Pit bull explained

Pit bull
Country:United States

Pit bull is an umbrella term for several types of dog believed to have descended from bull and terriers. In the United States, the term is usually considered to include the American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, American Bully, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, and sometimes the American Bulldog, along with any crossbred dog that shares certain physical characteristics with these breeds. In other countries, including the United Kingdom, the term is used as an abbreviation of the American Pit Bull Terrier breed specifically, while the Staffordshire Bull Terrier is not considered a pit bull. Most pit bull–type dogs descend from the British bull and terrier, a 19th-century dog-fighting type developed from crosses between the Old English Bulldog and the Old English Terrier.

Pit bull–type dogs have a controversial reputation as pets internationally, due to their history in dog fighting,[1] the number of high-profile attacks documented in the media over decades, and their proclivity to latching on while biting. Proponents of the type and advocates of regulation have engaged in a highly contentious nature-versus-nurture debate over whether aggressive tendencies in pit bulls may be appropriately attributed to owners' poor care for and competency to handle the dog or inherent qualities owing to their breeding for fighting purposes.[2] Numerous advocacy organizations have been created in defense of the pit bull, usually led by pit bull owners. While some studies have argued that the type is not disproportionately dangerous, offering competing interpretations on dog bite statistics, independent organizations have published statistics based on hospital records showing pit bulls are responsible for more than half of dog bite incidents among all breeds despite comprising only 6% of pet dogs.[3] [4] Some insurance companies will not cover pit bulls (along with Rottweilers and wolf hybrids) because these particular dogs cause a disproportionate rate of bite incidents.[5] Dog bite severity varies by the breed of dog, and studies have found that pit bull–type dogs have both a high rate of reported bites and a high rate of severe injuries, compared to other non–pit bull–type dogs.[6] [7]

Pit bull–type dogs are extensively used in the United States for dogfighting, a practice that has continued despite being outlawed. Several nations and jurisdictions restrict the ownership of pit bull–type dogs through breed-specific legislation. A pro–pit bull lobby exists that spends millions of dollars a year promoting pit bulls as family pets, funding pro-pit bull researchers, and opposing laws that regulate their ownership.[4]

History

The term has been used since at least the early 20th century.[8] It is believed all dogs that are now classified as pit bulls descend from the British bull-and-terrier, which were first imported into North America in the 1870s. The bull-and-terrier was a breed of dog developed in the United Kingdom in the early 19th century for the blood sports of dog fighting and rat baiting. It was created by crossing the ferocious, thickly muscled Old English Bulldog with the agile, lithe, feisty Black and Tan Terrier. The aggressive Old English Bulldog, which was bred for bear and bull baiting, was often also pitted against its own kind in organised dog fights, but it was found that lighter, faster dogs were better suited to dogfighting than the heavier Bulldog. To produce a lighter, faster, more agile dog that retained the courage and tenacity of the Bulldog, outcrosses from local terriers were tried, and ultimately found to be successful.

As it was in the UK, dog fighting became a popular pastime in 19th century America and bull-and-terriers were imported to the New World to pursue the blood sport. In the United States, organised dog fights have been progressively outlawed in various states since 1874, culminating in federal legislation criminalising animal fighting in 2007.

In the 1890s breeders of American pit bull–type dogs attempted to have their dogs recognised by the American Kennel Club, but because of the type's association with dogfighting, the club rejected these entreaties. Following this rejection, in 1898 breeders of American Pit Bull Terriers established a rival kennel club, the United Kennel Club. In addition to being a breed registry, the United Kennel Club also regulated dogfights. In the 1930s the American Kennel Club was faced with a dilemma: whilst not wishing to condone dogfighting, there was a desire to recognise a uniquely American dog breed for which over 30 years of breed records existed. The solution was to recognise Pit Bull Terriers under a different name and prohibit these dogs from being used in organised fights, and in 1935 the American Kennel Club recognised Pit Bull Terriers as Staffordshire Terriers.

The name "Staffordshire Bull Terrier" was first used in Britain in 1930 in advertisements for bull-and-terrier-type dogs. Organised dog fighting had been effectively eliminated in the United Kingdom by the Protection of Animals Act 1911, but devotees of the bull-and-terrier type continued to breed these dogs, predominantly in England's Black Country. Throughout the early 1930s attempts were made in England to gain recognition for these dogs with The Kennel Club; these efforts were successful in 1935. In order to avoid confusion with the British breed, in 1972 the American Kennel Club changed the name of their American breed to the American Staffordshire Terrier.

