| Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Foundation (PROTA) | |
| Formation: | 2000 |
| Founding Location: | Wageningen University |
| Dissolved: | 2013 |
| Type: |
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| Status: | Foundation |
| Purpose: | To improve access to information about useful plants in Africa |
| Headquarters: |
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| Region: | Tropical Africa |
| Products: |
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| Fields: | Ethnobotany, Botany, Anthropology, African Studies, Horticulture, Forestry, International Development |
| Language: | English, French |
| Key People: |
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| Affiliations: | University of Wageningen |
| Website: | https://www.prota4u.org/database/ |
Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, known by its acronym PROTA, is a retired NGO and interdisciplinary documentation programme active between 2000 and 2013. PROTA produced a large database and various publications about Africa's useful plants.
PROTA was concerned with increasing accessibility to traditional knowledge and scientific information about many types of African plants including: dyes & tannins, fibers, medicinal plants, stimulants, tropical timbers, vegetables, tubers (carbohydrates), oil seeds, ornamental plants, forage plants, and cereals. PROTA supported the sustainable use of these useful plants to preserve culture, reduce poverty and hunger, and respond to climate change. To this end, PROTA's overall goal was synthesize diverse, published information for approximately 8,000 plants used in tropical Africa, then make it widely accessible through an online database and various book publications. In other words, PROTA was dedicated to making the useful plant biodiversity of tropical Africa better-known and respected.[1] [2]
PROTA's database and various publications are considered unique in their epistemological approach because they were compiled as much from obscure publications as from peer-reviewed and popular literature, gathered throughout Africa and Europe.[3] In this way PROTA publications include Africa-centered references and perspectives, which is a major focus of the broader discipline of African studies. PROTA also was an international NGO registered in Nairobi, Kenya that used information from its publications to structure a number of community projects involving over 800 farmers in Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Madagascar.[4]
Some of PROTA's other goals included:[5] [6]
PROTA retired in 2013 while facing large operational costs after its funding expired. At the point of its retirement, about 50% of PROTA's encyclopedia series was complete. During its operation, PROTA received funds from the European Union's Directorate-General for International Partnerships,[7] Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Wageningen University, COFRA Foundation,[8] International Tropical Timber Organization,[9] and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Since the program's retirement there have been ongoing efforts to fundraise and preserve PROTA's various publications and online database.
As of 2022, the PROTA database Prota4U is still online in an archive-like capacity at Wageningen University with articles written in English and French. Information in the PROTA database can also be accessed at the website Pl@ntUse–though in a different format. As of 2019, Prota4U had about 1,500 daily visitors and 500,000 unique visitors each year.[10] All of the PROTA's encyclopedia volumes have been digitized and are available for free as Open access publications from the Wageningen University library. It is uncertain how much of the PROTA Recommends Series has been digitized.
The programme operated through an international network of institutional partners and collaborators of the PROTA Foundation. PROTA had representatives in 20 African countries and dual headquarters in Wageningen, Netherlands and Nairobi, Kenya. PROTA also had regional offices with institutional partners in Burkina Faso, France, Gabon, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Uganda, and the United Kingdom.[11] In Wageningen, PROTA also partnered with the EU funded, Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) and the now-retired Agromisa Foundation to help distribute its various publications. Agromisa and PROTA were considered suitable partners because they were both committed to bridging the gap between scientific knowledge and traditional knowledge and were open access publishers of books with practical information about sustainable agriculture for small-farmers in Africa.[12]
| Affiliation | Institution | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Francophone Regional Office | Centre National de Semences Forestieres | Burkina Faso |
| France Country Office | Acropolis International | France |
| Central Africa Regional Office | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique | Gabon |
| West Africa Regional Office | Forestry Research Institute of Ghana | Ghana |
| Indian Ocean Islands Regional Office | Madagascar | |
| Southern Africa Regional Office | National Herbarium and Botanical Gardens of Malawi | Malawi |
| East Africa Regional Office | Uganda | |
| UK Country Office | United Kingdom | |
| Europe Headquarters | Netherlands | |
| Africa Headquarters | Kenya | |
The PROTA Handbook Series is a large illustrated encyclopedia series of utility plant species found in Tropical Africa. PROTA's retirement in 2013 made it unfeasible to complete the encyclopedia series, therefore only 9 volumes were ever published. In 2002, the series was projected to contain 16 volumes with entires for 7,000-8000 species. It was estimated that the series would include 2,500 botanical line drawings, and 2,500 species distribution maps in about 11,000 pages.[13] The existing PROTA encyclopedia volumes been described metaphorically in the Kew Bulletin as a treasure trove of information.[14] The Food and Agriculture Organization and Biodiversity International described PROTA 2: Vegetables as a detailed collection of ethnobotanical knowledge. Some PROTA encyclopedias have received more than 376 citations. PROTA Encyclopedia editors included individuals such as G.J. Grubben, who had led projects commissioned by the United Nations International Board for Plant Genetic Resources; and Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, a biodiversity scientist who later became the President of Mauritius.[15] Though organized by species according to conventional botanical nomenclature, PROTA encyclopedias also include vernacular names in major African languages such as Swahili where information was available. PROTA continued to distribute its encyclopedias after the organization's retirement. As of 2019, than 30,000 PROTA encyclopedias had been printed in English and French and were distributed widely with the help of the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) and the now-retired Agromisa Foundation. Several PROTA encyclopedias are also available at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Headquarters' Library in Switzerland.[16]
Species articles in the PROTA encyclopedia series were written by hundreds of authors from around the world and in Africa, and cover a range of information including:
Currently, all published PROTA encyclopedias volumes have been digitized and are available as Open access publications from the Wageningen University library.[17] Several encyclopedias in the series were planned but not started at the time of PROTA's retirement in 2013.
