The Polish alphabet (Polish: Polish: alfabet polski, Polish: abecadło) is the script of the Polish language, the basis for the Polish system of orthography. It is based on the Latin alphabet but includes certain letters (9) with diacritics: the acute accent – Polish: kreska: ; the overdot – Polish: kropka: ; the tail or ogonek – ; and the stroke – .,, and, which are used only in foreign words, are usually absent from the Polish alphabet. Additionally, before the standardization of Polish spelling, was sometimes used in place of, and in place of .[1]
Modified variations of the Polish alphabet are used for writing Silesian and Kashubian, whereas the Sorbian languages use a mixture of Polish and Czech orthography.
There are 32 letters in the Polish alphabet: 9 vowels and 23 consonants.
,, and are not used in any native Polish words and are mostly found in foreign words (such as place names) and commercial names. In loanwords they are usually replaced by,, and, respectively (as in Polish: nikab 'niqab', Polish: kwark 'quark', Polish: weranda 'veranda', Polish: sawanna 'savanna', Polish: ekstra 'extra', Polish: oksymoron 'oxymoron'), although some loanwords retain their original spelling (e.g., Polish: quiz, Polish: virga), and in a few cases both spellings are accepted (such as Polish: veto or Polish: weto, Polish: volt or Polish: wolt). In addition, they can occasionally be found in common abbreviations (e.g., Polish: ksiądz 'priest' can be abbreviated as either or). As a result, they are sometimes included in the Polish alphabet (bringing the total number of letters in the alphabet to 35); when included, they take their usual positions from the Latin alphabet (after ; and either side of).[2] [3] [4]
The following table lists the letters of the alphabet, their Polish names (see also Names of letters below), the Polish spelling alphabet name, the Polish phonemes which they usually represent (and rough equivalents for them), other possible pronunciations, and letter frequencies. Diacritics are shown for the sake of clarity. For more information about the sounds, see Polish phonology.
| Upper case | Lower case | Polish name | Usual value | Rough English (or other) equivalent | Other values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | a | a | pronounced as /link/ | large | More frontal pronounced as /link/ between palatal or palatalized consonants | |
| Ą | ą | ą | pronounced as /link/ | nasal o, as French bon (Depends on where it is in the word) | pronounced as /[ɔn]/, pronounced as /[ɔŋ]/, pronounced as /[ɔm]/; becomes pronounced as /link/ before pronounced as /link/ (see Nasal vowels) | |
| B | b | be | pronounced as /link/ | bed | pronounced as /link/ when devoiced | |
| C | c | ce | pronounced as /link/ | pits | pronounced as /link/ if voiced. For ch, ci, cz see Digraphs | |
| Ć | ć | cie | pronounced as /link/ | cheap (alveolo-palatal) | pronounced as /link/ if voiced | |
| D | d | de | pronounced as /link/ | dog | pronounced as /link/ before pronounced as /link/; pronounced as /link/ when devoiced; pronounced as /link/ before pronounced as /link/. For dz etc. see Digraphs | |
| E | e | e | pronounced as /link/ | bed | pronounced as /link/ between palatal or palatalized consonants | |
| Ę | ę | ę | pronounced as /link/ | nasal e, as French cinq (Also depends on where it is in the word) | pronounced as /[ɛn]/, pronounced as /[ɛŋ]/, pronounced as /[ɛm]/; becomes pronounced as /link/ word-finally and before pronounced as /link/ (see Nasal vowels) | |
| F | f | ef | pronounced as /link/ | fingers | pronounced as /link/ if voiced | |
| G | g | gie | pronounced as /link/ | go | pronounced as /link/ when devoiced. For gi see Digraphs | |
| H | h | ha | pronounced as /link/ | Scots loch | pronounced as /link/ if voiced, may be glottal pronounced as /link/ in a small number of dialects. For ch and (c)hi see Digraphs | |
