Eastern Air Lines Explained

Airline:Eastern Air Lines
Iata:EA
Icao:EAL
Callsign:EASTERN
Founded:
Frequent Flyer:OnePass
Headquarters:Miami-Dade County, Florida, U.S.

Eastern Air Lines (also colloquially known as Eastern) was a major airline in the United States that operated from 1926 to 1991. Before its dissolution, it was headquartered at Miami International Airport in an unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County, Florida.[1]

Eastern was one of the "Big Four" domestic airlines created by the Spoils Conferences of 1930, and was headed by World War I flying ace Eddie Rickenbacker in its early years. It had a near monopoly in air travel between New York and Florida from the 1930s until the 1950s and dominated this market for decades afterward.

During airline deregulation in the late 1970s and early 1980s, labor disputes and high debt loads strained the company under the leadership of former astronaut Frank Borman.[2] Frank Lorenzo acquired Eastern in 1985 and moved many of its assets to his other airlines, including Continental Airlines and Texas Air Corporation. After continued labor disputes and a crippling strike in 1989, Eastern ran out of money and was liquidated in 1991.[3]

American Airlines obtained many of Eastern's routes from Miami International Airport to Latin America and the Caribbean. Delta Air Lines, Eastern's main competitor at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, acquired many of Eastern's Lockheed L-1011 TriStar aircraft.[4] USAir acquired 11 of Eastern's 25 Boeing 757-225 aircraft.

Eastern pioneered hourly air shuttle services between New York City, Washington, D.C., and Boston in 1961 as the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle. It took over Braniff International's South American routes following Braniff's closure in 1982[5] and served London Gatwick in 1985 via its McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 "Golden Wings" service. Although Eastern announced on its March 2, 1986 timetable that it intended to initiate service to Madrid, effective May 1, 1986, it never commenced. The only scheduled transatlantic service Eastern provided was Miami to London Gatwick, commencing on July 15, 1985, and discontinuing the following year, in 1986, replaced with codeshare flights from Atlanta on British Caledonian Airways.

History

Origins

Eastern Air Lines was a composite of assorted air travel corporations, including Florida Airways and Pitcairn Aviation. In the late 1920s, Pitcairn Aviation won a contract to fly mail between New York City and Atlanta, Georgia on Mailwing single-engine aircraft. In 1929, Clement Keys, the owner of North American Aviation, purchased Pitcairn. In 1930, Keys changed the company's name to Eastern Air Transport. After being purchased by General Motors and experiencing a change in leadership after the Airmail Act of 1934, the airline became known as Eastern Air Lines.[6]

Growth under Rickenbacker

By 1937, Eastern's route system stretched from New York to Washington, Atlanta, and New Orleans, and from Chicago to Miami.[7] In the same year, it operated 20 daily flights and returns, every hour on the hour, between New York and Washington; the flight time was one hour, twenty minutes, one-way.[8]

In 1938, World War I flying ace Eddie Rickenbacker bought Eastern from General Motors. The complex deal was concluded when Rickenbacker together with Sideny Shannon[9] presented Alfred P. Sloan with a certified check for .[10]

Rickenbacker pushed Eastern into a period of growth and innovation; for a time Eastern was the most profitable airline in the post-war era, never needing state subsidy. In the late 1950s Eastern's position was eroded by subsidies to rival airlines and the arrival of the jet age. On October 1, 1959, Rickenbacker's position as CEO was taken over by Malcolm A. MacIntyre, a brilliant lawyer but a man inexperienced in airline operations.'[11] Rickenbacker's ouster was largely due to his reluctance to acquire expensive jets as he underestimated their appeal to the public. A new management team headed by Floyd D. Hall took over on 16 December 1963, and Rickenbacker left his position as director and chairman of the board on December 31, 1963, aged 73.[11]

In 1956, Eastern bought Colonial Airlines, giving the airline its first routes to Canada.[12]

