List of Sesame Street Muppets explained

The Muppets are a group of puppet characters created by Jim Henson, many for the purpose of appearing on the children's television program Sesame Street. Henson's involvement in Sesame Street began when he and Joan Ganz Cooney, one of the creators of the show, met in the summer of 1968, at one of the show's five three-day curriculum planning seminars in Boston. Author Christopher Finch reported that director Jon Stone, who had worked with Henson previously, felt that if they could not bring him on board, they should "make do without puppets".[1]

Henson was originally reluctant but agreed to join Sesame Street in support of its social goals. He also agreed to waive his performance fee for full ownership of the Sesame Street Muppets and to split any revenue they generated with the Children's Television Workshop (renamed to the Sesame Workshop in 2000), the series' non-profit producer.[2] The Muppets were a crucial part of the show's popularity and it brought Henson national attention.[3] The Muppet segments of the show were popular since its premiere, and more Muppets were added during the first few seasons. The Muppets were effective teaching tools because children easily recognized them, they were predictable, and they appealed to adults and older siblings.[4]

During the production of Sesame Streets first season, producers created five one-hour rubber baby baby bunkers to test the show's appeal to children and examine their comprehension of the material. Not intended for broadcast, they were presented to preschoolers in 60 homes throughout Philadelphia and in day care centers in New York City in July 1969.[5] The results were "generally very positive";[6] children learned from the shows, their appeal was high, and children's attention was sustained over the full hour. However, the researchers found that although children's attention was high during the Muppet segments, their interest wavered during the "Street" segments, when no Muppets were on screen. This was because the producers had followed the advice of child psychologists who were concerned that children would be confused if human actors and Muppets were shown together. As a result of this decision, the appeal of the test episodes was lower than the target.[7]

The Street scenes were "the glue" that "pulled the show together",[8] so producers knew they needed to make significant changes. The producers decided to reject the advisers' advice and reshot the Street segments; Henson and his coworkers created Muppets that could interact with the human actors,[9] specifically Oscar the Grouch and Big Bird, who became two of the show's most enduring characters.[10] These test episodes were directly responsible for what writer Malcolm Gladwell called "the essence of Sesame Street—the artful blend of fluffy monsters and earnest adults". Since 2001, the full rights for the Muppets created for Sesame Street (which do not include Kermit the Frog) have been owned by Sesame Workshop.[11]

Muppets

CharacterActor/Muppet performerDescription
Abby CadabbyLeslie Carrara-Rudolph[12] A 4-year-old fairy-in-training with tiny wings, a magic wand and sparkles in her hair. She was created to increase the number of the female Sesame Street Muppets. Daughter of the fairy godmother, she "has her own point of view and is comfortable with the fact that she likes wearing a dress".[13]
Judy Sladky[14] Baby sister of Aloysius Snuffleupagus ("Snuffy"). She has "luxurious, pale-golden fur", long eyelashes and a blue-checkered hair ribbon and was introduced to model sibling rivalry. She was one of the first Muppets controlled by remote control.[15]
Alistair CookieFrank Oz[16] Played by Cookie Monster, he is a parody of British broadcaster Alistair Cooke[17] and appears in the "Monsterpiece Theater" sketch (a parody of Masterpiece Theater). At first, he used a tobacco pipe that he would eat in each segment. The pipe was eventually removed because according to executive producer Carol-Lynn Parente, it "modeled the wrong behavior".[18]
Jerry Nelson, John Kennedy[19] A "W.C. Fields-esque" magician whose magic tricks often go awry. His catchphrase, used to produce his tricks, is "À la peanut butter sandwiches".[20]
VariousWriter Christopher Finch called Anything Muppets "unadorned puppet torsos and heads"[21] used for a single role or purpose. This ever-expanding troupe of Muppets comes in all shapes, sizes and appearances. The Anything Muppets portray humans, specific animals and occasional aliens.[22]
VariousShort for "Anything Muppet Monsters", the AM Monsters are customizable Muppet Monsters like the Anything Muppets and the Whatnots from The Muppet Show. Like the Anything Muppets, the AM Muppets come in all shapes, sizes and appearances. According to writer Louise Gikow, Elmo started out as an AM Monster.[23]
Richard Hunt[24] A blind monster created to increase inclusiveness of people and puppets with disabilities on the show. He was designed by Michael K. Frith and built by Ed Christie.[25]
Fran BrillAppeared in the Sesame Street sketches "What's My Part". She was a parody of actress Arlene Francis.[26]
David Rudman[27] Baby Bear, "borrowed from the enduring 'The Three Bears' story", is Curly Bear's big brother and Telly Monster's best friend.[28]
Toby Towson (1978),[29] Fred Garbo,[30] Brian Muehl,[31] Bruce Connelly[32] Originally named "Woof-Woof", he is a "large, friendly, shaggy dog" owned by Linda and knows a few words in American Sign Language. Barkley appeared in the 1983 TV special Big Bird in China.