Despite criminalisation, illegal fights using pit bull–type dogs have continued to be widespread in the United States. In the 1990s in that country it was estimated 1,500 dogs died annually in organised fights, and by the mid-2000s it was estimated over 40,000 people were involved in the illegal blood sport. Pit bull–type dogs are also used by criminal organisations to guard illegal narcotics, and to intimidate and attack civilians, other criminals and police, the type becoming a status symbol in American gang culture.[9] [10] On the other side of the law, pit bull–type dogs have been used by U.S. Customs and Border Protection as drug detection dogs.[11] [12]

There is a lobby of animal rights groups that are spending millions of dollars to try to rebrand pit bulls as family dogs.[13] In efforts to counter negative perceptions about pit bull–type dogs, both the San Francisco Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the New York City Center for Animal Care and Control have unsuccessfully attempted to rename the type.[14] [15]

Identification

Studies have found that when people involved in dog rescue, adoption, and regulation identify the breed of a dog of mixed parentage, this identification did not always correlate with the DNA analysis of that dog.[16] [17] [18] Mixed-breed dogs are often labeled as pit bulls if they have certain physical characteristics, such as a square-shaped head or bulky body type.[19] However, courts have also found that scientific precision is not required when determining breed and that a dog owner of ordinary intelligence can identify a pit bull.[20]

Dog attack and death risk

See also: Dog bite and List of fatal dog attacks.

A 2000 joint review project between researchers in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) found the data indicated that Rottweilers and pit bull–type dogs accounted for 67% of human dog bite-related fatalities in the United States between 1997 and 1998, and followed with "It is extremely unlikely that they accounted for anywhere near 60% of dogs in the United States during that same period and, thus, there appears to be a breed-specific problem with fatalities." Pit bull–type dogs were identified in approximately one-third of dog bite-related fatalities in the United States between 1981 and 1992. The review notes that studies on dog bite-related fatalities which collect information by surveying news reports are subject to potential errors, as some fatal attacks may not have been reported, a study might not find all relevant news reports, and the dog breed might be misidentified.[21] However, after 2000 the CDC stopped tracking dog bites, and in 2001, Julie Gilchrist, a CDC pediatrician and epidemiologist, stated that part of the reason the CDC stopped collecting dog bite data was because "making meaningful analysis [of the data][was] nearly impossible".[22]

In a 2021 review of 19 retrospective dog bite studies from U.S. Level I trauma centers, pit bulls were found to inflict a higher prevalence and severity of injuries compared with other breeds.[23] A 2020 literature review in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found that from 1971 to 2018 of all pure breed dogs in the United States, pit bull–type breeds were second, behind the German Shepherd, and ahead of Labradors, Chow Chows, and Rottweilers (in that order) for the most bites severe enough to require hospital treatment. The study found that the proportion of bites caused by German Shepherds decreased by 0.63 percent per year over that time interval while the proportion caused by pit bulls increased by 1.17 percent per year. The pit bull proportion of dog bites increased more slowly in Denver, Colorado, where breed-specific legislation had been in place.

In a 2014 literature review of dog bite studies, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) argues that breed is a poor sole predictor of dog bites. According to the AVMA, controlled studies have not identified pit bulls as disproportionately dangerous, but other studies have found that, compared with other dog breeds, pit bulls were more likely to inflict complex injuries, are more likely to attack unprovoked, and are more likely to go off property to do so.[24] Pit bull–type dogs are more frequently identified with cases involving very severe injuries or fatalities than other breeds, but a 2007 study suggested this may relate to the popularity of the breed, noting that sled dogs, such as Siberian Huskies, were involved in a majority of fatal dog attacks in some areas of Canada.[25] Bite statistics by breed are no longer tracked by the CDC,[26] and are discouraged by the AVMA[27] and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA).[28]

Pit bulls were originally developed from dogs that were bred for bull baiting and dog fighting. Pit bull attacks are often perceived as taking place "without warning", possibly due to the type's fighting heritage, as fighting dogs that do not signal aggression may do better in the ring.[29] However, recent research suggests that this perception may reflect a lack of knowledge of dog body-language, and owners' over-confidence in their ability to interpret those signs.[30] In fighting with dogs of other breeds, pit bulls, German Shepherds, Great Danes and Rottweilers were often the aggressor, and more than twenty percent of studied Akitas, Jack Russell Terriers and pit bulls displayed serious aggression towards other dogs.[31] Although there may be a connection between breed of dog and aggression towards humans, the difficulty of classifying dog attacks by specific breed after the fact has made this point controversial and debated.[32] Violent interactions between humans and canines have been studied by the U.S. government,[33] notably the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),[34] as well as academic veterinary researchers. The interpretation of these studies, breed identification and relevance[35] issues, and variable circumstances have given rise to intense controversy.[36] [37] Additionally, researchers on both sides of the pit bull debate rarely disclose when they are being funded by lobbyists, leading to a risk that the scientific literature on pit bulls has been influenced by money.[38]

