Pisces-class submersibles are three-person research deep-submergence vehicles designed and built by Hyco International Hydrodynamics of North Vancouver in British Columbia with a maximum operating depth of 2,000 m (6,560 ft). The vehicles have multiple view ports and sample collecting, environmental sensing, and instrument placement capabilities. The pressure hull has a 7 ft (2.1 m) inside diameter and is made of HY-100 steel with three forward-looking acrylic windows, 6 in (15 cm) in diameter. Designed by Allan Trice, the Pisces series of submersibles were representative of crewed submersibles built in the late 1960s and were proven workhorses in offshore exploration and oceanographic research. Pisces II was the first production model of the design and was completed in 1968, with nine more Pisces submarines built before the manufacturer went out of business in the late 1970s.
See main article: Rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman. Pisces III was being used to bury cable and repeaters of the CANTAT-2 transatlantic telephone cable on the sea bottom off Ireland in 1973 when a buoyancy tank was inadvertently flooded. It sank to the bottom of the ocean with its two-man crew, Britons Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman, stranded at a depth of and 72 hours of available life support, which they were able to extend to 76 hours by careful conservation.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Initial rescue efforts by Pisces III sister submersibles were unsuccessful. Through an international effort of the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, the U.S. Navy Cable-controlled Undersea Recovery Vehicle (CURV-III) was deployed within 24 hours 6,000 miles from its home base. Deployment of CURV-III from CCGS John Cabot was hampered by heavy sea conditions. Rapid repairs were made when CURV-III’s gyroscope failed and electronics shorted-out after sea water came aboard the Cabot. Assisted by the submersibles Pisces II and Pisces V, CURV-III was able to attach lines to the Pisces III hatch. The Cabot raised CURV-III at 60to per minute until their lines entangled. The lines were cut, CURV-III was abandoned, and Pisces III was floated to where scuba divers were able to attach lines that were used to lift Pisces III the rest of the way to the surface. CURV-III had performed the deepest underwater rescue in history when Pisces III’s two-man crew was rescued after 76 hours with just 12 minutes[6] of air remaining.[2] [3] [4] [5] [7]
Pisces IV and Pisces V are currently operated for research by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, based in Hawaii. Its mother ship, the R/V Kaʻimikai-o-Kanaloa, launches Pisces V and its sister vessel Pisces IV from an A-frame hoist on its aft deck.Pisces IV was built for the Soviet Union in 1971, but due to national security concerns from the United States that sensitive technology might be transferred to the Soviets, the Canadian government refused to issue the export permit and instead purchased it for its Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Both Pisces IV and V are currently operated by the Hawai‘i Underwater Research Laboratory, part of the U.S. National Undersea Research Program. The second Pisces is kept on board in a ready state in case of an emergency.
Pisces VI was purchased out of storage from International Underwater Contractors in 2015. The vessel underwent a complete refit in Salina, Kansas. It was re-engineered to provide a versatile deep water platform to meet the needs of the underwater research community.
Pisces VII and Pisces XI were built in 1975 and used by the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union for about ten years, until being replaced by the Mir submersibles.[8] [9] Akademik Kurchatov, Dmitri Mendeleev, and Akademik Mstislav Keldysh served as their support ships.[10]
| width=150 align=left | DSV | width=80 | Completed | width=80 | Depth (ft) | width=80 | Crew |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PISCES I | 1965 | 1,200 | 2 | ||||
| PISCES II | 1968 | 2,600 | 2/3 | ||||
| PISCES III | 1969 | 3,600 | 2/3 | ||||
| 1971 | 6500 | 3 | |||||
| 1973 | 6500 | 3 | |||||
| PISCES VI | 1976 | 8300 | 3 | ||||
| 1976 | 6500 | 3 | |||||
| 1976 | 3300 | 3 | |||||
| Unbuilt | 8300 | 3 | |||||
| 1976 | 3300 | 3 | |||||
| 1976 | 6500 | 3 |