Beautiful Day MonsterJim Henson, Frank Oz, Caroll SpinneyOriginally appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, this puppet was used interchangeably with Cookie Monster on the first season of Sesame Street. He was portrayed as the main villain of Sesame Street as he loved to steal things and had sharp teeth. The character was axed from the show because of how he made a terrifying B sound "BAAAAAH!", and how he loved scaring people.[33]
Jerry Nelson (AM Monster version), Caroll Spinney (Anything Muppet version)Appeared in the Sesame Street sketches "What's My Part". He was a parody of American publisher Bennett Cerf.
Kevin ClashA cynical and cantankerous rabbit who worked as a bellhop at the Furry Arms Hotel (which was part of the Around-the-Corner set expansion of the 1990s).[34]
BertFrank Oz (1969–2006),[35] Eric Jacobson (1997–present)[36] Ernie's best friend. He collects paperclips and bottle caps, is fond of oatmeal and is fascinated by pigeons. His sketches were made by Henson and he was built by Don Sahlin.[37]
Lisa BuckleyBorgenicht says about her: "With her blonde braided hair, [she] is friendly and unassuming".[38]
Jerry Nelson,[39] Matt Vogel (2020–present)One-half of the Muppet construction worker duo, Biff is an "Archie Bunker-style blue-collar loudmouth". He and his partner Sully made for a "classic comedy team". Whenever they encounter a problem, Biff often asks for Sully's opinion, but interrupts him before Sully can answer; however, it is Sully who inevitably comes up with the solution.[40]
Big BirdCaroll Spinney (1969–2018), Matt Vogel (1997–present)[41] [42] Standing at eight feet two inches, Big Bird was designed by Don Sahlin from Jim Henson's sketches and built by Kermit Love.[43] It was Spinney's idea to make Big Bird a child, with "his trademark curiosity and innocence".[44]
Jim Henson, John KennedyThe wild-haired puppet featured in the Muppet segment "Mah Nà Mah Nà".[45]
Caroll SpinneyA trashman who sometimes carries Oscar's trash can around the Street. Spinney designed Bruno as a way to allow Oscar to move around and talk at the same time. Spinney also had roller skates made so he could skate around the stage while performing Bruno and Oscar.[46]
Martin P. RobinsonForgetful Jones' horse, who often helps Forgetful get out of difficulties and remember things.
Jim Henson (1982), Richard Hunt (1983–1984), Peter Linz (2019–present)A superhero who fought for healthy vegetables. His insignia was a carrot.
Brian Muehl (1980–1984), Kevin Clash, Camille Bonora (voice) Forgetful Jones' girlfriend.
Joey MazzarinoA lamb detective who is inspired by Columbo.
Cookie MonsterFrank Oz (1969–2004),[47] David Rudman (2001–present)[48] [49] According to Sesame Workshop, "Cookie Monster is a frenzied yet cuddly character on a persistent quest for more food...especially cookies!"[50]
Count von CountJerry Nelson (1972–2012), Matt Vogel (2013–present)[51] A number-obsessed vampire who craves counting with a single-focused passion. He has lavender-fleece skin, bat-shaped ears, a flat black hairpiece, a red spade tongue and wears a formal cape. Nelson based the Count's character and exaggerated European accent on Bela Lugosi's Count Dracula.[52]
Fran Brill (1980–1984)Count von Count's girlfriend. She has a dog named Masha and is modeled after Marlene Dietrich.[53]
Curly BearStephanie D'Abruzzo[54] [55] Baby Bear's little sister. Created to address the issue of sibling rivalry, Curly calls her brother "Bebo", has a very loud growl, and unlike the rest of her family, does not like porridge.[56]
Karen PrellA young, energetic pinkish-purple monster with red hair and wild rolling eyes. Described as "hyperactive", Prell reported that her performance was deemed "over-the-top", so the character did not last long.[57]
Kevin ClashA purple tall monster who loves to juggle.
