KDE Plasma explained

Plasma
Plasma
Developer:KDE
Released:[1]
Programming Language:C++, QML
Operating System:Unix-like
Genre:Shell
License:GPL 2.0 or later[2]
Replaces:KDesktop

Plasma is a set of graphical shells developed by KDE for Unix-like operating systems. With the KDE brand repositioning in 2009, Plasma 4.4 succeeded KDE 4.3. Currently, it has four workspace variants: one for desktop PCs and laptops (Plasma Desktop),[3] [4] one for TVs (Plasma Bigscreen), one for smartphones (Plasma Mobile),[5] and another for embedded and touch-enabled devices (Plasma Nano). Plasma Desktop, in its default configuration, resembles KDesktop from K Desktop Environment 3 and Microsoft Windows XP; however, extensive configurability allows radical departures from the default layout.[6]

Its technology is a fundamental rewrite of several desktop interaction programs included in previous KDE desktop environments for Unix-like systems, focusing on eye candy and special graphical effects. Plasma replaces the previous KDesktop shell, Kicker taskbar and SuperKaramba widget engine used in the K Desktop Environment 3 series with a unified system of widgets that can be configured and replaced with alternative designs.

Since the split of the KDE Software Compilation into KDE Plasma Workspaces, KDE Frameworks and KDE Applications, each subproject can develop at its own pace.[7] Plasma 5 is on its own release schedule, with feature releases every four months, and bugfix releases in the intervening months.

Releases

Plasma 4

See main article: KDE Plasma 4.

Plasma 4 was released as part of KDE Software Compilation 4 and replaced Kicker, KDesktop, and SuperKaramba, which formed the Desktop in earlier KDE releases.[8] They are bundled as the default environment with a number of free software operating systems, such as Chakra,[9] Kubuntu,[10] Mageia (DVD version),[11] openSUSE,[12] or TrueOS.[13] [14]

From KDE SC 4.0 to KDE SC 4.2, the default theme, "Oxygen", was characterized by dark tones. In KDE SC 4.3, it was replaced by the new "Air" theme, which predominates in transparency and white as the base color. New themes for Plasma can be chosen and installed through software like Discover or online at store.kde.org.

With the release of KDE SC 4.11 on 14 August 2013, Plasma 4 was placed into a feature freeze and turned into a long-term stable package until August 2015. On 15 July 2014 Plasma 4's successor, Plasma 5, was released.[15]

Features

Plasma features containments, which are essentially applets that contain other applets. Two examples of containments are the desktop background and the taskbar. A containment can be anything the developer wants: an image (either raster graphics or an SVG image), animation, or even OpenGL. Images are most commonly used, but with Plasma the user could set any applet as the desktop background without losing functionality of the applet. This also allows for applets to be dragged between the desktop and the taskbar (two separate containments), and have a separate visualization for the more confined taskbar.

Plasma separates components into "data engine" and their visualization counterparts. This is intended to reduce the total programming effort when there are multiple possible visualizations of given data; and to make it easier for the data engine and the workspaces to be written independently.

The scalable nature of the Plasma widgets allows for them to be resized and rotated to any size, with only a brief pause to redraw themselves. The Kross scripting framework allows developers to write widgets in a variety of programming languages in addition to C++.[16]

KRunner is a versatile tool for several functions.[17] It replaces the dialog box "Run Command" from K Desktop Environment 3, and also inherits from the application launcher feature, expanding the possibilities through a modular plug. KRunner stores previously entered commands and searches, accessible via an auto-complete feature. KRunner can be shown on the desktop via the keyboard combination or by selecting "Run Command ..." in the desktop menu.

These functions are handled by the plugin:

Widgets

This is a list of widgets that the current release version of Plasma supports. Not all widgets are supported by default in all Linux distributions; some may require different packages or even a recompilation of Plasma.

Previous Plasma Workspaces releases also supported Edje gadgets and E17 modules. Support for those was developed in 2008[21] but removed later, in 2010.[22] [23]

Google Gadgets were also supported.[19] After Google announced the discontinuation of its two services that utilize Gadgets – Google Desktop[24] and iGoogle[25]  – KDE removed support for this widget engine in early 2013.[26]

Version history

Plasma 5

See main article: KDE Plasma 5.