| I | i | i | pronounced as /link/ | meet | pronounced as /link/ before a consonant; marks palatization of the preceding consonant before a vowel (see Spelling rules) | |
| J | j | jot | pronounced as /link/ | yes | ||
| K | k | ka | pronounced as /link/ | king | pronounced as /link/ if voiced. For ki see Digraphs | |
| L | l | el | pronounced as /link/ | light | May be pronounced as /[lʲ]/ instead in eastern dialects | |
| Ł | ł | eł | pronounced as /link/ | will | May be pronounced as /link/ instead in eastern dialects | |
| M | m | em | pronounced as /link/ | men | pronounced as /link/ before labiodental consonants | |
| N | n | en | pronounced as /link/ | not | pronounced as /link/ before pronounced as //t͡ʂ d͡ʐ//; can be pronounced as /link/ before pronounced as //k ɡ//. For ni see Digraphs | |
| Ń | ń | eń | pronounced as /link/ | canyon (alveolo-palatal) | Can be pronounced as /link/ in syllable coda | |
| O | o | o | pronounced as /link/ | (for accents without the cot-caught merger) long | pronounced as /link/ between palatal or palatalized consonants | |
| Ó | ó | ó, o z kreską, o kreskowane or u zamknięte | pronounced as /link/ | boot | pronounced as /link/ between palatal or palatalized consonants | |
| P | p | pe | pronounced as /link/ | spot | pronounced as /link/ if voiced | |
| (Q) | (q) | ku | pronounced as /link/ | question | Only in some traditional loanwords as quasi- (where qu- is usually read as /kv/) and recent as quad, quiz (where qu- is usually read as /kw/). | |
| R | r | er | pronounced as /link/ | American English aroma | Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and – rarely – a trill. See Polish phonology. For rz see Digraphs | |
| S | s | es | pronounced as /link/ | sea | For sz, si see Digraphs | |
| Ś | ś | eś | pronounced as /link/ | sheep (alveolo-palatal) | pronounced as /link/ (cf. Ź) if voiced | |
| T | t | te | pronounced as /link/ | start | pronounced as /link/ before pronounced as /link/; pronounced as /link/ if voiced; pronounced as /link/ before pronounced as /link/. | |
| U | u | u, u zwykłe or u otwarte | pronounced as /link/ | boot | pronounced as /link/ between palatal or palatalized consonants, sometimes pronounced as /link/ after vowels | |
| (V) | (v) | fał | pronounced as /link/ | vow | Only in some traditional loanwords as varsaviana, vel, vide, recent as van, Vanuatu, vlog, some acronyms as TVP, VAT and in artistic forms, as vlepka and as a Roman numeral 5. | |
| W | w | wu | pronounced as /link/ | vow | pronounced as /link/ when devoiced | |
| (X) | (x) | iks | /ks/ | fox | Only in some loanwords as xenia, also historical letter for native words prior to 19th century, e.g., xiążę, xięstwo (now książę 'prince', księstwo 'duchy'), which remains in abbreviations of these words (sometimes used x. instead of ks.), some names, as Xymena, Xawery, surnames as Xiężopolski, Axentowicz, Axer, names of some companies in Poland with -ex suffix and as a Roman numeral 10. | |
| Y | y | igrek | pronounced as /link/ | bit | ||
| Z | z | zet | pronounced as /link/ | zoo | pronounced as /link/ when devoiced. For digraphs see Digraphs | |
| Ź | ź | ziet | pronounced as /link/ | vision (alveolo-palatal) | pronounced as /link/ when devoiced. For dź see Digraphs | |
| Ż | ż | żet or zet z kropką | pronounced as /link/ | vision | pronounced as /link/ when devoiced. For dż see Digraphs |
For English speakers who end the word with a nasal vowel and not a consonant.
Sequences pronounced as //t.t͡ʂ d.d͡ʐ// may be pronounced as geminates pronounced as /[t͡ʂː d͡ʐː]/.
pronounced as //ɨ// is sometimes transcribed phonetically as (IPA|ɪ), though it is phonetically pronounced as /[ɘ̟]/.
was historically used in native words prior to the 1891 spelling reform by the Academy of Learning, e.g., Polish: cztéry, Polish: papiéż (now Polish: cztery 'four', Polish: papież 'pope'). Now it is used in some loanwords, e.g., Polish: attaché, Polish: exposé, Polish: chargé d’affaires.