The Jet Age

In November 1959, Eastern Air Lines opened its Chester L. Churchill-designed Terminal 1 at New York City's Idlewild International Airport, later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport. In 1960, Eastern's first jets, Douglas DC-8-21s, started to take over the longer flights, like the non-stops from Chicago and New York City to Miami. The DC-8s were joined in 1962 by the Boeing 720 and in 1964 by the Boeing 727-100, which Eastern (along with American Airlines and United Airlines) had helped Boeing to develop. On February 1, 1964, Eastern was the first airline to fly the 727. Shortly after that, "Captain Eddie" Rickenbacker retired and a new image was adopted, which included the now famous hockey stick design, officially Caribbean Blue over Ionosphere Blue. Eastern was also the first US carrier to fly the Airbus A300[13] and the launch customer for the Boeing 757.[14]

On April 30, 1961, Eastern inaugurated Eastern Air Lines Shuttle. Initially 95-seat Lockheed Constellation 1049s and 1049Cs left New York-LaGuardia every two hours, 8 am to 10 pm, to Washington National and to Boston.[15] Flights soon became hourly, 7 am to 10 pm out of each city. No reservations or tickets were required; passengers could pay their fare in cash on board the flight. If a plane filled up at departure time, another plane was rolled out to carry any extra passengers.

Internationalization began as Eastern opened routes to markets such as Santo Domingo and Nassau, Bahamas. Services from San Juan, Puerto Rico's Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport were expanded. In 1967, Eastern purchased Mackey Airlines, a small air carrier primarily operating in Florida and the Bahamas as part of this expansion. In 1973, Eastern purchased Caribair (Puerto Rico), a small airline based in Puerto Rico which operated McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jets in the Caribbean.[16]

Eastern bought the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar and Airbus A300 widebody jets; the former would become known in the Caribbean as El Grandote (the huge one). Although Eastern had purchased four 747s, the delivery slots were sold to Trans World Airlines (TWA) when Eastern decided to purchase the L-1011.

Due to massive delays in the L-1011 program, mainly due to problems with the Rolls-Royce RB211 engines, Eastern leased two Boeing 747-100s from Pan Am between 1970 and 1972 and operated the aircraft between Chicago and San Juan as well as from New York to Miami and San Juan.

Just before Walt Disney World opened in 1971, Eastern became its "official airline". It remained the official airline of Walt Disney World and sponsored a ride at the Magic Kingdom park (If You Had Wings in Tomorrowland where Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin is currently located) until its contracting route network forced Disney to switch to Delta shortly before Eastern's 1989 bankruptcy filing.

The famous "Wings of Man" campaign in the late 1960s was created by advertising agency Young & Rubicam, and restored Eastern's tarnished image until the late 1970s, when former astronaut Frank Borman became president and it was replaced by a new campaign, "We Have To Earn Our Wings Every Day". The new campaign, which featured Borman as a spokesperson, was used until the mid-to-late 1980s.

Under bankruptcy, Eastern launched a "100 Days" campaign, in which it promised to "become a little bit better every day".

Turmoil

In 1975, Eastern was headquartered at 10 Rockefeller Plaza in Manhattan.[17] After Frank Borman became president of Eastern Air Lines in late 1975, he moved Eastern's headquarters from Rockefeller Center to Miami-Dade County, Florida.[2] [18]

Eastern's massive Atlanta hub was in direct competition with Delta Air Lines, where the two carriers competed heavily to neither's benefit. Delta's less-unionized work force and slowly expanding international route network helped lead it through the turbulent period following deregulation in 1978.

In 1980, a Caribbean hub was started at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (known at the time as "Isla Verde International Airport") near San Juan, Puerto Rico. In 1982, Eastern acquired Braniff's South American route network. By 1985, Eastern was the largest ATA airline in terms of passengers[19] and operated in 26 countries on three continents.