Plasma 5 is the fifth generation of the graphical workspaces environment created by KDE primarily for Linux systems. Plasma 5 is the successor of Plasma 4 and was first released on 15 July 2014.[27] [28] [29] It includes a new default theme, known as "Breeze", as well as increased convergence across different devices. The graphical interface was fully migrated to QML, which uses OpenGL for hardware acceleration, which resulted in better performance and reduced power consumption.

Plasma Mobile is a Plasma 5 variant for Linux-based smartphones.

Architecture

KDE Plasma 5 is built using Qt 5 and KDE Frameworks 5,[30] predominantly plasma-framework.[31]

It improves support for HiDPI displays and ships a convergable graphical shell, which can adjust itself according to the device in use. 5.0 also includes a new default theme, dubbed Breeze. Qt 5's QtQuick 2 uses a hardware-accelerated OpenGL(ES) scene graph (canvas) to compose and render graphics on the screen, which allows for the offloading of computationally expensive graphics rendering tasks onto the GPU, freeing up resources on the system's main CPU.

Windowing systems

KDE Plasma 5 uses the X Window System and Wayland. Support for Wayland was prepared in the compositor and planned for a later release. It was made initially available in the 5.4 release.[32] Stable support for a basic Wayland session was provided in the 5.5 release (December 2015).[33]

Support for NVIDIA proprietary driver for Plasma on Wayland was added in the 5.16 release (June 2019).[34]

Features

Version history

The first Technology Preview of Plasma 5 (at that time called "Plasma 2") was released on 13 December 2013.[37] On 15 July 2014, the first release version Plasma 5.0 was released.[27] In spring 2015, Plasma 5 replaced Plasma 4 in many popular distributions, such as Fedora 22,[38] Kubuntu 15.04,[39] and openSUSE Tumbleweed.[40]

Feature releases are released every four months (up to 5.8 every three months) and bugfix releases in the intervening months.[41] Following version 5.8 LTS KDE plans to support each new LTS version for 18 months with bug fixes, while new regular releases will see feature improvements.[42]