Pit bulls are known for their tenacity and refusal to release a bite, even in the face of great pain. A popular myth mischaracterized pit bulls as having "locking jaws."[39] The refusal to let go is a behavioral, not physiological trait, and there is no locking mechanism in a pit bull's jaws.[40] Pit bull–type dogs, like other terriers, hunting and bull-baiting breeds,[41] can exhibit a bite, hold, and shake behavior and at times refuse to release.[42] [43] [44] Pit bulls also have wide skulls, well-developed facial muscles, and strong jaws, and some research suggests that pit bull bites are particularly serious because they tend to bite deeply and grind their molars into tissue.[45] [46] Breaking an ammonia ampule and holding it up to the dog's nose can cause the dog to release its hold.

In animal shelters

Many people consider pit bulls undesirable, making it harder for animal shelters to adopt them out.[47] Surveys have found that animal shelter workers intentionally misidentify pit bulls to improve their adoption rates, or to avoid euthanizing them in jurisdictions where they are banned. Animal advocates recommend that shelters stop labeling breeds to improve pit bull adoption rates.[47] Pit bulls also have higher rates of unsuccessful adoptions, and are more likely than other kinds of dogs to be returned to a shelter multiple times and eventually euthanized.[47] Whether pit bull adoptions fail more often than other types of dog due to breed behavioral traits, or due to public stigma, is not known, but in general the most common reasons why shelter dog adoptions fail are behavioral problems or incompatibility with the adopter's existing pets.[47]

Breed-specific legislation

See main article: Breed-specific legislation.

Widely reported pit bull attacks have resulted in the enactment of breed-specific legislation (BSL) in several jurisdictions. In two cases, breed-specific bans have been reversed by city councils.[48] [49]

Breed-specific legislation has been largely found to be ineffective at reducing the number of dog attacks.[50] Research has indicated that there is resistance by those who work in the adoption industry, applying a sharper distinction before allowing a dog to be labelled as a pit bull, as well as objections from veterinarians.[51] [52] [53]

Many of the jurisdictions that restrict pit bulls apply their restriction to the modern American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, and any other dog that has the substantial physical characteristics and appearance of those breeds, such as the Canadian province of Ontario.[54] Denver, Colorado lifted its longstanding ban on the breed in 2021 following a referendum that voted to repeal the ban.[55]

However, a few jurisdictions, such as Singapore,[56] also classify the modern American Bulldog as a "pit bull–type dog".

Courts in the United States[57] [58] and Canada[59] [60] have ruled that expert identification, when using published breed standards, is sufficient for the enforcement of breed-specific legislation.

Debates often center on whether apparent aggressive tendencies are the result of poor dog ownership or natural behaviors of the breed.

In England and Wales, the Dangerous Dogs Act of 1991 prohibits the ownership of American Pit Bull Terriers, along with three other breeds; the Act also bans the breeding, sale and exchange of these dogs.[61] Similar legislation exists in Australia. Under Irish law, American Pit Bull Terriers must be led by someone at least 16 years of age, kept on a short strong lead, be muzzled, and wear a collar bearing the name and address of their owner in public at all times.[62] In Germany the importation of pit bulls is banned.[63]

Despite being a banned breed, in 2023 there were 3,316 registered pit bull–type dogs in England and Wales, an increase over the 2,323 that were registered ten years earlier. The dogs are permitted under a system of exemptions that are contingent on owners complying with special rules, such as muzzling them in public and having liability insurance.[64]

Commercial restrictions

Liability insurance

Dog owners in the United States can be held legally liable for injuries inflicted or caused by their dogs. In general, owners are considered liable if they were unreasonably careless in handling or restraining the dog, or if they knew beforehand that the dog had a tendency to cause injury (e.g., bite); however, dog owners are automatically considered liable if local laws hold an owner strictly liable for all damage caused by their dog, regardless of carelessness or foreknowledge of a dog's tendencies. Homeowners and renters insurance policies typically provide liability coverage from US$100,000–300,000 for injuries inflicted by dogs;[65] however, some insurance companies limit their exposure to dog bite liability claims by putting restrictions on dog owners that they insure. These restrictions include refusing to cover dog bites under the insurance policy, increasing insurance rates for homeowners with specific breeds, requiring owners of specific breeds to take special training or have their dogs pass the American Kennel Club Canine Good Citizen test,[66] requiring owners to restrict their dogs with muzzles, chains, or enclosures, and refusing to write policies for homeowners or renters who have specific breeds of dogs.