During this era, Eastern's fleet was split between their "silver-colored hockey stick" livery (the lack of paint reduced weight by 100 pounds) and their "white-colored hockey stick" livery (on its Airbus-manufactured planes, which required paint to cover the aircraft's composite skin panels).

In 1983, Eastern became the launch customer of Boeing's 757, which was ordered in 1978. Borman felt that its low cost of operation would make it an invaluable asset to the airline in the years to come. Higher oil prices failed to materialize and the debt created by this purchase coupled with the Airbus A300 purchases in 1977 contributed to the February 1986 sale to Frank Lorenzo's Texas Air. At that time, Eastern was paying over $700,000 in interest each day before they sold a ticket, fueled, or boarded a single aircraft.

Starting about 1985, Eastern offered "Moonlight Specials", with passenger seats on overnight flights scheduled for cargo from thirty freight companies. The flights, which operated between midnight and 7 am, served 18 cities in the United States connecting mainly to Houston (IAH). Eric Schmitt of The New York Times said that the services were "a hybrid of late-night, red-eye flights and the barebones People Express approach to service." The holds of the aircraft were reserved for cargo such as express mail, machine tool parts, and textiles. Because of this, the airline allowed each passenger to take up to two carry-on bags. The airline charged $10 for each checked bag, which was shipped standby. The airline charged between 50 cents and $3 for beverages and snacks. Bunny Duck, an Eastern flight attendant quoted in The New York Times, said that the passengers on the special flights were "a cross section of families, college kids, illegal aliens and weirdos from L.A.".[20]

Eastern began losing money as it faced competition from no-frills airlines, such as People Express, which offered lower fares. In an attempt to differentiate itself from its bargain competitors, Eastern began a marketing campaign stressing its quality of service and its rank of highly experienced pilots.

Sale to Texas Air

Unable to keep up, Borman agreed to the sale of the airline in 1986 to Texas Air, led by Frank Lorenzo, which had already purchased Continental Airlines and lost a bidding war for TWA to Carl Icahn.

In February 1987, the Federal Aviation Administration imposed a $9.5 million fine against Eastern Air Lines for safety violations,[21] which was the largest fine assessed against an airline until American Airlines was fined $24.2 million in 2010.[22] Eastern's FAA violations all occurred prior to the acquisition by Texas Air.

In 1988, Phil Bakes, the president of Eastern Air Lines, announced plans to lay off 4,000 employees and eliminate and reduce service to airports in the Western United States; he said that the airline was going "back to our roots" in the East. At the time, Eastern was the largest corporate employer in the Miami area and remained so after the cuts. John Nordheimer wrote in The New York Times that Eastern's prominence in the Miami area decreased as the city became a finance and trade center with a diversified local economy, instead of one based largely on tourism.[23]

Liquidation

During Lorenzo's tenure, Eastern was crippled by severe labor unrest that began long before the acquisition. Asked to accept deep cuts in pay and benefits, on March 4, 1989, Lorenzo locked out Eastern's mechanics and ramp service employees, represented by the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM). Concerned that Lorenzo's successful breaking of the IAM would do the same to the pilots' and flight attendants' unions, the pilots represented by Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) and flight attendants represented by the Transport Workers Union (TWU) called a sympathy strike, which effectively shut down the airline's domestic operations. Non-contract employees, including airport gate and ticket counter agents and reservation sales agents, could not honor the strike. Due to the lockout and sympathy strike, cancelled flights resulted in the loss of millions of dollars in revenue.