VariousLike the Honkers, the Dingers communicate only with dings.[58]
Richard Hunt, Ryan Dillon (2019–present)A piano-playing composer who required assistance from Kermit the Frog to complete the lyrics to his songs. Whenever he got frustrated, he would say, "Oh, I'll never get it right! Never, never, never" and bang his head on the piano. He had a bust of Ludwig van Beethoven on his piano and, as an inside joke, a framed photo of Joe Raposo hanging on the wall.
Martin P. RobinsonAccording to The Washington Post, New York businessman and eventual President of the United States Donald Trump has been parodied by Sesame Street three times, depicted as a grouch like Oscar. The first time was in the late 1980s; Ronald Grump, a Muppet wearing a fedora attempts to con Oscar out of his trash can. Actor Joe Pesci played Ronald Grump in 1994, during the show's 25th anniversary. In 2005, Donald Grump, a Muppet with an orange wig, appeared in a parody of Trump's TV show The Apprentice.[59]
Steve WhitmireA spoof of TV personality and author Dr. Phil McGraw.[60]
Brian Muehl (1980–1984), Kevin Clash (1984–1988)Price's inventions consist solely of things that were either useless (like a flying cupcake) or had already been invented. Author Louise Gikow called Price a "misguided inventor" and the "bane of reporter Kermit's existence."
Stephanie D'AbruzzoOne of D'Abruzzo's favorite experiments, Elizabeth was a pig-tailed Muppet with a Brooklyn accent who loves the number 732 and her cat Little Murray Sparkles. D'Abruzzo said about her: "She was unlike your typical little girl characters".
ElmoBrian Muehl (1980–1984), Richard Hunt (1984–1985), Kevin Clash (1985–2012),[61] [62] Ryan Dillon (2013–present)[63] [64] Sesame Workshop calls Elmo "a 3½-year-old red monster with a distinctive cheerful voice and a contagious giggle" and "Enthusiastic, friendly, and curious".[65]
ElijahChristopher HayesHe is the father of Wes and is married to Naomi. Elijah works as a meteorologist, as shown in a 2022 web video "Take Your Child to Work Day." According to press reports, he enjoys outdoor running, watching movies, and cooking with his family. He also played tennis with his friend Mike, who died of the COVID-19 pandemic.
ErnieJim Henson (1969–1990),[66] Steve Whitmire (1993–2014),[67] Peter Linz (2017–present)[68] Bert's best friend, who is mischievous and free-spirited. He likes playing practical jokes on Bert, and loves playing musical instruments, singing, and "taking baths with Rubber Ducky".[69]
Jerry NelsonA green Muppet boy with short orange spiked hair and a yellow sweater.[70]
Carmen Osbahr (2002)A purple bird who is from Paraguay and is Big Bird's special friend.
Richard Hunt (1980–1984), Kevin Clash (1984–1986)A blue poet and rapper who is named after poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti.
David Rudman[71] Bear writer whose name is a riff on French novelist Gustave Flaubert.
Michael Earl (1980–1981), Richard Hunt (1981–1992), Matt Vogel (2019–present)A "simpleton cowboy" who always forgets everything.
Jerry NelsonA growling orange monster whose deceptively fierce visage hides a childlike personality and a desperate need to be included.
Jerry Nelson[72] A wonder horse ridden by Grover and his "trusty companion". His "horse sense" is always better than Grover's and he "usually saves the day".
GabrielleMegan Piphus Peace (2020–present)A 6¾-years-old with a vibrant and curious personality. She enjoys singing, dancing, playing pretend, and going on nature walks with her friends Elmo, Abby Cadabby, Rosita and her cousin Tamir.
Richard Hunt,[73] Jennifer Barnhart[74] With her "piercing operatic voice", she is "a theatrical ham (even though she's a cow)".
Caroll Spinney (1969–2014)
Jennifer Barnhart (2018–present)
Big Bird's grandmother.[75]
Martin P. RobinsonOscar the Grouch's mother.[76] [77]
Warrick Brownlow-PikeA fuchsia Muppet who works with Cookie Monster in his food truck. Gonger has "whiskers like friendly muttonchops", "an unusual accent and a background in hospitality". He originated on The Furchester Hotel, a co-production from the UK.