For digraphs and other rules about spelling and the corresponding pronunciations, see Polish orthography.
The spoken Polish names of the letters are given in the table under Letters above.
The names of the letters are not normally written out in the way shown above, except as part of certain lexicalized abbreviations, such as Pekao (or PeKaO), the name of a bank, which represents the spoken form of the abbreviation P.K.O. (for Polish: Polska Kasa Opieki).
Some letters may be referred to in alternative ways, often consisting of just the sound of the letter. For example, may be called as it is pronounced: Polish: y rather than Polish: igrek (from 'Greek i').
When giving the spelling of words, certain letters may be said in more emphatic ways to distinguish them from other identically pronounced characters. For example, may be referred to as Polish: samo ha ('h alone') to distinguish it from (Polish: ce ha). may be called Polish: żet z kropką or Polish: zet z kropką ('z with an overdot') to distinguish it from (Polish: er zet). may be called Polish: u otwarte ('open u', a reference to its graphical form) or Polish: u zwykłe ('normal u') to distinguish it from, which is sometimes called Polish: u zamknięte ('closed u') or Polish: ó kreskowane, Polish: o kreskowane, Polish: o z kreską ('dashed ó', 'dashed o', 'o with a dash').
Polish alphabetical ordering uses the order of letters as in the table under Letters above.
Note that (unlike in languages such as French, Spanish, and German) Polish letters with diacritics are treated as fully independent letters in alphabetical ordering. For example, Polish: być comes after Polish: bycie. The accented letters also have their own sections in dictionaries (words beginning with are not usually listed under).
Digraphs are not given any special treatment in alphabetical ordering. For example, is treated simply as followed by and not as a single letter as in Czech.
There are several systems for encoding the Polish alphabet for computers. All letters of the Polish alphabet are included in Unicode (blocks Basic Latin, Latin-1 Supplement and Latin Extended-A), and thus Unicode-based encodings such as UTF-8 and UTF-16 can be used. The Polish alphabet is completely included in the Basic Multilingual Plane of Unicode. The standard 8-bit character encoding for the Polish alphabet is ISO 8859-2 (Latin-2), although both ISO 8859-13 (Latin-7) and ISO 8859-16 (Latin-10) encodings include glyphs of the Polish alphabet. Microsoft's format for encoding the Polish alphabet is Windows-1250.
The Polish letters which are not present in the English alphabet have the following HTML codes and Unicode codepoints:
| Upper case | Ą | Ć | Ę | Ł | Ń | Ó | Ś | Ź | Ż | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HTML entity | Ą Ą | Ć Ć | Ę Ę | Ł Ł | Ń Ń | Ó Ó | Ś Ś | Ź Ź | Ż Ż | |
| Unicode | U+0104 | U+0106 | U+0118 | U+0141 | U+0143 | U+00D3 | U+015A | U+0179 | U+017B | |
| TexPL | 129 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 139 | 211 | 145 | 153 | 155 | |
| Result | Ą | Ć | Ę | Ł | Ń | Ó | Ś | Ź | Ż |
| Lower case | ą | ć | ę | ł | ń | ó | ś | ź | ż | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HTML entity | ą ą | ć ć | ę ę | ł ł | ń ń | ó ó | ś ś | ź ź | ż ż | |
| Unicode | U+0105 | U+0107 | U+0119 | U+0142 | U+0144 | U+00F3 | U+015B | U+017A | U+017C | |
| TexPL | 161 | 162 | 166 | 170 | 171 | 243 | 145 | 177 | 185 | |
| Result | ą | ć | ę | ł | ń | ó | ś | ź | ż |
For other encodings, see Polish code pages, but also Combining Diacritical Marks Unicode block.
A common test sentence containing all the Polish diacritic letters is the nonsensical Polish: Zażółć gęślą jaźń ('Yellow the ego with/of a gusle').