Plasma 5 releases
VersionDateKey features
First release.
[43] Ported missing features from Plasma 4.
[44] New components:
  • BlueDevil – integrates Bluetooth technology within Plasma and KDE Applications
  • KSSHAskPass – front-end for ssh-add which stores the password of the ssh key in KWallet
  • Muon – a collection of package management tools for Debian-based systems, using the apt-xapian index and the Synaptic search algorithm
  • sddm-kcm – config module for SDDM themes
  • KScreen – screen management software[45] Hooks into KDE System Settings, makes use of KDE Daemon and KGlobalAccel
  • kde-gtk-config – GTK 2 and 3 style configurator
  • KDecoration – a plugin-based library to create window decorations. These window decorations can be used by window manager which re-parents a client window to a window decoration frame.
[46] Tech preview of Plasma Media Center. New Bluetooth and touchpad applets. Enhanced power management.
[47] Initial Wayland session.[48] New QML-based audio volume applet. Alternative full-screen application launcher.[49]
[50] Improved Wayland support.[51] [52]
[53] Increased security.[54]
[55] "basic workflows now fully functional" in the Plasma Wayland session. Automatic virtual keyboard.
[56] Long Term Support version.[57] [58]
[59] Wayland improvements.[60] Global menu support.[61]
[62] Performance improvements.[63]
[64] System Settings redesign. Notification history. Added Plasma Vaults.[65] Wayland improvements.[66]
[67] Increased stability and speed. Wayland improvements.
[68] Integration with non-KDE web browsers. New lock and login screen designs. Improved Discover appearance. New screen layout selection dialog upon connection of a new screen[69]
[70] GTK global menu integration. Wayland improvements.
[71] Support for virtual desktops, touch drag-and-drop, and the XdgStable, XdgPopups and XdgDecoration protocols in the Plasma Wayland session.
Revamped notification system with Do Not Disturb feature, grouping in history, critical notifications in fullscreen apps, and better file transfer progress notifications. Support for the NVIDIA proprietary driver on Wayland. Full support for WireGuard VPNs. Full touchpad configurability on X11 with Libinput driver. Modernized login, lock, and logout screen designs. UI improvements throughout Plasma and Discover
[72] Night Color available for X11. Plasma now recognizes when a program is running in full-screen mode and prevents pop-ups. Fractional scaling support in the Plasma Wayland session.
[73] Easier system settings. Interactive notifications. New Emoji picker. New wallpapers. Improved GTK app integration.
[74] New system monitoring widgets. New Info Center app. Improved System Tray visuals and interaction. Timezones visible in clock pop-up. Inline reply function for notifications from supported apps. Global animation speed setting.
[75] S.M.A.R.T. disk monitoring. "Highlight changed settings" feature in System Settings. Digital clock applet shows date by default. Redesigned status OSDs. More options and improvements for switching between grouped Task Manager tasks. Window corner-tiling shortcuts. Adjustable per-channel audio balance. Middle-click on notifications icon to enter Do Not Disturb mode. Support for screencasting, shared clipboard, middle-click paste, window thumbnails, and adjusting the scrolling speed in the Plasma Wayland session.
[76] New application launcher. Applications theme improvements (unified header bar). Breeze Twilight, a new variant of Breeze with a mix of dark and light colors. New Plasma System Monitor app. New Plasma Firewall settings page and improvements to System Settings. Media Player applet's includes the list of applications currently playing music in the header as a tab bar. Support for virtual keyboards in GTK applications in the Plasma Wayland session.
[77] Adaptive Transparency for panels. Many style improvements and bug fixes for widgets and KRunner. Stability improvements for the Plasma Wayland session.
[78] Switch between different performance/power saving modes (on supported hardware). Overhauled visual style for the Breeze theme. Customizable accent color. Bluetooth enablement status configurable and remembered across reboots by default. Easier to search for settings in System Settings. Application launch feedback animations and stability improvements for the Plasma Wayland session.
[79] New Overview manager to more easily switch between desktops. Visual refresh for the Breeze theme. Color picker for accent colors. Accent for critical notifications. System tray widget enhancements. Speed and productivity enhancements to Discover. Help integration into KRunner. Fingerprint authentication support. Additional support for colors, VR, and drawing tables in Plasma Wayland.
[80] Overview manager displays all open windows and virtual desktops. Trackpad gesture support. Sync accent color to the wallpaper. New touch mode with resized elements. New customization options. Reworked Discover application page. Greater global theme options
[81] Resizable panel widgets. New timer widget. New Aura browser and Plank media player for Plasma Big Screen. Enhancements to Night Color. Sharper scaled text on XWayland applications. Wallpaper changes alongside dark mode. Dismiss notifications with middle click.
[82] Welcome wizard, window tiling system, a more stylish app theme, cleaner and more usable tools, the ability to control Flatpak permissions in Discover (similar to Flatseal), additional widgets for users to control their machine

Plasma 6

See main article: KDE Plasma 6.

KDE Plasma 6 is the sixth and current generation of the graphical workspaces environment made by KDE. It is the successor to Plasma 5 and was initially released on the 28th February 2024.[83] [84]

Plasma 6 changes the default display server from X11 to Wayland, though the former is still available.[85]

Variants

Plasma Desktop

Plasma Desktop is the main variant of KDE Plasma, targeted to desktop PCs and laptops.

Plasma Netbook

Plasma Netbook aims at netbooks and may also be used on tablet PCs. The first stable release shipped with KDE SC 4.4.[86] With the release of Plasma 5, Plasma Netbook's functionality was merged into Plasma itself.

Plasma Active

Plasma Active was a workspace for devices with touchscreens. It shipped with several applications such as Kontact Touch and a document viewer based on Calligra Suite.[87] "Contour" was the name of an interface for tablet devices. Its development was started in April 2011 by basysKom.[88] Replacing an earlier tablet prototype,[89] Contour has then become the main workspace UI of Plasma Active and was shipped as 1.0 in October 2011.[90]

Plasma Active has been succeeded by Plasma Mobile starting with Plasma 5.[91]

Plasma Mobile

See main article: Plasma Mobile. Plasma Mobile was targeted at smartphones and small tablet devices that are mainly used via touch input. It was originally expected to be released in 2011 along with Plasma Active 1.0 but development focus shifted towards Contour. A new version with the same name but based on KDE Frameworks 5 has been announced on 25 July 2015.[92]

Plasma Bigscreen

See main article: Plasma Bigscreen. Plasma Bigscreen for TVs and set-top boxes incl. voice interaction.[93]

Plasma Nano

Plasma Nano is a minimal shell for embedded and touch-enabled devices,[94] like IoT or automotive.