Caroll SpinneyAn old lady Muppet who mostly appeared in Seasons 1–4.[78]
GroverFrank Oz (1969–2012), Eric Jacobson (1998–present)[79] [80] [81] Finch calls Grover "an infinitely optimistic soul".[82] Finch goes on to state that although Grover has a facility for self-deception, he is also honest and wise.
Brian Muehl (1980–1984), Pam Arciero (1984–present)[83] A Grouch who is Oscar the Grouch's "trashy girlfriend". She has Oscar's grouchy temperament and also likes everything trashy. She wears tattered hats and veils.[84]
Joey MazzarinoA seagull who is Big Bird's penpal.[85]
Guy SmileyJim Henson (1969–1990),[86] Eric Jacobson (2005–present)Gikow calls Guy "America's favorite game-show host".
Frank Oz, Eric JacobsonA "one-joke character" that was dropped from the show because his "raucous laugh" was too hard on Oz's throat.
Jerry NelsonA bespectacled Muppet who is a lecturer who often appeared with Grover.[87]
Jerry Nelson,[88] Martin P. Robinson,[89] Peter Linz[90] According to Borgenicht, Herry is "fuzzy and blue, big and burly", with a "gentle side". He appears in many unscripted scenes with children.[91]
VariousLike the Dingers, they communicate only through honks.
Kevin Clash,[92] Christopher Hayes (2019–present)Sesame Street writer Mark Saltzman described Hoots as "the saxophone-playing jazz owl". Clash based his voice after Louis Armstrong.
Joey MazzarinoA dancing Asian elephant.[93]
David RudmanHe and his wife Ingrid, who together are Natasha's parents, are the hotel managers of the Furry Arms Hotel which was part of the Around-the-Corner set from 1993 to 1998.
Joey MazzarinoNatasha's mother. She and her husband Humphrey are the hotel managers of the Furry Arms Hotel.
Joey MazzarinoA fox who, along with Elmo and actor Jamie Foxx, tries to figure out who is the real "Jamie Fox". They end up singing the alphabet together.[94]
Kathleen Kim (2021–)A 7-year-old Korean-American girl, who is passionate about skateboarding and "rocking out on her electric guitar."[95] Ji-Young made history as Sesame Street's first Asian-American Muppet, who was introduced to the public during the show's Thanksgiving special, See Us Coming Together.[96]
JuliaStacey Gordon (2017–present)A little girl with "green eyes and red hair and an artistic temperament" who is autistic.[97]
KermitJim Henson (1955–1990), Steve Whitmire (1990–2016)[98] Matt Vogel (2017–present)[99] A frog who is one of the first Muppets designed and built by Jim Henson.[100] Borgenicht calls Kermit "funny, ironic, and always the voice of reason amidst the insanity around him; the calm in the eye of the storm".[101] Gerald S. Lesser, CTW's first advisory board chairman, calls him "the saturnine but gentlemanly puppet frog".[102] Sesame Workshop does not own the character, unlike most of the Muppets on this list.
Kevin ClashA young African-American Muppet who is smart, cool, and prefers to do his own thing.
Frank Oz (1970–1975),[103] Ryan Dillon (2019–present)A shady, green-skinned Muppet who tries to sell useless items to other characters (usually Ernie).
Richard HuntA loud and energetic monster who really loves to party, as what his name says
Fran Brill, Stephanie D'Abruzzo (2019)Big Bird's "little friend", who is "slightly wiser" than Big Bird.
Jim Henson (puppeteer), Christopher Cerf (voice)The lead singer of "Little Chrissy and the Alphabeats". He was one of the earliest Muppets based upon an actual person (Cerf).[104]
Jerry NelsonA green Muppet who is the lead singer of the rock group "Little Jerry and the Monotones". Many of their songs were written by Jeff Moss.
Alice Dinnean, Stephanie D'AbruzzoElizabeth's beloved pet cat.
Stephanie D'AbruzzoA lemon who is a parody of Tina Fey's 30 Rock character of the same name.[105]
Bill Barretta (2006–2010), Tyler Bunch (2010–present)Elmo's dad and husband to Mae.[106]
Mama BearJennifer BarnhartBaby Bear and Curly Bear's mother and Papa Bear's wife.
The Martians[107] Jim Henson, Jerry Nelson, Martin P. RobinsonThe show's take on Martians. They have a jellyfish-like appearance and speak in a simple mixture of Martian ("yip" and "nope") and English.[108]
Joey MazzarinoA yellow female monster who likes to scare people just for fun.