Owners of rental properties may also be held liable if they knew an aggressive dog was living on their property and they did nothing to ensure the safety of other tenants at the property; as a result, many rental properties forbid pit bull–type dogs and any other breeds if the rental property's insurance will not cover damage inflicted by that type of dog. The dog breeds most often not covered by insurance companies include pit bull–type dogs, Rottweilers, German Shepherd Dogs, Doberman Pinschers, Akitas (Akita Inu and American Akitas), and Chow Chows.[67]

In 2013, Farmers Insurance notified policyholders in California that it will no longer cover bites by pit bulls, Rottweilers and wolf-dog hybrids. A spokeswoman for Farmers said that those groups account for more than a quarter of the agency's dog bite claims.[5]

Air carrier restrictions

The following table has a sampling of air carrier embargoes on pit bulls.

AirlineReasonDetails
Air FranceSafetyCategory 1 dogs, as defined by the French Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, are not permitted for transport in the cabin, or as baggage or cargo. These so-called "attack dogs" do not belong to a particular breed, but are similar in morphology to the following: Staffordshire Bull Terriers or American Staffordshire Terriers (pit bulls), Mastiffs and Tosas.[68]
Delta Air LinesSafety"We have determined that untrained, pit bull–type dogs posing as both service and support animals are a potential safety risk", the airline said.[69]

Notable pit bulls

As a symbol

Owning dogs like pit bulls and Rottweilers can be seen as a symbol of power or status symbol.[82] Pit bulls have been cultural symbols in "urban ghettos" and a part of hip hop culture.[83] [84] According to the Anti-Defamation League, pit bulls have been adopted as a hate symbol by racist skinheads.[85] The White supremacist group Keystone State Skinheads have used a specific graphic of a pit bull as their logo.

Pit bulls have appeared in American World War I propaganda.[86]

Pit bulls have appeared in the logos of Brown Shoe Company and Lagunitas Brewing Company.[87] [88] The above-mentioned Nipper appeared in the logo of RCA and HMV.[89] [90]

