Planetary Missions Program Office Explained

The Planetary Missions Program Office is a division of NASA headquartered at the Marshall Space Flight Center, formed by the agency's Science Mission Directorate (SMD). Succeeding the Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office, it was established in 2014 to manage the Discovery and New Frontiers programs of low and medium-cost missions by third-party institutions, and the Solar System Exploration program of NASA-led missions that focus on prioritized planetary science objectives. The Discovery and New Frontiers programs were established in 1992 and 2001 respectively, and have launched fourteen primary missions together, along with two missions launched under the administration of the Planetary Missions Program Office. The Solar System Exploration Program was established alongside the office, with three missions planned for launch under the new program.

History

The Planetary Missions Program Office was established in late 2014 as part of a series of changes implemented by NASA after the passage of the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015, which allocated US$1.438 billion to planetary missions, and the Obama administration's request for the 2016 United States federal budget.[1] The program office is a replacement for the Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office, established in 2004,[2] and occupies their former headquarters at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.[1] [2] The Planetary Missions Program Office took control of the Discovery and New Frontiers program, along with the Europa Mission and NASA contributions to the European Space Agency (ESA)'s JUICE mission, in a then-unnamed program outside of Discovery and New Frontiers.[1] In 2017, the program was named the "Solar System Exploration Program",[3] and grew to include NASA's surviving DART component of the cancelled AIDA mission, after ESA terminated their contribution to the mission in late 2016.[4] [5]

Programs

Discovery

See main article: Discovery Program.

The Discovery program was established in late 1990 as a program of low-cost, limited-scope solar system exploration missions, succeeding the objectives of the Planetary Observer program.[6] In the late 1980s, leaders at NASA opted towards expensive, more ambitious missions to advance their objectives. This included the Space Exploration Initiative by the George H. W. Bush administration, which laid out a plan to construct Space Station Freedom and establish a human exploration program to the Moon and Mars.[7] Consistent cost overruns and lack of support from the United States Congress, however, created a trend towards smaller, less ambitious missions.[7] [8] NASA's Solar System Exploration Division (SSED) initially proposed to model a new program of small-class unmanned missions after the Planetary Observer program, though members were skeptical, due to the budget problems plaguing the Planetary Observer program at the time.[6] It was decided instead to base it on the Explorer program, following advice from Explorer administrative staffer Tom Krimigis.[6] Under this model, the program gained support from then-NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin, and the program was formally approved by Congress in 1992.[6] [8]

Originally a Planetary Observer program mission, NEAR Shoemaker was reassigned to the Discovery program, after the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Applied Physics Laboratory found that the mission was possible to execute on a budget smaller than originally planned.[6] Its final mission cost would reach US$224 million.[9] Mars Pathfinder was also reassigned to the program as part of cuts to the Space Exploration Initiative Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) program, following the loss of its flagship Mars Observer.[10] [11] Both NEAR Shoemaker and Mars Pathfinder were successfully launched in February and December 1996 respectively;[12] [13] [14] the former achieved orbit around the asteroid 433 Eros in February 2000,[13] and the latter landed on Mars and delivered the first operational Mars rover, Sojourner, to the surface of the planet in July 1997.[14] After NEAR Shoemaker and Mars Pathfinder, the Discovery program began selecting its future missions from proposals from third-party institutions, in competitions named "Announcements of Opportunity" (AOs).[15] [16] Twelve missions have been selected through AOs, with the latest, reconnaissance missions Lucy and Psyche, selected in January 2017 after a three-year long competition.[17] [18] [19] The Discovery program also presides over "Missions of Opportunity" (MOs) to develop instruments for non-NASA missions, such as the ASPERA-3 instrument onboard ESA's Mars Express and the M3 instrument aboard ISRO's Chandrayaan-1.[20] MOs were originally selected in competitions alongside AOs,[21] though have been selected in "Stand Alone Mission of Opportunity Notices" (SALMONs) since 2009.[22] SALMON-3 is currently underway to select NASA's contribution to JAXA's Martian Moons Exploration mission.[23]

Missions

New Frontiers

See main article: New Frontiers program.