As a result of the strike, a weakened airline structure, high fuel prices, an inability to compete after deregulation and other financial problems, Eastern filed for bankruptcy protection on March 9,[24] which allowed Eastern to continue operating on a smaller scale. Lorenzo initially sought a sale of the entire airline, and on April 6, Eastern agreed to be acquired by former Major League Baseball commissioner Peter Uberroth for $464 million. However, the transaction was terminated on April 12 after Lorenzo refused to give temporary control to a trustee. The sale process was then terminated on April 18, and Lorenzo proposed a sale of $1.8 million in assets that would allow the airline to continue operating independently.[25]

In May 1989, Eastern sold its East Coast shuttle service to real estate mogul Donald Trump for $365 million. Trump continued operating the service as the Trump Shuttle. In August, Eastern signed a deal to sell sixteen DC-9 aircraft and gates in Philadelphia, Washington, and New York to Midway Airlines for $210 million.[26] In May 1990, American Airlines acquired Eastern's Latin American routes and related assets for $471 million.

After several failed attempts at obtaining creditor approval for restructing plans, Lorenzo lost control of Eastern in April 1990, when former Continental president Martin Shugrue was appointed as trustee to manage Eastern's reorganization. A report prepared by David Shapiro, an examiner appointed by the bankruptcy court overseeing Eastern's bankruptcy filing, concluded that Eastern was shortchanged by Texas Air in numerous transactions between the two. For example, Texas Air bought assets like System One, a computer reservation operation, from Eastern at a price far below market value.[27] Eastern tried to remain in business in an attempt to correct its cash flow, but to no avail.[28]

Ultimately, Eastern Airlines stopped flying at midnight on Saturday, January 19, 1991. The previous evening, company agents, unaware of the decision, continued to take reservations and told callers that the airline was not closing. Following the announcement, 5,000 of the 18,000 employees immediately lost their jobs. Of the remaining employees, reservation agents were told to report to work at their regular times, while other employees were told not to report to work unless asked to do so.[29] The Eastern shutdown eliminated many airline industry jobs in the Miami and New York City areas.[30]

Later that month, Delta Air Lines acquired Eastern's gates at Atlanta, and Northwest Airlines acquired Eastern's gates at Washington National.

Company slogans

+(Scheduled Service Only)
Eastern Midet Colonial
19511630 8 - - 94
19553583 11 8 1 129
19604764 27 22 (merged Mackey) (merged EA)
19657956 74 41
197014671 107 (merged EA)
197518169 (merged)
198126501
198533086
198911592

Fleet

Eastern Air Lines flew many different types of aircraft throughout its history.[34]

Eastern Air Lines Historical Fleet
AircraftTotalIntroducedRetiredNotes
Airbus A300B2219801988
Airbus A300B43219771991First U.S. airline operator of this type
Aero Commander 500B219651975
Boeing 7201519611970All returned to Boeing
Boeing 727-1007519641991Launch customer
Boeing 727-200/Adv9919681991
Boeing 747-100319711972Leased from Pan Am before the L-1011 arrived
Boeing 747-200BCancelledFor planned services to Europe, bought from Qantas
One aircraft painted but never delivered
Boeing 757-2002519831991Launch customer along with British Airways
Breguet 941119681968Demonstration use only
Convair 340219731974
Convair 4402019571970
Convair 640619731974
Curtiss C-46 Commando219421943
Curtiss Condor619301936
Curtiss Kingbird1419301934
Douglas DC-21419341941
Douglas DC-37619361957
Douglas DC-43819461960
Douglas DC-6619671967
Douglas DC-6B1019551962
Douglas DC-7B5419531966
Douglas DC-8-211619601979
Douglas DC-8-51319641972
Douglas DC-8-54CF219651968Leased from Capitol Air
Douglas DC-8-611719671976
Douglas DC-8-63PF619691974
Fokker F-10219311931Leased from General Air Lines
Ford Tri-Motor419291933
Kellett KD-1119391940
Lockheed Model 10 Electra619351937
Lockheed L-049 Constellation1019561958
Lockheed L-749 Constellation2119471961
Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation7619511968
Lockheed L-188 Electra4019591978First and only turboprop aircraft flown by Eastern in mainline operation
Lockheed L-1011-1 TriStar6619721991Launch customer along with Trans World Airlines. One written off as Eastern Air Lines Flight 401
Lockheed JetStar219701973For corporate use only
Martin 4-0-46019511962Largest operator of the type in operation
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-141519651980
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-317519671991
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32719871991
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-512619781991
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30319851990Formerly from Alitalia. Used for long range services to Europe and South America
Pitcairn Mailwing5419271937First aircraft to begin operations as Eastern Air Transport Inc.
Rockwell Sabreliner119691970
Travel Air 20001