In 2005, two American lawyers used a pit bull logo and the phone number 1-800-PIT-BULL in a television advertisement to convey that they were "especially fierce litigators". The Supreme Court of Florida ruled that this use was in breach of Florida Bar advertising rules.[91] [92]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2016-07-03. The Most Feared Dogs May Also Be the Most Misunderstood. 2020-08-15. National Geographic News. en. July 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200715182806/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/07/pit-bull-ban-aggressive-dog-breed-bronwen-dickey/. dead.
  2. Web site: Glazebrook. Louise. 2016-04-13. What makes an animal dangerous? The nature v nurture debate in dogs. 2020-08-15. BBC Newsbeat. en-GB. October 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191014025355/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/36038438/what-makes-an-animal-dangerous-the-nature-v-nurture-debate-in-dogs. live.
  3. The Problem With Pit Bulls. 2020-08-20. Time. May 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200513130829/https://time.com/2891180/kfc-and-the-pit-bull-attack-of-a-little-girl/. live.
  4. Book: Coile . D. Caroline . Pit Bulls for Dummies . 2021 . John Wiley and Sons . 978-1119720904 . 2nd ed., Kindle .
  5. Gephardt, Bill. Some dog breeds too risky for insurance companies. KSL.com, May 8, 2013
  6. Essig . Garth F. . Sheehan . Cameron . Dog bite injuries to the face: Is there risk with breed ownership? A systematic review with meta-analysis . International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology . February 2019 . 117 . 182–188 . 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.11.028 . 30579079 . 57740754 . 23 February 2022 . 0165-5876 .
  7. Taylor . Jeffrey Q. . Krieger . Rachel . Pediatric Dog Bites to the Face May Have Been Less Severe During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study . Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery . January 13, 2023 . 81 . 5 . 575–582 . 10.1016/j.joms.2022.12.018. 36646135 . 9838755 .
  8. Web site: The Dog fancier v.12 1903 . The Dog fancier . 28 . 1903.
  9. News: Cook. Frank. Pit bulls becoming drug dealers weapon of preference. June 29, 1987. United Press International. December 21, 2019. December 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191221182621/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/06/29/Pit-bulls-becoming-drug-dealers-weapon-of-preference/6208551937600/. live.
  10. News: Al . Baker . Mathew R. . Warren . Shooting highlights the risks dogs pose to police, and vice versa . July 9, 2009 . New York, NY . . January 7, 2010 . November 16, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121116022218/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/10/nyregion/10pitbull.html . live .
  11. October 2002 . Cool K-9 Popsicle retires . U.S. Customs Today . 38 .
    1. 10
    . August 7, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111024001344/http://www.cbp.gov/xp/CustomsToday/2002/October/k9.xml . October 24, 2011.
  12. News: Adrienne Mand . Lewin . Protecting the Nation — One Sniff at a Time . October 12, 2005 . . February 2, 2009 . March 22, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070322183804/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Terrorism/story?id=1200304&page=1 . live .
  13. News: The Fifth Estate: Pitbulls Unleashed . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/iFa8HOdegZA. 2021-10-30. 10 March 2021 . 2017.
  14. News: George . Cothran . Shouldn't we just kill this dog? . June 11, 1997 . San Francisco, CA . . September 4, 2009 . February 9, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120209215548/http://www.sfweekly.com/1997-06-11/news/shouldn-t-we-just-kill-this-dog/ . live .
  15. News: Clyde . Haberman . NYC; Rebrand Fido? An idea best put down . January 13, 2004 . New York, NY . . September 4, 2009 . May 21, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130521175511/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/13/nyregion/nyc-rebrand-fido-an-idea-best-put-down.html . live .
  16. Inconsistent identification of pit bull–type dogs by shelter staff. The Veterinary Journal. 206. 197–202. Olson. K.R.. 2015. 2. 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.019. 26403955. free.
  17. Rethinking dog breed identification in veterinary practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 241. 1163–1166. Simpson. Robert John. 2012. 9. 10.2460/javma.241.9.1163. 23078561. free.
  18. A canine identity crisis: Genetic breed heritage testing of shelter dogs. PLOS ONE. 13. Gunter. Lisa M.. 2018. 8. e0202633. 10.1371/journal.pone.0202633. 30138476. 6107223. 2018PLoSO..1302633G. free.
  19. Irrationality Unleashed: The Pitfalls of Breed-Specific Legislation. UMKC Law Review. 78. 839. Swann. Kristen E. August 20, 2020. March 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190326163501/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fumkc78&div=32&id=&page=. live. subscription.
  20. Web site: Lynn. Colleen. Who Can Identify a Pit Bull? A Dog Owner of 'Ordinary Intelligence' Say the High Courts. DogsBite Blog. 2023-04-06. 2015-08-31.
  21. Web site: Sacks . Jeffrey J. . Sinclair . Leslie . Gilchrist . Julie . Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . https://web.archive.org/web/20151116130816/http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/images/dogbreeds-a.pdf . November 16, 2015 . September 15, 2000 . dead.
  22. Web site: The dangerous dog debate | American Veterinary Medical Association. November 2017 .
  23. Analysis of Pediatric Dog Bite Injuries at a Level 1 Trauma Center over 10 Years. 34100808. 2021. Reuter Muñoz. K. D.. Powell. L. E.. Andersen. E. S.. Nye. A. D.. Powers. J. M.. Rhodes. J.. Pozez. A. L.. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 86. 6S Suppl 5. S510–S516. 10.1097/SAP.0000000000002928. 235368825.
  24. Dog-Bite Injuries to the Craniofacial Region: An Epidemiologic and Pattern-of-Injury Review at a Level 1 Trauma Center. 31816277. 2020. Khan. K.. Horswell. B. B.. Samanta. D.. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery . 78. 3. 401–413. 10.1016/j.joms.2019.11.002. 209167886.
  25. Raghavan M. Fatal dog attacks in Canada, 1990–2007. Can Vet J. 2008;49:577–581