Camille Bonora[109] A sheep with a vaguely European accent who has brunette or sometimes blonde hair. She is a parody of Meryl Streep.
Martin P. RobinsonMuppet-homage to Monty Python's Flying Circus.
Jerry Nelson (1971–2012), Matt Vogel (2013–present) Also called "Fat Blue", Mr. Johnson usually appears with Grover in restaurant skits as his harried customer (and usually at Charlie's Restaurant).[110]
Murray MonsterJoey MazzarinoThe host of the "Word on the Street" segment. Murray is a boisterous, red-orange Muppet.[111]
NatashaKevin ClashAn infant monster who uses only baby-talk to communicate. Natasha's parents are Humphrey and Ingrid.
Oscar the GrouchCaroll Spinney (1969–2018), Eric Jacobson (2015–present)[112] [113] One of the first Muppets created for Sesame Street and a "surprising success", Oscar gives kids "permission to feel grouchy—and to demonstrate differing opinions", as well as serving as a model for lessons in how to adapt to different personalities.[114] Spinney based his voice on a New York City cab driver that he encountered.
Carmen Osbahr(2008) A little lamb, Ovejita accompanies Murray to various schools in the segment "Murray Had a Little Lamb".[115]
Papa BearJoey Mazzarino[116] Baby Bear and Curly Bear's father, and Mama Bear's husband.
Richard HuntAn "opera star" who often sang with his human counterpart, Placido Domingo.
Jerry Nelson, Michael EarlA scarlet macaw who repeats and copies words that Big Bird says. He retired in 1981, but his puppet was recycled from H. Ross Parrot, a parody of H. Ross Perot and Bolo in a 1999 episode.
Fran Brill (1971–2015), Stephanie D'Abruzzo (2015–present)[117] A little girl whose psychological age is that of a precocious 7-year-old.[118]
Prince CharmingFrank OzA Muppet who resembles "Guy Smiley in prince's clothing", he is the "self-involved" prince who appears in Muppet fairy tales.
Frank OzA professor whose lectures were so dull that he would fall asleep himself while giving them. According to Borgenicht, he was eventually cut from the Muppet cast because "he was, well, too dull."
Jerry NelsonA cowgirl who brags a lot.
Roosevelt FranklinMatt Robinson (voice), Chris Knowings (voice, 2019–present)An African-American Muppet who attended Roosevelt Franklin Elementary School, played headball at Roosevelt Franklin Stadium and was so popular, he recorded his own album. He was dropped from the show because "he was thought by some to be a negative cultural stereotype".[119]
Loretta Long (voice)The mother of Roosevelt Franklin.
RositaCarmen Osbahr (1991–present)[120] A playful and optimistic turquoise 5-year-old monster, is from Mexico. She knows both English and Spanish, and likes to share her heritage with her friends and teach them Spanish words. She also likes singing and playing the guitar.[121]
Fran BrillA construction worker and is Biff's niece.
Camille BonoraA female Muppet monster scientist and inventor.
Frankie Cordero (2017–present)[122] Abby's stepbrother.[123]
Jerry NelsonA robot who is supposedly perfect. SAM is prone to silly mistakes. His name is an acronym for "Super Automated Machine".[124]
(2010)Chantylla Johnson (voice)[125] Inspired by head writer and puppeteer Joey Mazzarino's adopted daughter. She first appeared in the sketch in which she sang, "I Love My Hair"; according to writer Kathy Russell-Cole and her colleagues, after it was posted online, the response was "nearly overwhelming" and went viral.[126]
Sherlock HemlockJerry Nelson, Matt VogelA parody based on Basil Rathbone's movie portrayal of Sherlock Holmes, Hemlock solves mysteries by "concentrating on the little clues and overlooking the big ones" that his dog Watson tends to find.
Alice DinneanThe "Leona Helmsley of the Furry Arms Hotel". She rules with "an iron fist, a heart of gold, and a brain of oatmeal".
Jerry NelsonA blue Muppet who uses sounds to communicate.
