Plácida Espinoza Explained

Plácida Espinoza
Office:Senator for Oruro
1Namedata:Marcelino Arancibia
Term Start:18 January 2015
Term End:3 November 2020
Predecessor:Mario Choque
Successor:Vania Rocha
Birth Name:Plácida Espinoza Mamani
Birth Date:5 October 1948
Birth Place:Chachacomani, Oruro, Bolivia
Party:Movement for Socialism
Signature:(Signature) Plácida Espinoza.svg
Signature Alt:Cursive signature in ink

Plácida Espinoza Mamani (born 5 October 1948) is a Bolivian educator, politician, and trade unionist who served as senator for Oruro from 2015 to 2020.

Born into a rural indigenous community in central Oruro's Carangas Province, Espinoza began her professional career in the field of education, working as a schoolteacher and administrator and serving on her local school board. During this time, she began participating in her region's trade syndicates, holding positions within regular workers' unions before joining the women-specific Bartolina Sisa Federation.

An ethnic Aymara, Espinoza started taking up positions of traditional authority at a time when such posts began regaining their importance within native society. Through her marriage with a local indigenous leader, she assumed titles of local and regional importance, be it in the ayllu, the marka, or the suyu. This, coupled with her union roles, opened the door to politics, given the organic alliance formed between indigenous, peasant, and syndical organizations with the powerful Movement for Socialism. In 2014, Espinoza was elected as a senator for the party.

Early life and career

Early life and education

Plácida Espinoza was born on 5 October 1948 in Chachacomani, a minor hamlet nestled in the northern Altiplano Plateau of central Oruro. The town, according to Aymara indigenous custom, is situated in the Mallcunaca Ayllu, a subdivision of the Corque Marka in the Jach'a Karangas Suyu—a region roughly corresponding to the borders of Oruro's Carangas Province.

Although raised in rural poverty at a time of particular social exclusion for women, Espinoza nonetheless managed to attain an education and prospered academically. She completed her primary schooling and initiated secondary at the Aniceto Arce and José Trifiro schools in the town of Corque before then moving to Oruro, where she attended the Marcos Beltrán Ávila Educational Unit, finally finishing out her secondary studies at the Antofagasta Lyceum. After that, Espinoza moved to Sucre, where she graduated as a teacher from the . In addition, she holds a postgraduate degree in education from the Higher Institute of Rural Education and completed specialization courses in media coverage at the Bolivian Catholic University's in Tiwanaku.[1]

Returning to Corque, Espinoza worked as a professor at her former primary school, Aniceto Arce, an institute she later came to direct; she would also go on to teach at the Children of the Sun Educational Unit in Oruro. Espinoza's work in education opened paths for a career in civil service; she took jobs as a municipal agent and held a seat on her local school board, later serving as president of the Aymara Educational Council of La Paz in the early 2000s.

Unionism and indigenous leadership

Nearing the turn of the century, Espinoza began playing an active role in her region's trade syndicates, which had increasingly begun promoting the entry of women and the peasantry into their ranks. She served as secretary of indigenous peoples within the Unified Syndical Federation of Rural Workers of Oruro from 1992 to 1994, simultaneously holding a seat on the directorate of the Carangas Provincial Workers' Center between 1993 and 1994. Later, she joined the Bartolina Sisa Peasant Women's Federation, where she served as secretary of international relations. In 2010, Espinoza founded her own branch of the organization in the Ravelo Municipality of Chayanta, during which time she held a seat and the vice presidency of the Constituent Assembly charged with drafting the locality's organic charter.

During this time, Espinoza also assumed positions of traditional authority within her Aymara community, reflecting the revaluation of indigenous customs that had begun taking place around this period. By 1984, she had reached the position of assistant corregidor, serving as an aid to the most important political leader within the ayllus. Her highest positions, however, were inherited through her marriage with Luciano Álvarez Galvan, a local traditional leader.[2] [3] Espinoza followed Álvarez's rise through the ranks of Aymara leadership, starting out with the title of mama awatiri of the Mallcunaca Ayllu before much later becoming mama t'alla of the Corque Marka between 2012 and 2013 and, finally, apu mama t'alla of the Jach'a Karangas Suyu from 2013 to 2015—titles denoting the maximum female indigenous authority within each respective polity.