  26. Web site: The dangerous dog debate . July 12, 2019 . 2017 . R. Scott . Nolen . October 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191019112118/https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/171115a.aspx . live .
  27. Web site: A community approach to dog bite prevention . . 218 . 11 . June 1, 2001 . 1731–1749 . July 11, 2009.
  28. Web site: ASPCA Policy and Position Statements . July 12, 2019 . June 16, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190616202010/https://www.aspca.org/about-us/aspca-policy-and-position-statements/position-statement-breed-specific-legislation . live .
  29. Bini . John K. . Cohn . Stephen M. . Mortality, Mauling, and Maiming by Vicious Dogs . Annals of Surgery . April 2011 . 253 . 4 . 791–797 . 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318211cd68 . 21475022.
  30. Web site: New research reveals links between dog attacks and misunderstanding of dog behavior .
  31. Duffy . D.L. . Hsu . Yuying . Serpell . James A. . Breed differences in canine aggression . Applied Animal Behaviour Science . 18 April 2008 . 114 . 3–4 . 441–460 . 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006 . 13 September 2020.
  32. Gunter . Lisa M. . Barber . Rebecca T. . Wynne . Clive D.L. . What's in a Name? Effect of Breed Perceptions & Labeling on Attractiveness, Adoptions & Length of Stay for Pit-Bull-Type Dogs . PLOS ONE . 23 March 2016 . 11 . 3 . e0146857 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0146857 . 27008213 . 4805246 . 2016PLoSO..1146857G . free .
  33. Hanna, TL, Selby LA. Characteristics of the human and pet populations in animal bite incidents recorded at two Air Force bases. Public Health Rep. 1981;96:580-584.
  34. Clarke NM. A survey of urban Canadian animal control practices : the effect of enforcement and resourcing on the reported dog bite rate, Master of Science — MSc 2009
  35. Duffy, DL., Hsu, Y. Serpell, JA. Breed differences in canine aggression. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2008;114:441–460.
  36. Roll . A. . Unshelm . J. . Aggressive conflicts amongst dogs and factors affecting them . Applied Animal Behaviour Science . 52 .
    1. 3–4
    . 1997 . 229–242 . 0168-1591 . 10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01125-2.
  37. Web site: Pitbull Myths vs. Fact — Animal Rescuers Without Borders . December 22, 2014 . February 10, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150210041919/http://www.arwob.org/info/file?file=s2148m6372.pdf . live .
  38. Bailey . Chad M. . Hinchcliff . Katharine M. . Moore . Zachary . Pu . Lee L.Q. . Dog Bites in the United States from 1971 to 2018: A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature . Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . November 2020 . 146 . 5 . 1166–1176 . 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007253. 33136964 . 225080998 .
  39. Book: Pit Bulls For Dummies . D. Caroline Coile . April 18, 2011 . John Wiley & Sons . March 31, 2013 . 9781118069370 . August 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200820201310/https://books.google.com/books?id=SnmDjzD5_8cC&pg=PT56 . live .
  40. Web site: Toledo v. Tellings, -REVERSED-, 2006-Ohio-975, ¶25 . Court of Appeals of Ohio, Sixth Appellate District . October 2, 2009 . September 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090916172053/http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/rod/docs/pdf/6/2006/2006-ohio-975.pdf . live .
  41. Web site: The Truth About Pit Bulls . American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals . 2013 . October 22, 2013 . October 22, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131022035047/http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/virtual-pet-behaviorist/dog-behavior/truth-about-pit-bulls . live .
  42. E.M. . Swift . The pit bull: friend and killer . July 27, 1987 . . 67 .
    1. 4
    . December 2, 2009 . November 22, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151122182011/http://www.si.com/vault/1987/07/27/115813/the-pit-bull-friend-and-killer-is-the-pit-bull-a-fine-animal-as-its-admirers-claim-or-is-it-a-vicious-dog-unfit-for-society . live .
  43. Book: Ross D. . Clark . Joan R. . Stainer . H. David . Haynes . Ralph . Buckner . Jacob . Mosier . Art J. . Quinn . Medical & Genetic Aspects of Purebred Dogs . Veterinary Medicine Publishing . . 978-0-9641609-0-3 . 27 . 1983.
  44. Web site: Breaking up a fight . Pit Bull Rescue Central . 2008 . August 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100104114211/http://www.pbrc.net/breakfight.html . January 4, 2010 . dead .
  45. Book: Cherry, James . Feigin and Cherry's textbook of pediatric infectious diseases — Animal and Human Bites, Morven S. Edwards . Elsevier/Saunders . Philadelphia, PA . 2014 . 978-1-4557-1177-2 . the University of Pittsburgh.
  46. Ellis. Jennifer Lynn. Thomason. Jeffrey. Kebreab. Ermias. Zubair. Kasim. France. James. March 2009. Cranial dimensions and forces of biting in the domestic dog. Journal of Anatomy. 214. 3. 362–373. 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01042.x. 19245503. 0021-8782. 2673787.
  47. Powell . Lauren . Reinhard . Chelsea . Characterizing unsuccessful animal adoptions: age and breed predict the likelihood of return, reasons for return and post-return outcomes . Scientific Reports . 2021 . 11 . 1 . 8018 . 10.1038/s41598-021-87649-2 . 33850258 . 8044234 . 2021NatSR..11.8018P .
  48. Web site: Aurora May Lift Citywide Ban On Pit Bulls . cbslocal.com . February 3, 2014 . October 23, 2014 . October 24, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141024024125/http://denver.cbslocal.com/2014/02/03/aurora-may-soon-lift-ban-on-pitbulls/ . live .
  49. Web site: Roeland Park City Council revisits pit bull ban, in place since the 1980s . Lexi Sutter . KSHB . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141024021314/http://www.kshb.com/lifestyle/pets/roeland-park-city-council-revisits-pit-bull-ban-in-place-since-the-1980s . October 24, 2014.
  50. Web site: Position Statement on Breed-Specific Legislation . The American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior . August 15, 2020 . May 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200527062101/https://avsab.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Breed-Specific_Legislation-download-_8-18-14.pdf . live .