The New Frontiers program is the successor to the cancelled Outer Planet/Solar Probe (OPSP) program, a project which aimed to launch the Europa Orbiter astrobiology mission, the Pluto Kuiper Express reconnaissance mission, and the Solar Orbiter heliophysics mission.[38] [39] To reduce the growing costs of the OPSP, the Pluto Kuiper Express was cancelled in 2000 by then-Science Mission Directorate Edward J. Weiler, who subsequently accepted proposals for a replacement mission and modelled the competition after the Discovery program's AOs.[40] [41] The New Horizons mission was chosen to replace Pluto Kuiper Express in the OPSP program in November 2001,[42] [43] though the entire program, including the Europa Orbiter, New Horizons, and Solar Probe, was cancelled by Administrator of NASA Sean O'Keefe in February 2002, shortly after his appointment by President George W. Bush. O'Keefe cited a need for a restructuring of NASA and its projects, falling in line with the Bush Administration's wish for NASA to refocus on "research and development, and addressing management shortcomings."[44]

The New Horizons team successfully lobbied for the funding and development of their mission, appearing at the top of the National Research Council's Planetary Science Decadal Survey for 2003–2013.[40] [41] Weiler and then-Solar System Exploration Division Director Colleen Hartman established the New Frontiers program in 2003 to help fund and launch New Horizons and future proposals from the Decadal Survey.[41] New Horizons was launched as the program's first mission on January 20, 2006,[45] [46] and successfully performed the first reconnaissance of Pluto and its moons in July 2015.[47] [48] [49] An extended mission is underway to observe Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), including a flyby of 486958 Arrokoth in January 2019.[50] [51] In the first New Frontiers AO, Juno, a mission to investigate the interior of Jupiter, was selected over the MoonRise lunar sample return mission.[52] [53] [54] [55] Juno launched on August 5, 2011, and arrived at Jupiter in July 2016.[56] [57] In May 2011, the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission was selected over MoonRise and SAGE for the program's third mission.[58] [59] OSIRIS-REx launched on September 8, 2016, and will arrive at the Near-Earth object (NEO) 101955 Bennu in August 2018.[60] [61] [62] The program's fourth mission is Dragonfly, which will launch in 2028 and arrive on Titan in the mid 2030s.[63]

Missions

Solar System Exploration

In late 2014, the Solar System Exploration program was established alongside the Planetary Missions Program Office to "execute prioritized planetary science."[1] [3] The first mission of the program is DART, an asteroid deflection test targeting 65803 Didymos that launched in 2021.[5] [65] [66] Originally a component of AIDA, DARTs impact was intended to be observed by ESA's AIM orbiter, which would continue to study Didymos from orbit.[67] [68] However, the ESA Council at ministerial level cancelled the AIM mission in favour of funding for the ExoMars 2020 rover, citing budget concerns.[69] [70] Despite the cancellation of AIM, NASA committed to their original plan, opting to continue solely with DART.[5] DART successfully impacted Dimorphos, the moon of asteroid 65803 Didymos, on 26 September 2022.[71] Two Europa astrobiology missions are scheduled in the Solar System Exploration program. The Europa Clipper is scheduled to launch in October 2024 on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy.[72] [73] [74] The ESA JUICE mission to study Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto will utilize the NASA-built, Solar System Exploration Program-funded Ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS) and parts of the Particle Environment Package (PEP) and Radar for Icy Moons Exploration (RIME) instruments.[75] [76] Missions