Eastern Express, Eastern Metro Express, Eastern Partner and Caribair

Several regional and commuter airlines provided passenger feed for Eastern via code sharing agreements with their aircraft liveries reflecting the Eastern mainline paint scheme. There were a number of brandings including: Eastern Express, Eastern Atlantis Express, and Eastern Metro Express. LIAT, a Caribbean-based airline, also operated Eastern Partner service.

Eastern Express air carriers and their aircraft included:[35] [36]

Eastern Atlantis Express was operated by Atlantis Airlines with BAe Jetstream 31 aircraft.[37]

Eastern Metro Express was operated by Metro Airlines and was based at Eastern's Atlanta (ATL) hub operating British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 and de Havilland Canada DHC-8-100 Dash 8 turboprops.[38]

Eastern Partner was operated by a Caribbean-based airline, Leeward Islands Air Transport, with turboprop service between Eastern's San Juan hub and Antigua, St. Kitts and St. Maarten.[39]

Eastern also worked closely with another Caribbean-based airline, Caribair (Puerto Rico). The June 13, 1967 Eastern system timetable lists connecting flights operated by Caribair Convair 640 turboprops with service between Eastern's San Juan hub and St. Croix and St. Thomas.[40] By 1970, San Juan-based Caribair had become an all-jet airline operating McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 aircraft serving fourteen Caribbean islands as well as Miami with the air carrier subsequently being acquired by Eastern in 1973.[41]

Accidents and incidents

Fatal accidents

Non-fatal accidents and incidents

Hijackings

New Eastern Air Lines

See main article: Eastern Air Lines (2015) and Eastern Airlines, LLC. In 2011, a group purchased the intellectual property, including trademarks, of Eastern Air Lines and formed the Eastern Air Lines Group. The group announced in early 2014 that it had filed an application with the United States Department of Transportation for a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity, which will be followed by certification with the Federal Aviation Administration. The new airline began service through charter and wet-lease flights out of Miami International in late 2014 with Boeing 737-800 jetliners painted in the classic Eastern "hockey stick" livery. The IATA and ICAO codes of the original airline, as well as its callsign, were used by the new iteration of Eastern Air Lines.[56] [57] After a sale to Swift Air, the trademarks were passed on to Eastern Airlines, LLC in 2018. On January 12, 2020, after nearly two decades of being officially defunct, the first flight of the renewed Eastern Airlines landed at JFK airport, heralding a new era for the brand name.[58]