  51. Australian officials to kill pit bulls, other 'dangerous' breeds. Angie. DeRosa. September 29, 2011. Vin.com. October 23, 2014. March 19, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150319194133/http://news.vin.com/VINNews.aspx?articleId=19920. live.
  52. Pit Bulls being sold as Staffy crosses by the RSPCA, Australia . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/giaxUm4pZRc. 2021-10-30. March 14, 2012 . YouTube . ABC News.
  53. Web site: When it comes to pit bulls, animal shelter workers intentionally misidentify . . October 22, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150904071314/http://newsroom.taylorandfrancisgroup.com/news/press-release/pit-bulls-in-animal-shelters . September 4, 2015 . dead . September 2014.
  54. Web site: An Act to amend the Dog Owners' Liability Act to increase public safety in relation to dogs, including pit bulls, and to make related amendments to the Animals for Research Act . Government of Ontario, Canada . August 29, 2005 . July 5, 2010 . July 2, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100702074542/http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90d16_e.htm . live .
  55. Web site: Swanson . Conrad . 2020-11-04 . Denver election results for 2J: Voters repeal city's pit bull ban . 2023-03-17 . The Denver Post . en-US.
  56. Web site: List of Scheduled Dogs . Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore . November 15, 2010 . February 20, 2018 . August 27, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150827031216/http://www.ava.gov.sg/docs/default-source/tools-and-resources/resources-for-businesses/summaryofab_doglicensingcontrol_rules_15nov2010 . dead .
  57. Web site: Toledo v. Tellings, 114 Ohio St.3d 278, 2007-Ohio-3724. . Supreme Court of Ohio . June 29, 2009 . May 12, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090512062527/https://www.sconet.state.oh.us/rod/docs/pdf/0/2007/2007-Ohio-3724.pdf . live .
  58. Web site: Certeriorari — Summary Dispositions (Order List: 552 U.S.) . United States Supreme Court . February 19, 2008 . August 3, 2009 . June 7, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100607043850/http://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/021908pzor.pdf . live .
  59. Web site: Cochrane v. Ontario (Attorney General), 2008 ONCA 718 . Ontario Court of Appeal . October 24, 2008 . July 21, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150904071314/http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/2008/2008onca718/2008onca718.pdf . September 4, 2015.
  60. Web site: Who let the dogs out? . Center for Constitutional Studies, University of Alberta, Canada . June 12, 2009 . July 21, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110614160617/http://www.law.ualberta.ca/centres/ccs/news/?id=310#_edn8 . June 14, 2011 . dead . mdy-all .
  61. Web site: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . Dangerous Dogs Law: Guidance for Enforcers . March 2009 . May 20, 2011 . Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . July 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110704193406/http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/files/dogs-guide-enforcers.pdf . live .
  62. Web site: Control and ownership of dogs. citizensinformation.ie. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190510114404/https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/environment/animal_welfare_and_control/control_of_dogs.html. May 10, 2019.
  63. Web site: Customs online - Dangerous dogs - Dangerous dogs. 2020-07-24. www.zoll.de. July 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190728152318/https://www.zoll.de/EN/Private-individuals/Travel/Entering-Germany/Restrictions/Dangerous-dogs/dangerous-dogs.html. live.
  64. News: Savage . Danny . Green . Ruth . Thousands of banned dogs living at home with owners . 8 February 2024 . BBC.
  65. Web site: Dog Bite Liability . . September 2009 . September 24, 2009 . June 15, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090615052434/http://www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/dogbite/ . live .
  66. Web site: Homeowners Insurance Available to Breeds Previously Excluded with CGC Certification . . October 1, 2004 . February 4, 2009 . September 14, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100914051327/http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=2408 . live .
  67. Web site: Brian . Sodergren . Insurance companies unfairly target specific dog breeds . . August 12, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090707221314/http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/insurance_companies_unfairly_target_specific_dog_breeds.html . July 7, 2009.
  68. Web site: Animals prohibited from traveling — Air France airline . Air France . July 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180726081323/https://www.airfrance.us/US/en/common/guidevoyageur/pratique/animal_interdiction_airfrance.htm . July 26, 2018 . live.
  69. Web site: Delta bans pit bulls as emotional support animals, citing dog attacks . June 22, 2018 . . July 26, 2018 . July 18, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180718090250/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-travel-briefcase-delta-pit-bulls-20180622-story.html . live .
  70. Book: Robinett . Kristy . Tails from the Afterlife: Stories of Signs, Messages & Inspiration from your Animal Companions . 2018 . . 978-0-7387-5571-7 . 14 August 2020 . August 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200820201310/https://books.google.com/books?id=OHpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT15 . live .
  71. News: Richterman . Anita . Problem Line: [ALL EDITIONS 1] - ProQuest ]. 11 September 2022 . Newsday - via ProQuest . 1 September 1987 . en.
  72. Book: Franklin . Deirdre . Lombardi . Linda . The Pit Bull Life: A Dog Lover's Companion . 22 November 2016 . . 978-1-58157-504-0 . en.
  73. Book: Young . Elizabeth . Pet Projects: Animal Fiction and Taxidermy in the Nineteenth-Century Archive . 17 December 2019 . . 978-0-271-08511-1 . 61–62, 236 . 10.1515/9780271085111-004 . 242686493 . en.
  74. Book: Maria Goodavage