Jerry Nelson (1970–1978), Michael Earl Davis (1978–1980), Martin P. Robinson (1980–present),[127] Dick Maitland (voice)[128] According to Gikow, an "intelligent worm" who is the smallest and, other than Buster, the smartest character on Sesame Street. When he first appeared, he spoke in just squeaky sounds. He later became the only Muppet to not be voiced by a puppeteer.[129]
(2017)Deborah GrausmanAn animated yellow phone and Elmo's sidekick. Her catchphrase is "Look it up."[130]
Mr. Snuffleupagus ("Snuffy")Jerry Nelson (1971–1978), Michael Earl Davis (1978–1980), Martin P. Robinson (1980–present)A "large and friendly monster resembling an anteater"[131] and Big Bird's best friend. At first, Snuffy was Big Bird's imaginary friend and never seen by his friends, but in 1985, the producers decided to reveal him as real to teach children that their perceptions could be trusted.[132]
Richard Hunt, David RudmanSesame Street Unpaved calls Sonny "America's Friendliest Game Show Host".
Lillias White, Julianne Buescher, Lisa Buckley, Pam Arciero, Alice DinneanA parody of the 1960s R&B group the Shirelles.
The Oinker Sisters[133] Ivy Austin, Tawatha Agee, Angela Cappelli, Kevin ClashA parody of the Pointer Sisters.
Joey Mazzarino[134] A talking stinkweed plant.
Richard Hunt (1973–1992), David Rudman (1992–1999)A construction worker and Biff's silent counterpart. He nevertheless served as the real brains of the duo. He is considered one of Hunt's most "understated and complex" characters.
Super GroverFrank Oz (1973–2012), Eric Jacobson (1998–present)[135] Grover's superhero alter ego.[136]
Leslie Carrara-Rudolph[137] Elmo's puppy who made her debut in the 2021 animated Sesame Street special Furry Friends Forever: Elmo Gets a Puppy. The puppy then transitioned into puppet form in promotion for the special and in Season 52.[138] She also stars in the recurring animated segment "Elmo & Tango's Mysterious Mysteries". She is named Tango because she loves to dance. In the animated 2022 holiday special The Nutcracker: Starring Elmo & Tango, Tango gains the ability to speak in a dream sequence with a voice provided by Royina Patel.
TamirTau Bennett (2020-2022), Bradley Freeman Jr. (2021–present)An 8-year-old boy, is Gabrielle's cousin who was introduced in the 2020 Sesame Street special, The Power of We, and has appeared on the show and in online videos, including his own web show, "Tamir on the Street".
Bob Payne (1979), Brian Muehl (1979–1984), Martin P. Robinson[139] According to Sesame Workshop, "Telly Monster is an intense and earnest monster who worries over everything". His favorite shape is the triangle and his best friend is Baby Bear.[140]
Jim Henson, Frank Oz, Jerry Nelson, Richard HuntA family of fuzzy insects (Thomas, Tessie and their children Timmy and Tina) who live in a milk carton among the flowers in Ernie's window box.
The Two-Headed MonsterLeft Head: Jerry Nelson
Right Head: Richard Hunt, Left Head: Joey Mazzarino (2001–2016), Eric Jacobson (2016–present)
Right Head: David Rudman (1998–present)
A purple monster with two heads, who generally speak in gibberish but have a baby-like vocabulary. They teach viewers about cooperation.
Bradley Freeman Jr.A young Muppet boy introduced in 2021 for Sesame Streets "Coming Together" outreach initiative regarding racism. His first appearances include a pair of videos for the Sesame Street in Communities "Racial Justice" topic, including the music video "I Am Somebody (Giant)". Wes is described in press reports as being five years old and loves to go to school and play pretend. He resides with his father Elijah and mother Naomi.
Fran Brill (1993–2015),[141] Jennifer Barnhart (2016–present)Introduced to increase the number of strong female Sesame Street Muppets, Zoe is an orange 3-year-old Muppet who loves to sing and dance, and her best friend is Elmo. She is strong-willed, confident, has a big imagination, and owns a pet rock named Rocco.[142]

See also

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. Finch, p. 53.
  2. Davis, p. 5.
  3. Morrow, p. 93.
  4. Morrow, pp. 94–95.
  5. Lesser, p. 164.
  6. Fisch, p. 39.
  7. Gladwell, p. 105.
  8. Gladwell, p. 106.
  9. Fisch & Bernstein, pp. 39–40.
  10. Fisch & Bernstein, p. 40.
  11. News: Hensons Buying Back the Muppets for $89 Million. Retsinas. Greg. May 8, 2003. The New York Times. July 31, 2019.
