disputed
Rüdiger, Margrave of Meissen (2012–2022), disputed
Daniel, Margrave of Meissen (2022–), disputed.^[12] Son of Rüdiger

Not recognized royal elections

Bibliography

Duczmal M., Jagiellonowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1996.
Dybkowska A., Żaryn J., Żaryn M., Polskie dzieje. Od czasów najdawniejszych po współczesność, wyd. 2, Warszawa 1995.
Gierowski J.A., Rzeczpospolita w dobie złotej wolności (1648–1763), Kraków 2001.
Grodziski S., Polska w czasach przełomu (1764–1815), Kraków 2001.
Grodziski S., Porównawcza historia ustrojów państwowych, Kraków 1998.
Grzybowski S., Dzieje Polski i Litwy (1506–1648), Kraków 2000.
Morby J.E., Dynastie świata. Przewodnik chronologiczny i genealogiczny, Kraków 1995, s. 261–263.
Wyrozumski J., Dzieje Polski piastowskiej (VIII w.-1370), Kraków 1999.
Zientara B., Henryk Brodaty i jego czasy, wyd. 2, Warszawa 1997.

External links

Górczyk, Wojciech. "Półksiężyc, orzeł, lew i smok. Uwagi o godłach napieczętnych Piastów" . Histmag.org. June 14, 2009.

Notes and References

It was not allowed to use abbreviations and acronyms
In the 17th century and later Poland was usually known as the Most Serene Republic of Poland (Polish: Najjaśniejsza Rzeczpospolita Polska, Latin: Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae).
Since 1574
Book: Henry Elliot Malden. Salus Vienna Tua: The great siege of 1683. 4 July 2014. Soldiershop Publishing. 978-88-96519-84-4. 79–.
dated around 700 by Marcin Bielski
Book: Jasiński, Kazimierz. Rodowód pierwszych Piastów. 1992. Wrocław-Warszawa. 46.
Book: Janusz Roszko. Kolebka Siemowita. 29 February 2012. 1980. 978-83-207-0090-9. 170. Iskry .
Book: Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae. 2000. Wydawn. DiG.
Book: Polski Indeks Biograficzny. 9783110947977. 18 May 2012. Walter de Gruyter.
Book: Lukowski , Jerzy . Hubert Zawadzki . A Concise History of Poland . Cambridge University Press . 2006 . 3–4 . 978-0-521-61857-1 . registration .
Web site: How prince Kiril could become king of Poland (in bulgarian) . bulgarianhistory.org . 13 June 2018 . 15 May 2021.
Web site: Prinz Daniel hat Prioritäten: Lieber Gemeinderat als König von Polen . Pia Lucchesi . TAG24 . 20 August 2017. 18 November 2021 .

List of Polish monarchs explained

Legendary

Debatable rulers

House of Piast

Fragmentation of Poland (1138–1320)

Attempt at restoration (1295–1296)

Přemyslid House

House of Piast (restored)

House of Anjou

House of Jagiellon

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1569–1795

Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1815

Pretenders to the Polish throne

Modern

Not recognized royal elections

See also

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References