Chamber of Senators

Election

By 2014, Espinoza had been active in promoting self-government for Corque through its conversion from a municipality into an .[4] The established alliance between indigenous and peasant advocacy groups with the ruling Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP) provided an opening for her to contest public office in that year's general election. She was nominated for a seat in the Chamber of Senators, a position she won despite her less advantageous placement at the bottom of the party's electoral list, a product of the MAS's sweep over nearly the entirety of Oruro's parliamentary delegation that cycle.[5] [6]

Tenure

Sworn in at the beginning of 2015,[7] Espinoza joined other newly inaugurated female legislators in composing the largest caucus of peasant and indigenous women ever elected in Bolivian history. In a legislature noted for its historic number of young people,[8] Espinoza stood out as one of the body's seniormost members, one of just a handful born before the National Revolution of 1952. Her tenure focused mainly on the rights of indigenous peoples, be it through the procurement of their political autonomy,[9] preservation of their cultural artifacts,[10] or promotion of historical traditions and folklore.[11] At the end of her term, Espinoza was not nominated for reelection,[12] [13] reflecting the MAS's general disinterest in developing long political careers for the party's elected legislators in favor of promoting the incorporation of new faces in parliament.

Commission assignments

Electoral history

Year! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2
OfficePartyVotesResult.
Total%.
2014SenatorMovement for Socialism166,36066.42%1st[22]
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ Electoral Atlas