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Green. James L.. James L. Green. NASA Planetary Science Programs. Universities Space Research Association. February 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180220170908/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/presentations/Green_LPSC_2015.pdf. February 20, 2018. en-US. March 16, 2015.
  2. Web site: Marshall Space Flight Center staff. NASA's Marshall Center selected as program office for Discovery and New Frontiers initiatives to explore the Solar System. Marshall Space Flight Center. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). February 20, 2018. https://archive.today/20180220172023/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2004/04-214.html. 20 February 2018. en-US. August 13, 2004. dead. dmy-all.
  3. Web site: Marshall Space Flight Center staff. Marshall and the Solar System. Marshall Space Flight Center. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). February 20, 2018. https://archive.today/20180220175035/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/solarsystem/index.html. 20 February 2018. en-US. August 4, 2018. dead. dmy-all.
  4. Web site: Talbert. Tricia. NASA'S First Asteroid Deflection Mission Enters Next Design Phase. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). February 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20170721203619/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-asteroid-deflection-mission-enters-next-design-phase/. July 21, 2017. en-US. June 30, 2017. The project would be overseen by the Planetary Missions Program Office at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama..
  5. Web site: Foust. Jeff. NASA presses ahead with asteroid mission despite ESA funding decision. SpaceNews. Pocket Ventures, LLC.. February 20, 2018. https://archive.today/20180220175418/http://spacenews.com/nasa-presses-ahead-with-asteroid-mission-despite-esa-funding-decision/. 20 February 2018. en-US. December 13, 2016. dead. dmy-all.
  6. Web site: DNFPO staff. A Look Back at the Beginning: How the Discovery Program Came to Be. Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office (DNFPO). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. February 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110301135255/http://discovery.nasa.gov/lib/pdf/HistoricalDiscoveryProgramInformation.pdf. March 1, 2011. en-US. 2010. dead.
  7. Book: Rumerman. Judy A.. NASA Historical Data Book Volume VII – NASA Launch Systems, Space Transportation / Human Spaceflight, and Space Science 1989–1998. 2009. NASA History Office. Washington, D.C.. 978-0-16-080501-1. 576, 577. https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4012v7ch4.pdf. February 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180226142325/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4012v7ch4.pdf. February 26, 2018. en-US. 4.
  8. Web site: Callahan. Jason. Recovery. Peak. Collapse. Planetary Science from 1990 - 2014. The Planetary Society. February 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180226144055/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2014/0910-recovery-peak-collapse-planetary-science-from-1990-to-2014.html. February 26, 2018. en-US. September 11, 2014.
  9. Web site: Applied Physics Laboratory staff. Frequently Asked Questions. Applied Physics Laboratory. Johns Hopkins University. March 28, 2018. https://archive.today/20121212121735/http://near.jhuapl.edu/intro/faq.html. 12 December 2012. en-US. 35. How much did the NEAR mission cost? [...] The total mission cost was about $224 million.... dead. dmy-all.
  10. Portree. David S. F.. Measuring Mars: the MESUR Network Mission (1991). Wired. Condé Nast Inc.. February 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180226151252/https://www.wired.com/2012/10/networking-the-red-planet-nasas-mesur-mission-1991/. February 26, 2018. en-US. October 13, 2012. limited. In 1994, in the wake of the Mars Observer failure, NASA funded the Mars Surveyor Program in place of MESUR Network. Work continued on Pathfinder in NASA's low-cost Discovery Program, however, and it landed successfully on Mars on July 4, 1997..
  11. Book: McCurdy. Howard E.. Faster, Better, Cheaper: Low-Cost Innovation in the U.S. Space Program. 2001. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. 0-8018-6720-7. 62. February 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180226151837/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=5Dy6z6DQDNoC&pg. February 26, 2018. en-US. 5. ...exploration advocates believed that Mars Pathfinder would be the first in a series of small, inexpensive monitoring stations that NASA would spread across Mars. Advocates of one leading concept, called Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR), envisioned a network of 16 monitoring stations around the red planet. MESUR was eventually canceled in favor of alternative endeavors....
  12. News: NEAR Shoemaker. NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Goddard Space Flight Center (National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)). February 26, 2018.
  13. Farquhar. Robert W.. Robert W. Farquhar. NEAR Shoemaker at Eros. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest. January–March 2002. 23. 1. 3–5. February 26, 2018. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Laurel, Maryland. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20180226155236/http://techdigest.jhuapl.edu/TD/td2301/farquhar.pdf. February 26, 2018.
