Placostylus ambagiosus explained

Placostylus ambagiosus is a species of flax snail (Māori: pūpū whakarongotaua[1]), a large air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Bothriembryontidae.

Description

This snail has a large (43- long) shell, which is heavily calcified. The size of the adult shell is habitat dependent, but the shell shape is not plastic. Placostylus ambagiosus is highly valued by Te Aupōuri me Ngāti Kurī (the indigenous people of northern New Zealand) as a food source, musical instrument and in the past this snail provided alarm calls at night warning of approaching invaders.[2]

Distribution

This land snail species occurs in New Zealand. It is restricted to a small fragmented area of Northland Region, including the Aupouri Peninsula and Motuopao Island.[3] In the past local Māori moved and propagated populations of Placostylus ambagiosus, so today at least three extant populations are found on old pā sites (fortified settlements), along with other species that were cultivated such as karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) and harakeke (Phormium tenax).[4] [5]

Biology

This snail feeds at night on fallen leaves on the forest floor. A favorite plant species is hangehange (Geniostoma ligustrifolium). Placostylus ambagiosus needs year round moisture provided by deep leaf-litter. Eggs are laid in clutches (average 43 eggs) in the shallow hollows in the soil. The species is slow-growing with a lifespan of 10–22 years and strong site fidelity[6] The same individual snail has been found under the same food plant for 12 years.[7] The species is endangered due to predation from rats[8] and birds,[9] habitat damage by pigs and horses and competition from introduced snails.

Hypothetical subspecies

Based on molecular phylogeny (mtDNA) and shell morphology research it was suggested in 2011 by Buckley et al. that there are no subspecies of Placostylus ambagiosus.[10] However, in the past, what were thought to be eight extant subspecies and a number of undescribed but distinct populations, were named;[3] six of these "subspecies" are now extinct[11] (marked with a †); conservation statuses were given according to the New Zealand Threat Classification System for the extant taxa: "nationally critical" and "nationally endangered":[12] At least five subspecies of Placostylus ambagiosus can be recognized using shell shape (not size or location) of individuals snails suggesting these represented distinct populations that require protection.

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. E. Daly. Elizabeth. A. Trewick. Steven. J. Dowle. Eddy. S. Crampton. James. Morgan-Richards. Mary. 2020. Conservation of pūpū whakarongotaua - the snail that listens for the war party. Ethnobiology and Conservation. 9. 10.15451/ec2020-05-9.13-1-27. free.
  2. Web site: 2. – Snails and slugs – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Taonga. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. teara.govt.nz. en. 2019-08-16.
  3. Book: Captive rearing and biology of the endangered giant land snails Placostylus ambagiosus and P. hongii (Pulmonata: Bulimulidae) . I. A. N. Stringer . E. A. Grant . amp . DOC Research & Development Series 279 . . 978-0-478-14288-4 . 2007 .
  4. LEACH. HELEN. STOWE. CHRIS. 2005. OCEANIC ARBORICULTURE AT THE MARGINS—THE CASE OF THE KARAKA (CORYNOCARPUS LAEVIGATUS) IN AOTEAROA. The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 114. 1. 7–27. 20707255 . 0032-4000.
  5. Wehi. Priscilla M.. Priscilla Wehi. 2009. Indigenous Ancestral Sayings Contribute to Modern Conservation Partnerships: Examples Using Phormium Tenax. Ecological Applications. 19. 1. 267–275. 10.1890/07-1693.1 . 27645964 . 19323188 . 1051-0761.
  6. Stringer. Ian Alexander Noel. Parrish. Glen Richard. Sherley. Gregory Howard. 2018. Homing, dispersal and mortality after translocation of long-lived land snails Placostylus ambagiosus and P. hongii (Gastropoda: Bothriembryontidae) in New Zealand. Molluscan Research. 38. 1. 56–76. 10.1080/13235818.2017.1323368. 89729069 . 1323-5818.
  7. Parrish. G. Richard. Stringer. Ian A. N.. Sherley. Greg H.. 2014. The biology of Placostylus ambagiosus (Pulmonata: Bulimulidae) in New Zealand: Part 1. Behaviour, habitat use, abundance, site fidelity, homing and the dimensions of eggs and snails. Molluscan Research. 34. 3. 139–154. 10.1080/13235818.2014.888980. 85060133 . 1323-5818.
  8. Stringer. Ian A. N.. Parrish. G. Richard. Sherley. Greg H.. MacKenzie. Darryl I.. 2014. The biology of Placostylus ambagiosus (Pulmonata: Bulimulidae) in New Zealand: Part 2. Population changes, growth, mortality and life expectancy. Molluscan Research. 34. 3. 155–175. 10.1080/13235818.2014.888985. 86580704 . 1323-5818.
  9. Sherley. G. H.. Stringer. I. A. N.. Parrish. G. R.. Flux. I.. 1998. Demography of two landsnail populations (Placostylus ambagiosus, Pulmonata: Bulimulidae) in relation to predator control in the far north of New Zealand. Biological Conservation. en. 84. 1. 83–88. 10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00086-4. 0006-3207.
  10. Buckley T. R., Stringer I., Gleeson D., Howitt R., Attanayake D., Parrish R., Sherley G. & Rohan M. (2011). "A revision of the New Zealand Placostylus land snails using mitochondrial DNA and shell morphometric analyses, with implications for conservation". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 38(1): 55-81. .
  11. Web site: Extinct Species of New Zealand . February 5, 2010 . Natural Heritage Collection.
  12. Web site: Terrestrial invertebrate - part one . 2002 . . Department of Conservation.

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