Planulozoa Explained

Planulozoa is a clade which includes the Placozoa, Cnidaria (corals and jellyfish) and the Bilateria (all the more complex animals including worms, insects and vertebrates). The designation Planulozoa may be considered a synonym to Parahoxozoa. Within Planulozoa, the Placozoa may be a sister of Cnidaria to the exclusion of Bilateria.[1] [2] [3] [4] The clade excludes basal animals such as the Ctenophora (comb jellies),[5] [6] [7] and Porifera (sponges).[8] [9] [10] Although this clade was sometimes used to specify a clade of Cnidaria and Bilateria to the exclusion of Placozoa (against the original intention of its proposal), this is no longer favoured due to recent data indicating a sister group relationship between Cnidaria and Placozoa.[11]

The phylogenetic tree indicates approximately how many millions of years ago the lineages split. Here, Planulozoa is shown sans Placozoa.[12] [13]

Planulozoa are associated with the emergence of the Zoc and ZF-NC gene domains.

Notes and References

  1. Aleshin . V. V. . Petrov . N. B. . 2002 . Molecular evidence of regression in evolution of metazoa . Zh Obshch Biol . 63 . 3 . 195–208. 12070939 .
  2. Laumer . Christopher E. . Gruber-Vodicka . Harald . Hadfield . Michael G. . Pearse . Vicki B. . Riesgo . Ana . Marioni . John C. . Giribet . Gonzalo . 2018-10-30 . Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias . eLife. en . 7 . 10.7554/elife.36278 . 30373720 . 6277202 . 2050-084X . free .
  3. Schuchert . Peter . 1993-03-01 . Trichoplax adhaerens (Phylum Placozoa) has Cells that React with Antibodies Against the Neuropeptide RFamide . Acta Zoologica . 74 . 2 . 115–117 . 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1993.tb01227.x.
  4. Syed . Tareq . Schierwater . Bernd . 2002-06-01. The evolution of the placozoa: A new morphological model . Senckenbergiana Lethaea . 82. 1 . 315–324 . 10.1007/bf03043791 . 16870420 . 0037-2110.
  5. Acoel development supports a simple planula-like urbilaterian . . Andreas Hejnol . Mark Q. Martindale . amp . 10.1098/rstb.2007.2239 . 363 . 1496 . 1493–1501 . 2008 . 18192185 . 2614228.
  6. Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria . . Jaume Baguñà . Pere Martinez . Jordi Paps . Marta Riutort . 2008 . 10.1098/rstb.2007.2238 . 363 . 1496 . 1481–1491 . 18192186 . 2615819.
  7. Andreas Wallberg . Mikael Thollesson . James S. Farris . Ulf Jondelius . The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling . . 20 . 6 . 2004 . 558–578 . 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00041.x. 34892961 . 86185156 . free .
  8. Whelan. Nathan V.. Kocot. Kevin M. . Moroz. Tatiana P.. Mukherjee . Krishanu . Williams. Peter . Paulay. Gustav. Moroz . Leonid L. . Halanych . Kenneth M. . 2017-10-09 . Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals . Nature Ecology & Evolution . 1. 11. 1737–1746. 10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3 . 28993654. 5664179. 2397-334X.
  9. C. Borchiellini . M. Manuel . E. Alivon . N. Boury-Esnault . J. Vacelet . Y. Le Parco . Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa . . 14 . 1 . 171–179 . 2001 . 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x. 29280585 . free .
  10. Pisani . Davide . Pett . Walker . Dohrmann. Martin . Feuda. Roberto. Rota-Stabelli . Omar . Philippe . Hervé . Lartillot. Nicolas. Wörheide . Gert . 2015-12-01 . Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 112 . 50 . 15402–15407 . 10.1073/pnas.1518127112 . 4687580 . 26621703. 2015PNAS..11215402P . free .
  11. Book: Giribet, Gonzalo. The invertebrate tree of life. 2020. Gregory D. Edgecombe. 978-0-691-19706-7. Princeton, New Jersey. 46. 1129197548.
  12. Peterson . Kevin J. . Cotton . James A. . Gehling . James G. . Pisani . Davide . 27 April 2008 . The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences . 363 . 1496 . 1435–1443 . 10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 . 18192191 . 2614224.
  13. Web site: Raising the Standard in Fossil Calibration. Fossil Calibration Database. 3 March 2018.

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