  14. Web site: Wall. Mike. NASA's 1st Mars Rover Landed 20 Years Ago Today. Space.com. Purch Group, Inc.. February 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180226154652/https://www.space.com/37387-nasa-mars-pathfinder-20-years-anniversary.html. February 26, 2018. en-US. July 4, 2017.
  15. News: Isbell. Douglas. Mission to the Moon, Sun, Venus, and a Comet Picked for Discovery. NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). February 28, 1995. March 23, 2018. TXT. https://web.archive.org/web/20180323064057/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/discover95.txt. March 23, 2018. live.
  16. Web site: Huynh. Miki. NASA Discovery Program Announcement of Opportunity Long-range Planning Information. NASA Astrobiology Institute. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. February 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180228154336/https://nai.nasa.gov/articles/2017/12/15/nasa-discovery-program-announcement-of-opportunity-long-range-planning-information/. February 28, 2018. en-US. December 15, 2017.
  17. Web site: DRAFT Announcement of Opportunity - Discovery 2014. NASA Solicitation and Proposal Integrated Review and Evaluation System (NSPIRES). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 5 January 2017. July 2, 2014.
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  19. Web site: Grush. Loren. In the 2020s NASA will launch spacecraft to study Jupiter's asteroids, and another made of metal. The Verge. Vox Media. January 5, 2017. https://archive.today/20170105004736/http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/4/14168394/nasa-lucy-psyche-missions-asteroid-study-discovery-program. January 5, 2017. en-US. January 4, 2017.
  20. Web site: NASA. Announcement of Opportunity: Discovery Program 2006 and Missions of Opportunity. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). February 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180228152339/https://spacese.spacegrant.org/uploads/Design%20Module/Discovery_AO_2006.pdf. February 28, 2018. 6. en-US. April 5, 2006. Three missions of opportunity, Aspera-3, Netlander, and the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, have been selected..
  21. News: Brown. Dwayne. Hupp. Erica. NASA Announces Discovery Program Selections. NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Goddard Space Flight Center (National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)). October 30, 2006. February 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180228153124/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/discovery_pr_20061030.txt. February 28, 2018. en-US. live.
  22. Web site: NASA. Community Announcement NNH09ZDA009J: NASA intends to release a Discovery Program Draft AO. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). February 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180228153422/https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/sara/grant-solicitations/community-announcement-nnh09zda009j. February 28, 2018. en-US. 2008.
  23. Web site: NASA. NASA Announcement of Opportunity for Third Stand Alone Missions of Opportunity Notice (SALMON - 3) Including a Proposal Opportunity for the Discovery Program Focused Mission of Opportunity: MMX Neutron and Gamma - Ray Spectrometer Investigation. Kansas State University. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). February 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180228153613/https://www.k-state.edu/research/faculty/funding/connection/2017/data/SALMON-3.pdf. February 28, 2018. en-US. March 22, 2017.
  24. Coughlin. Thomas B.. NEAR: The First Launch in the Discovery Program. Acta Astronautica. August 1999. 45. 4–9. 227–233. 10.1016/S0094-5765(99)00140-X. 1999AcAau..45..227C. Elsevier Science Ltd.. Great Britain. dmy-all.
  25. Web site: Mars Exploration program staff. Mars Pathfinder Fact Sheet. Mars Exploration Program. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). March 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180327131355/https://mars.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/fact_sheet.html. March 27, 2018. en-US. The Mars Pathfinder Mission is the second launch in the Discovery Program....
  26. Web site: Swenson. Heather J.. The Lunar Prospector Mission. Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research. University of Colorado Boulder. March 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180327131806/http://ccar.colorado.edu/asen5050/projects/projects_2003/swenson/. March 27, 2018. en-US. December 18, 2003. Lunar Prospector was first of a part of competitively selected missions in the NASA Discovery Program..
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  33. Web site: Caldwell. Douglas. Science Analysis Support for NASA Discovery Program's Kepler Extended Mission. SETI Institute. March 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180327134847/https://www.seti.org/seti-institute/project/science-analysis-support-nasa-discovery-programs-kepler-extended-mission. March 27, 2018. en-US. March 2011. In December 2001, Kepler became the 10th mission selected for flight by NASA’s Discovery Program.
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