Publications

References

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Plácida Espinoza Mamani . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20191116230140/https://web.senado.gob.bo/senadoras-es/plácida-espinoza-mamani . 2019-11-16 . 2023-02-18 . web.senado.gob.bo . . es . La Paz.
  2. News: 2014-02-11 . Ofrenda de una mesa dulce fue el principal ritual interreligioso . es . A sweet table offering was the main interreligious ritual . 4 . . Oruro . live . registration . 2023-02-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218070152/https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/172942/ofrenda-de-una-mesa-dulce-fue-el-principal-ritual-interreligioso . 2023-02-18.
  3. Web site: Mayta . Favio . 2014-06-13 . Se inauguró escuela de capacitación y formación en Jach'a Karangas . Training school was inaugurated in Jach'a Karangas . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210413100423/https://cipca.org.bo/noticias/se-inauguro-escuela-de-capacitacion-y-formacion-en-jacha-carangas . 2021-04-13 . 2023-02-19 . cipca.org . . es . La Paz.
  4. News: 2016-07-10 . Mujeres en la construcción de la autonomía indígena originaria de Corque Marka . es . Women in the construction of the native indigenous autonomy of Corque Marka . 3 . . Oruro . live . registration . 2023-02-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230219213609/https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/261770 . 2023-02-19.
  5. News: 2014-07-16 . Candidatos a diputados y senadores por Oruro . es . Candidates for Chamber of Deputies in Senate in Oruro . 5 . . Oruro . live . registration . 2023-02-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218070239/https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/189018/candidatos-a-diputados-y-senadores-por-oruro . 2023-02-18.
  6. News: 2014-12-20 . MAS tendrá supremacía en la brigada parlamentaria . es . MAS will hold supremacy in the parliamentary delegation . 3 . . Oruro . live . registration . 2023-02-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230219225709/https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/205594/mas-tendra-supremacia-en-la-brigada-parlamentaria . 2023-02-19.
  7. News: Condori . Betty . 2015-01-18 . Parlamentarios electos juran a sus cargos para la nueva legislatura . es . Parliamentarians-elect are sworn into the new legislature . . Cochabamba . live . 2022-09-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220116024959/https://www.opinion.com.bo/articulo/el-pais/parlamentarios-electos-juran-cargos-nueva-legislatura/20150118143200510834.html . 2022-01-16.
  8. News: 2014-12-08 . El parlamento más joven en la historia de Bolivia: Nuevos legisladores alcanzan 42 años en promedio de edad . es . The youngest parliament in the history of Bolivia: New legislators reach 42 years on average . . La Paz . Santa Cruz de la Sierra . live . 2023-02-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230219233412/https://eju.tv/2014/12/el-parlamento-ms-joven-en-la-historia-de-bolivia-nuevos-legisladores-alcanzan-42-aos-en-promedio-de-edad/ . 2023-02-19 . eju!.
  9. News: 2015-06-14 . Autoridades comprometen apoyo a proceso autonómico de Corque . es . Authorities commit to supporting Corque's autonomous process . 5 . . Oruro . live . registration . 2023-02-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230219235113/https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/223365/autoridades-comprometen-apoyo-a-proceso-autonomico-de-corque . 2023-02-19.
  10. News: 2015-12-01 . Pretenden preservar y catalogar símbolos de los pueblos indígenas . es . Bill intends to preserve and catalog symbols of indigenous peoples . 4 . . Oruro . live . registration . 2023-02-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230219235046/https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/240729/pretenden-preservar-y-catalogar-simbolos-de-los-pueblos-indigenas . 2023-02-19.
  11. News: 2018-08-28 . Tinkus Tolkas recibió reconocimiento por 37 años siendo parte del Carnaval . es . Tinkus Tolkas received recognition for 37 years as part of Carnival . 7 . . Oruro . live . registration . 2023-02-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230219235056/https://impresa.lapatria.bo/noticia/329188/tinkus-tolkas-recibio-reconocimiento-por-37-anos-siendo-parte-del-carnaval . 2023-02-19.
  12. Web site: 2019 . Lista Final de Candidaturas Habilitadas de las Organizaciones Políticas y Alianzas: Movimiento al Socialismo . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220301191539/https://www.oep.org.bo/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Candidaturas_Finales_MAS_IPSP_EG_2019.pdf . 2022-03-01 . 2022-12-20 . oep.org.bo . . es . La Paz.
  13. Web site: 2020 . Lista Final de Candidaturas Habilitadas de las Organizaciones Políticas y Alianzas: Movimiento al Socialismo . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124023531/https://www.oep.org.bo/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Candidaturas_Habilitadas_MAS-IPSP_17_10_20.pdf . 2022-11-24 . 2022-12-20 . oep.org.bo . . es . La Paz.
  14. 1197228256988221441. SenadoBolivia. La Cámara de Senadores modificó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2019–2020. Chamber of Senators. 2019-11-20. 2022-12-26. es. La Paz. https://web.archive.org/web/20191120190346/https://twitter.com/SenadoBolivia/status/1197228256988221441. 2019-11-20. live.
  15. Web site: 2019-01-24 . La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2019–2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191117030346/https://web.senado.gob.bo/prensa/noticias/senado-conforma-comisiones-y-comit%C3%A9s-para-la-legislatura-2019-2020 . 2019-11-17 . 2022-12-26 . web.senado.gob.bo . . es . La Paz.
  16. Web site: 2017-01-31 . La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2017–2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201019091109/https://web.senado.gob.bo/prensa/noticias/senado-conforma-comisiones-y-comit%C3%A9s-por-la-legislatura-2017-%E2%80%93-2018 . 2020-10-19 . 2022-12-26 . web.senado.gob.bo . . es . La Paz.
  17. 1222548585637666818. SenadoBolivia. La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2020. Chamber of Senators. 2020-01-29. 2022-12-26. es. La Paz. https://web.archive.org/web/20201019033346/https://twitter.com/SenadoBolivia/status/1222548585637666818. 2020-10-19. live.
    • 1270910819002441728. SenadoBolivia. La Cámara de Senadores modificó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2020. Chamber of Senators. 2020-06-10. 2023-02-20. es. La Paz. https://web.archive.org/web/20200611025242/https://twitter.com/SenadoBolivia/status/1270910819002441728. 2020-06-11. live.
  18. Web site: 2015-01-28 . La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2015–2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150726212311/http://www.senado.bo/noticia/senado_conforma_comisiones_y_comites_legislatura_2015__2016 . 2015-07-26 . 2022-12-26 . senado.bo . . es . La Paz.
  19. Web site: 2018-01-19 . La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2018–2019 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180120044358/http://senado.gob.bo/prensa/noticias/senado-posesiona-su-directiva-camaral-para-la-gesti%C3%B3n-2018-2019-y-conforma . 2018-01-20 . 2022-12-26 . senado.bo . . es . La Paz.
  20. Web site: 2016-02-02 . La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2016–2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191117013558/https://web.senado.gob.bo/prensa/noticias/senado-conforma-comisiones-y-comit%C3%A9s-para-la-legislatura-2016-2017 . 2019-11-17 . 2022-12-26 . web.senado.gob.bo . . es . La Paz.
  21. Web site: 2016-03-10 . La Cámara de Senadores conformó su Comisión de Ética y Transparencia: Gestión Legislativa 2016–2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191117021731/https://web.senado.gob.bo/prensa/noticias/senado-posesiona-miembros-de-la-comisi%C3%B3n-de-%C3%A9tica-y-transparencia-del-bloque-mayor%C3%ADa . 2019-11-17 . 2023-02-16 . web.senado.gob.bo . . es . La Paz.
  22. Web site: Elecciones Generales 2014 Atlas Electoral . live . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/IgBjI . 2023-01-31 . 5 June 2022 . atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo . . es . La Paz.

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