See also

External links

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: COPYING of Plasma Workspace . KDE Invent . en . 2021-03-14 . 2021-05-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210504172438/https://invent.kde.org/plasma/plasma-workspace/-/blob/master/COPYING . live .
  3. Web site: Plasma Desktop's repository . 2024-05-25 . GitLab . en.
  4. Web site: Plasma Workspace's repository . 2024-05-25 . GitLab .
  5. Web site: Bhartiya . Swapnil . July 25, 2015 . KDE Community announces fully open source Plasma Mobile . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151108090531/http://www.itworld.com/article/2952189/linux/kde-community-announces-fully-open-source-plasma-mobile.html . November 8, 2015 . June 14, 2024 . ITWorld.
  6. Web site: Plasma Desktop. 2010-11-21.
  7. Web site: Release schedule for Plasma 5. KDE. 2016-03-31. 2019-04-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20190402073643/https://community.kde.org/Schedules/Plasma_5. live.
  8. Mielewczik . Michael . 2009 . Aufgebrezelt. Gnome und KDE aufgepeppt. . LinuxLife . German . 1/2009 . 18-21..
  9. Web site: Chakra Project. 2010-11-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20121219085751/http://www.chakra-project.org/. 2012-12-19. dead.
  10. Web site: Kubuntu website. 2010-11-06.
  11. Web site: Mageia 2 and the default GNOME 3 desktop . LinuxBSDos.com . 2013-09-23.
  12. News: OpenSUSE community konfesses love for KDE, makes it default. Ryan Paul. Ars technica. Condé Nast Digital. 2009-08-21.
  13. Web site: About | Ideal for desktop or server . PC-BSD . 2013-09-23.
  14. Web site: Sean Michael Kerner . FreeBSD Open-Source OS Comes to the PC-BSD Desktop . Eweek.com . 2014-01-31 . 2014-02-12.
  15. Web site: New Plasma brings a cleaner interface on top of a new graphics stack. 15 July 2014. kde.org. KDE. 18 July 2015.
  16. Web site: KDE's Plasma is heating up . Linux.com . 2013-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090302104930/http://www.linux.com/feature/114560 . 2009-03-02 . dead .
  17. Web site: KRunner. 2010-11-21.
  18. 4.6 Beta1 Brings Improved Search, Activities and Mobile Device Support . KDE . 2013-09-29.
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  24. Web site: Chitu . Alex . Google Desktop Will Be Discontinued . Google . 2011-09-02 . 2013-09-29.
  25. Google to Discontinue Mini Search Appliance, IGoogle, Other Products . PCWorld . 2013-09-29.
  26. Web site: Michael Palimaka . KDE Workspace – Revision f18065df . KDE . 2013-04-01 . 2013-09-29.
  27. Web site: KDE Plasma 5.0 Released . KDE . 2014-07-15 . 2014-08-19 . 2015-09-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161821/https://www.kde.org/announcements/plasma5.0/ . live .
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  29. Web site: KDE Plasma 5—For those Linux users undecided on the kernel's future. Gilbertson. Scott. August 18, 2014. Ars Technica. June 14, 2019. April 12, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190412024658/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/08/kde-plasma-5-for-those-linux-users-undecided-on-the-kernels-future/. live.
  30. Web site: Qt 5.2 – Foundation for KDE Frameworks 5. Dot.kde.org. Jos Poortvliet. 2013-12-17. 2014-03-10. 2020-11-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211242/https://dot.kde.org/2013/12/17/qt-52-foundation-kde-frameworks-5. live.
  31. Web site: plasma-framework readme . 2016-10-08 . 2019-12-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191216124613/https://cgit.kde.org/ . dead .
  32. Web site: Four years later. Grässlin. Martin. 2015-06-29. blog.martin-graesslin.com. 2019-04-28. 2016-04-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20160413010025/http://blog.martin-graesslin.com/blog/2015/06/four-years-later/. live.
  33. Web site: Plasma 5.5 With Beautiful New Artwork. Riddell. Jonathan. 2015-12-08. KDE.news. 2019-04-28. 2019-04-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20190408141251/https://dot.kde.org/2015/12/08/plasma-55-beautiful-new-artwork. live.