| Title | Status | Year | Editors | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PROTA 1: Cereals and pulses | 2006 | Brink, M. and Belay, G. | English, French | |
| PROTA 2: Vegetables | 2004 | Grubben, G.J. and Denton, O.A. | ||
| PROTA 3: Dyes and tannins | 2005 | Jansen, P.C. and Cardon, D. | ||
| PROTA 4: Ornamentals | colspan="2" rowspan="1" | |||
| PROTA 5: Forages | colspan="2" rowspan="1" | |||
| PROTA 6: Fruits | colspan="2" rowspan="1" | |||
| PROTA 7(1): Timbers | 2008 | Louppe D., Oteng-Amoaka A.A. and Brink, M. | ||
| PROTA 7(2): Timbers | 2012 | Lemmens, R., Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. | ||
| PROTA 8: Carbohydrates | colspan="2" rowspan="1" | |||
| PROTA 9: Auxiliary plants | colspan="2" rowspan="1" | |||
| PROTA 10: Fuel plants | colspan="2" rowspan="1" | |||
| PROTA 11(1): Medicinal plants | 2008 | Schmelzer, G.H. and Ameenah Gurib-Fakim | ||
| PROTA 11(2): Medicinal plants | 2013 | Schmelzer, G.H. and Ameenah Gurib-Fakim | ||
| PROTA 12: Spices and condiments | colspan="2" rowspan="1" | |||
| PROTA 13: Essential oils and exudates | colspan="2" rowspan="1" | |||
| PROTA 14: Vegetable oils | 2007 | van der Vossen, H.A. and Mkamilo, G.S. | ||
| PROTA 15: Stimulants | colspan="2" rowspan="1" | |||
| PROTA 16: Fibres | 2012 | Brink, M. and Achigan-Dako, E.G. | ||
| Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Precursor | 2002 | Oyen, L.P.A. and Lemmens, R.H.M.J. | English, French | |
| PROTA: Basic list of species and commodity groupings | 2002 | Bosch, C.H. | ||
| PROTA: Updated list of species and commodity groupings | 2010 | Chauvet, M. | ||
| Promising African Plants: A Selection from the PROTA Programme | 2010 | |||
| Proceedings of the First PROTA International Workshop | 2002 | |||
| PROTA: African Ornamentals: Proposals and Examples | 2011 |
The PROTA 4U Database was conceived to improve access to information in PROTA's printed publications. The PROTA web database PROTA4U is a combination of PROTA’s highly standardized expert-validated review articles (PROTAbase) and yet-to-be-validated ‘starter kits’ for all other useful plants. These ‘starter kits’ are pre-filled with basic information from PROTA’s databases SPECIESLIST (important synonyms, uses, basic sources of information) and AFRIREFS (‘grey’ literature).
Furthermore, the records contain the results of a meta-analysis from a large collection of agricultural and botanical databases, conducted successfully in cooperation with the ICON Group International.[25] The websites, which allowed their databases to be harvested, are properly acknowledged in the ‘starter kits’.
Some believe that the 2010–2012 world food price crisis and 2011 East Africa drought led to widespread interest in supporting research for intensive farming of popular food crops instead of traditional, diversified local plant resources which were the focus of PROTA.[26] During this time, responses to these large crises in the international finance and philanthropy communities may have shifted interest away from ethnobotanical research programs like PROTA. This raises questions about the role of traditional, diversified local plant resources in the study of food security, economic development, biodiversity conservation, and the preservation of cultural heritage and traditional knowledge.