    . Goodavage . Maria Goodavage . Maria . Soldier dogs : the untold story of America's canine heroes . 2012 . Penguin . New York . 9781101577103 . 15 . First New American Library . 14 August 2020.

  75. News: Kershaw . Sarah . Here's a short history of the American war dog starring 'Sergeant Stubby,' a canine hero who served during WWI . . 14 August 2020 . en . August 5, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150805073731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/inspired-life/wp/2015/07/03/heres-a-short-history-of-the-american-war-dog-starring-sergeant-stubby-a-canine-hero-who-served-during-wwi/ . live .
  76. Book: Dayan . Colin . Colin Dayan . With Dogs at the Edge of Life . 2016 . Columbia University Press . 978-0-231-16712-3 . Chapter Six. Fable for the End of a Breed. 10.7312/daya16712 . 10.7312/daya16712 .
  77. Book: Dickey . Bronwen . Bronwen Dickey . Pit Bull: The Battle over an American Icon . 2016 . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . 978-0-307-96177-8 . 14 August 2020 . en . August 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200820201312/https://books.google.com/books?id=KNBfCgAAQBAJ . live .
  78. News: Ursch . Blake . NYC street dog, shot in the face, had long journey to loving home . 29 June 2023 . . 29 July 2016 . en.
  79. News: Whispering to Rottweilers, and to C.E.O.'s. The New York Times. October 10, 2009. 2021-02-11. Wallace. Amy.
  80. Web site: Unleashed: RIP to Cesar Millan's beloved companion 'Daddy' the pit bull. Michigan Live. February 23, 2010. 2021-02-11.
  81. Web site: Farewell, Friend: Cesar Millan Says Goodbye to Daddy. People. 2021-02-11.
  82. Book: Nicoll . Kate . Soul Friends: Finding Healing with Animals . 2005 . Dog Ear Publishing . 978-0-9766603-6-1 . 8 . 10 August 2020 . en . August 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200820201326/https://books.google.com/books?id=JluN-HH-8SMC&pg=PA8 . live .
  83. Web site: Linder . Ann . THE BLACK MAN'S DOG: THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF BREED SPECIFIC LEGISLATION . 56 . . 13 April 2023 . 2018 . 1088-8802.
  84. Book: Tarver . Erin C. . The I in Team: Sports Fandom and the Reproduction of Identity . 26 June 2017 . University of Chicago Press . 978-0-226-47027-6 . 166 . en.
  85. Web site: Pit Bull . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200713144753/https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/pit-bull . July 13, 2020 . 10 August 2020 . . en.
  86. News: Lauerman . Kerry . Kerry Lauerman . It's time to stop demonizing pit bulls . 29 June 2023 . . 28 October 2021.
  87. Book: Arluke . Arnold . Arnold Arluke . Bogdan . Robert . Beauty and the Beast: Human-Animal Relations as Revealed in Real Photo Postcards, 1905–1935 . 5 November 2010 . . 978-0-8156-5091-1 . 239 . en.
  88. News: Liu . Cynthia . Lagunitas Brewing Co. says pit bull label proving no dog . 13 April 2023 . . 24 September 2004.
  89. Web site: Text-Only NPR.org : Friend Or Fiend? 'Pit Bull' Explores The History Of America's Most Feared Dog . text.npr.org . . 10 August 2020 . August 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200820201326/https://text.npr.org/s.php?sId=477350069 . live .
  90. Web site: NIPPER' ADVERTISING TRADE MARK FOR HMV, 1940's . . 5 July 2023.
  91. Book: Sandefur . Timothy . The Right to Earn a Living: Economic Freedom and the Law . 2010 . . 978-1-935308-34-8 . 203 . 10 August 2020 . en . August 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200820201327/https://books.google.com/books?id=ILCoQm73UQAC&pg=PA203 . live .
  92. Web site: Blankenship . Gary . Court disciplines lawyers for '1-800 PIT BULL' TV ad . . 10 August 2020 . August 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200820201328/https://www.floridabar.org/the-florida-bar-news/court-disciplines-lawyers-for-1-800-pit-bull-tv-ad/ . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Pit bull".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.