  34. Web site: Plasma 5.16 Release Announcement. 16 May 2019. KDE. 26 May 2019. 21 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190521182654/https://kde.org/announcements/plasma-5.15.90.php. live.
  35. Web site: How to Use KDE Plasma Desktop Like a Pro. Linux.com. 2017-12-22. 2015-02-22. 2019-08-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20190809141120/https://www.linux.com/learn/how-use-kde-plasma-desktop-pro. live.
  36. Web site: Changes to KSMServer – David Edmundson's Web Log. 28 November 2018 . 2021-09-30. en-US. 2021-09-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20210930213934/https://blog.davidedmundson.co.uk/blog/changes-to-ksmserver/. live.
  37. Web site: Plasma 2 Technology Preview. KDE.news. 20 December 2013. 23 August 2015. 12 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150912163208/https://dot.kde.org/2013/12/20/plasma-2-technology-preview. live.
  38. Web site: Fedora 22 KDE Delivers A Great Plasma 5 Experience. Phoronix. 23 August 2015. 6 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150906132734/http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=fedora-22-kde&num=1. live.
  39. Web site: Kubuntu 15.04 Release Announcement. 2015-04-22. 2015-07-21. 2019-04-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20190408141152/https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-15.04. live.
  40. Web site: openSUSE Tumbleweed Now Uses KDE Plasma 5.3 as Default Desktop. Nestor. Marius. 2015-05-16. Softpedia. 2019-04-28. 2019-04-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20190408141153/https://news.softpedia.com/news/openSUSE-Tumbleweed-Now-Uses-KDE-Plasma-5-3-as-Default-Desktop-481392.shtml. live.
  41. Web site: Release schedule for Plasma 5. KDE. 2016-03-31. 2019-04-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20190402073643/https://community.kde.org/Schedules/Plasma_5. live.
  42. Web site: KDE celebrates 20th birthday and goes LTS. Bhartiya. Swapnil. CIO. 9 April 2022. 9 April 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220409232820/https://www.cio.com/article/236321/kde-celebrates-20th-birthday-and-goes-lts.html. live.
  43. Web site: KDE – Plasma 5.1 Brings Back Many Popular Features. kde.org. 15 October 2014. 23 August 2015. 17 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141017092232/https://www.kde.org/announcements/plasma-5.1/. live.
  44. Web site: KDE – KDE Ships Plasma 5.2. kde.org. 27 January 2015. 23 August 2015. 1 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150201112617/https://www.kde.org/announcements/plasma-5.2.0.php. live.
  45. Web site: Kscreen 1.0 soll Monitorkonfiguration von KDE verbessern. heise. online. heise online. 24 June 2013 . 2022-09-12. 2021-06-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20210609220845/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Kscreen-1-0-soll-Monitorkonfiguration-von-KDE-verbessern-1895560.html. live.
  46. Web site: KDE Ships Plasma 5.3, New Feature Release. KDE. 2015-04-28. 2015-05-04. 2015-05-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100254/https://www.kde.org/announcements/plasma-5.3.0.php. live.
  47. Web site: KDE Ships Plasma 5.4.0, Feature Release for August . . 25 August 2015 . 25 August 2015 . 5 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150905113436/https://www.kde.org/announcements/plasma-5.4.0.php . live .
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  50. Web site: KDE Ships Plasma 5.5 Release . . 8 December 2015 . 31 March 2016 . 10 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151210214832/https://www.kde.org/announcements/plasma-5.5.0.php . live .
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  67. Web site: Plasma 5.12 Release Announcement. 6 February 2018. KDE. 6 February 2018. 6 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180206160207/https://www.kde.org/announcements/plasma-5.12.0.php. live.
  68. Web site: Plasma 5.13 Release Announcement. 12 June 2018. KDE. 13 June 2018. 13 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180613050147/https://www.kde.org/announcements/plasma-5.13.0.php. live.
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