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. "World Airline Directory." Flight International. March 30, 1985. 72. Retrieved on June 17, 2009.
  2. News: 'Moonman' Borman gets Eastern off the ground . Spokesman-Review . Spokane, Washington. Washington Post . May 7, 1978 . B16.
  3. Web site: Eastern Airlines. US Centennial of Flight Commission. 29 April 2014.
  4. Web site: 1991 - January 1 - Eastern Airlines Timetables, Route Maps, and History. Airchive. 29 April 2014. 29 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140429235422/http://airchive.com/html/timetable-and-route-maps/eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/1991-january-1-eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/6879. dead.
  5. Web site: 1982 - August 1 - Eastern Airlines Timetables, Route Maps, and History.. Airchive. 29 April 2014. 30 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140430001019/http://airchive.com/html/timetable-and-route-maps/eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/1982-august-1-eastern-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history/6854. dead.
  6. Smith, F. (1982). Legacy of Wings: The Story of Harold F. Pitcairn. Jason Aronson / T.D. Associates. (June 1982)
  7. Web site: Eastern Airlines timetable, May 17, 1937 (p. 2) . Airline Timetable Images . 9 May 2022.
  8. Web site: Eastern Air Lines timetable, May 17, 1937 (p. 6) . Airline Timetable Images . 9 May 2022.
  9. Web site: Vintage airliner added to Shannon Air Museum collection. 8 January 2021 .
  10. Book: Daly Bednarek. Janet Rose. Launius. Roger D.. 2003 . Reconsidering a Century of Flight . . 127 . 9780807854884 . August 1, 2014 .
  11. Rickenbacker, 1967
  12. Web site: Eastern Air Lines History . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061207020805/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Commercial_Aviation/EasternAirlines/Tran13.htm . 2006-12-07 .
  13. News: Eastern to study Airbus buy. 7 July 2012. The Pittsburgh Press. 11 May 1977.
  14. Web site: Boeing Company. Commercial Airplanes. June 26, 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110629030022/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/757family/pf/pf_200back.html. June 29, 2011.
  15. Thomas Petzinger, Hard landing: The Epic Contest for Power and Profits that Plunged the Airlines into Chaos (Random House, 1996)
  16. https://airlinegeeks.com/2016/03/31/tbt-throwback-thursday-in-aviation-history-caribair/
  17. World Airline Directory. Flight International. March 20, 1975. "484. Retrieved on October 3, 2009.
  18. Bernstein, Aaron. Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines. Beard Books, 1999. p. 22. 22. Retrieved on August 28, 2009.
  19. https://airlines.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/1986.pdf 1986 Annual Report of the U.S. Scheduled Airline Industry (PDF)
  20. Schmitt, Eric. "OVERNIGHT FLIGHT - BARGAIN FOR SPONTANEOUS FLYERS". The New York Times, 9 March 1987. Retrieved on 2010-04-30.
  21. "EASTERN WILL PAY $9.5M FINE". Associated Press, Washington D.C., February 11, 1987. Retrieved on March 16, 2010
  22. "Record $24.2 million fine proposed for American Airlines". Reuters, Washington D.C., August 26, 2010. Retrieved on August 26, 2010
  23. Nordheimer, John. "Cuts by Eastern Shaking Miami In Many Ways". The New York Times. Sunday July 24, 1988. New York Edition Section 1, Page 14. Retrieved on August 28, 2009.
  24. Book: Bernstein, Aaron. Grounded: Frank Lorenzo and the Destruction of Eastern Airlines. Simon and Schuster. 1990. New York. 166. 0-671-69538-X.
  25. Weiss . Lawrence A. . Wruck . Karen H. . 1996-09-23 . Information Problems, Conflicts of Interest and Asset Stripping: Chapter 11's Failure in the Case of Eastern Airlines . Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 97-013, And/Or INSEAD Working Paper 96/48/AC. 60064 .
  26. Web site: 1989-08-03 . Eastern, Midway Deal Signed: Eastern Airlines signed... . 2023-10-15 . Los Angeles Times . en-US.
  27. News: Salpukas . Agis . Continental Takes Offer By Investor . 19 March 2021 . The New York Times . 10 July 1992.
  28. News: Eastern looks better with Lorenzo gone . September 3, 2012. Boca Raton News . April 20, 1990.