  12. Web site: Leslie Carrara-Rudolph . Sesame Workshop.org . August 24, 2019.
  13. News: A Girly-Girl Joins the 'Sesame' Boys. Dominus. Susan. August 6, 2006. The New York Times. August 2, 2019.
  14. Hellman, pp. 48–49
  15. Hellman, p. 48
  16. Davis, p. 359.
  17. News: Alistair Cooke, Elegant Interpreter of America, Died at 95. Prial. Frank J.. March 31, 2004. The New York Times. August 2, 2019.
  18. News: Sweeping the Clouds Away. Heffernan. Virginia. November 18, 2007. The New York Times. August 2, 2019. 634.
  19. Web site: Behind the Scenes: John E. Kennedy . Sesame Workshop.com . August 2, 2019.
  20. Borgenicht, p. 132.
  21. Finch, p. 64.
  22. Lesser, p. 127.
  23. Gikow, p. 100.
  24. Gikow, p. 57.
  25. Gikow, p. 181.
  26. Episode 0131 Old School, Volume 1 (Disc 2) (9 November 1970) . DVD. Children's Television Workshop. 2006.
  27. Web site: David Rudman . Sesame Workshop.com . August 24, 2019.
  28. Web site: Baby Bear . Sesame Workshop.com . August 5, 2019.
  29. News: Former gymnast vaults into new career. Fallstrom. Bob. May 31, 2010. The Herald-Review. August 2, 2019. Decatur, Illinois.
  30. News: A Show as Light as the Air That Propels It. Marvell. Cindy. October 11, 1998. The New York Times. February 18, 2021.
  31. Gikow, p. 79.
  32. Gikow, p. 93.
  33. Gikow, p. 41.
  34. Gikow, p. 207
  35. Gikow, p. 27.
  36. Web site: Eric Jacobson . Sesame Workshop.com . August 5, 2019.
  37. Finch, p. 61.
  38. Borgenicht, p. 131.
  39. Borgenicht, p. 133.
  40. Davis, p. 242.
  41. Gikow, p. 48.
  42. News: Svetkey . Benjamin . 'Sesame Street': Meet the New Puppeteer Inside Big Bird . 20 August 2019 . Hollywood Reporter . 6 February 2019.
  43. Gikow, p. 53.
  44. News: Wamsley . Laurel . After 50 Years On 'Sesame Street,' The Voice Of Big Bird And Oscar Is Retiring . August 24, 2019 . NPR.org . October 17, 2018.
  45. Gikow, p. 231.
  46. Book: Spinney . Carroll . Milligan . Jason . Illustrated by Caroll Spinney . The Wisdom of Big Bird (and the Dark Genius of Oscar the Grouch): A Life in Feathers . 2003 . Random House . New York . 0-375-50781-7 . 62 .
  47. Davis, p. 246.
  48. Web site: David Rudman . Sesame Workshop.org . August 6, 2019.
  49. News: The Voices Behind the 'Sesame Street' Puppets: David Rudman . August 22, 2019 . ABC News.com.
  50. Web site: Cookie Monster . Sesame Workshop.com . August 24, 2019.
  51. News: The Voices Behind the 'Sesame Street' Puppets: Jerry Nelson . August 22, 2019 . ABC News.com.
  52. Davis, p. 239.
  53. Web site: Countess. February 8, 2015. Sesame Street.org.
  54. Gikow, p. 134
  55. Gikow, p. 164
  56. Web site: Curly Bear. Sesame Street.org. February 8, 2015.
  57. News: Puppeteer Loved to 'Rock'. Howard. Brendan. August 20, 2006. Home Media Magazine. February 8, 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141208011441/http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/puppeteer-loved-rock-9543. December 8, 2014. mdy-all.
  58. Gikow, p. 104.
  59. News: Selk . Avi . Trump wants to defund PBS. 'Sesame Street' brutally parodied him for decades. . August 12, 2019 . The Washington Post . March 21, 2017.
  60. News: Donald Trump becomes a Muppet, Donald Grump. February 11, 2005. CBC News. August 12, 2019.
  61. Clash, p. 2.
  62. Davis, p. 285
  63. News: Hicks: Elmo may be back in business. Hicks. Tony. April 2, 2013. San Jose Mercury News. April 12, 2019.
  64. Web site: Ryan Dillon . Sesame Workshop.org . August 12, 2019.
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