  29. News: Salpukas . Agis . Eastern Airlines Is Shutting Down And Plans to Liquidate Its Assets . . January 19, 1991 . August 28, 2009.
  30. News: Salpukas . Agis . Its Cash Depleted, Pan Am Shuts . The New York Times . December 5, 1991 . August 28, 2009.
  31. Web site: 2018-08-25 . Eastern, The Official Airline of Walt Disney World (+VIDEOS) - Vintage Airliners . 2023-12-14 . vintageairliners.com . en-US.
  32. Web site: 2018-05-24 . "The Wings of Man" at Walt Disney World . 2023-12-14 . NYCAviation . en-US.
  33. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HC_qZ385Dt4 Commercial Eastern Air Lines 1983
  34. Web site: Eastern Air Lines fleet. aerobernie.bplaced.net. February 20, 2021.
  35. http://www.departedflights.com, July 2, 1983 Eastern Air Lines route map
  36. http://www.airliners.net, photos of Eastern Express aircraft
  37. Web site: British Aerospace Jetstream 31 - Large Preview - AirTeamImages.com. www.airteamimages.com.
  38. Web site: Eastern Metro Express. Sunshine Skies.
  39. http://www.airtimes.com/cgat/ag/liat/2a/easternpartner Jan. 31, 1968 Eastern Partner route map
  40. http://www.timetableimages.com, June 13, 1967 Eastern Airlines system timetable
  41. http://www.airwaysnews.com/html/timetables-and-route-maps/caribbean-airlines-timetables-route-maps-and-history{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} April 1, 1970 Caribair system timetable
  42. Littledale, Clara Savage. Edited by Barbara Sicherman, 1934- and Carol Hurd Green, 1935-; in Notable American Women: The Modern Period (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 458-459
  43. Hecht, G. J., & Clara, S. L. (1941, 05). Mrs. Littledale is doing nicely, thanks! Parents' Magazine, 16, 40.
  44. News: H. A. Littledale, Writer Who Started NJ Prison Reforms . The News (Paterson, New Jersey, page 31) . Newspapers.com . 12 August 1957 . en.
  45. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19450712-0 ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-201C NC25647 Florence, SC
  46. Web site: Accident description. Aviation Safety Network. 11 March 2010.
  47. Web site: The crash of Eastern Flight 642: 50 years later - Jacksonville.com. JESSIE-LYNNE. KERR.
  48. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/28/60minutes/main1559833.shtml "Stephen Colbert On Insincerity"
  49. Web site: Accident description. Aviation Safety Network. 11 March 2010.
  50. Web site: IN RE N-500L CASES | 517 F.Supp. 825 (1981) | upp82511228 | Leagle.com. Leagle.
  51. Web site: ALPA's Superior Airmanship Award . Air Line Pilots Association, Int'l . 19 September 2023 . August 2019.
  52. Web site: NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report MIA87FA248 . National Transportation Safety Board. November 7, 2019.
  53. News: Broyles . Gil . WRINKLES IN JET'S SKIN OVERLOOKED . . Dallas, Texas . September 19, 1987 . November 7, 2019 . "Our current thinking is that we erred,' said David Kruse, vice president of American's Maintenance and Engineering Center at Tulsa International Airport. .
  54. Web site: Smile My Ass. RadioLab. WNYC. 8 October 2015. RadioLab.
  55. Web site: You're NOT on 'Candid Camera': Allen Funt was on hijacked flight, passengers took it for a prank. October 1, 2013. DangerousMinds.
  56. News: Group plans to bring Eastern Air Lines back to Miami . . 29 January 2014 . 29 January 2014 . Sampson, Hannah.
  57. Eastern Air Lines Group, Inc. files with the U.S. Dept. of Transportation as the first step in launching the new Eastern Air Lines . Eastern Air Lines Group, Inc. . 28 January 2014 . 29 January 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141015143548/http://easternairlines.aero/news/eastern-air-lines-group-inc-files-with-the-us-dept-of-transportation-as-the-first-step-in-launching-the-new-eastern-air-lines-1390992281787.html#sthash.Hh9kxicK.dpbs . 15 October 2014 .
  58. Web site: Lastoe . Stacey . 2020-01-21 . The return of the legendary US airline you've probably never heard of . 2023-06-23 . CNN . en.
  59. Web site: AMDA PRESIDENTS . https://web.archive.org/web/20160710191519/http://amda.aero/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/AMDA-PAST-PRESIDENTS-.pdf . 2016-07-10 . live . Airlines Medical Directors Association . 14 September 2016.

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