Pioneer Venus Orbiter Explained
| Pioneer Venus Orbiter |
| Names List: | Pioneer Venus 1
Pioneer 12 |
| Mission Type: | Venus orbiter |
| Operator: | NASAAmes |
| Website: | science.nasa.gov |
| Cospar Id: | 1978-051A |
| Satcat: | 10911 |
| Mission Duration: | 14 years, 4 months, 18 days (from launch)
13 years, 10 months, 4 days (at Venus) |
| Spacecraft Bus: | HS-507 |
| Manufacturer: | Hughes |
| Dimensions: | 2.5xx |
| Dry Mass: | 517kg (1,140lb) |
| Launch Mass: | 582kg (1,283lb) [1] |
| Power: | 312 watts |
| Launch Date: | UTC |
| Launch Rocket: | Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR |
| Launch Site: | Cape Canaveral LC-36A |
| Disposal Type: | Decommissioned |
| Last Contact: | UTC |
| Decay Date: | October 22, 1992[2] |
| Orbit Epoch: | 22 November 1979, 11:53:20 UTC[3] |
| Orbit Reference: | Cytherocentric |
| Orbit Semimajor: | 33405.8km (20,757.4miles) |
| Orbit Periapsis: | 181.6km (112.8miles) |
| Orbit Apoapsis: | 66630km (41,400miles) |
| Orbit Inclination: | 105 degrees |
| Orbit Period: | 24 hours |
| Orbit Eccentricity: | 0.842 |
| Apsis: | cytherion |
| Interplanetary: | | Type: | orbiter | | Arrival Date: | December 4, 1978 |
|
| Programme: | Pioneer program |
| Previous Mission: | Pioneer 11 |
| Next Mission: | Pioneer 13 |
| Programme2: | Pioneer Venus |
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter, also known as Pioneer Venus 1 or Pioneer 12, was a mission to Venus conducted by NASA as part of the Pioneer Venus project. Launched in May 1978 atop an Atlas-Centaur rocket, the spacecraft was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978. It returned data from Venus until October 1992.
Launch and arrival at Venus
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was launched by an Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR rocket, which flew from Launch Complex 36A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch occurred at 13:13:00 (8:13 a.m. local time) on May 20, 1978, and deployed the Orbiter into heliocentric orbit for its coast to Venus. Venus orbit insertion occurred on December 4, 1978.
Spacecraft
Manufactured by Hughes Aircraft Company, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter was based on the HS-507 bus.[4] The spacecraft was a flat cylinder, 2.5m (08.2feet) in diameter and 1.2m (03.9feet) long. All instruments and spacecraft subsystems were mounted on the forward end of the cylinder, except the magnetometer, which was at the end of a 4.7m (15.4feet) boom. A solar array extended around the circumference of the cylinder. A despun dish antenna provided S and X band communication with Earth. A Star-24 solid rocket motor was integrated into the spacecraft to provide the thrust to enter orbit around Venus.
From Venus orbit insertion to July 1980, periapsis was held between 142kmand253kmkm (88milesand157mileskm) (at 17 degrees north latitude) to facilitate radar and ionospheric measurements. The spacecraft was in a 24-hour orbit with an apoapsis of 66900km (41,600miles). Thereafter, the periapsis was allowed to rise to a maximum of and then fall, to conserve fuel.
In 1991, the Radar Mapper was reactivated to investigate previously inaccessible southern portions of the planet, in conjunction with the recently arrived Magellan spacecraft. In May 1992, Pioneer Venus began the final phase of its mission, in which the periapsis was held between 150kmand250kmkm (90milesand160mileskm), until the spacecraft's propellant was exhausted, after which the orbit decayed naturally. The spacecraft continued to return data until 8 October 1992, with the last signals being received at 19:22 UTC.[5] The Pioneer Venus Orbiter disintegrated upon entering the atmosphere of Venus on October 22, 1992.
Instruments
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter carried 17 experiments with a total mass of 45kg (99lb):[6]
- a cloud photo-polarimeter (OCPP) to measure the vertical distribution of the clouds, similar to Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 imaging photo-polarimeter (IPP)
- a surface radar mapper (ORAD) to determine topography and surface characteristics. Observations could only be conducted when the probe was closer than over the planet. A 20-watt S-band signal (1.757 gigahertz) was sent to the surface that reflected it, with the probe analyzing the echo. Resolution at periapsis was 23x.
- an infrared radiometer (OIR) to measure IR emissions from Venus' atmosphere
- an airglow ultraviolet spectrometer (OUVS) to measure scattered and emitted UV light
- a neutral mass spectrometer (ONMS) to determine the composition of the upper atmosphere
- a solar wind plasma analyzer (OPA) to measure properties of the solar wind
- a magnetometer (OMAG) to characterize the magnetic field at Venus
- an electric field detector (OEFD) to study the solar wind and its interactions
- an electron temperature probe (OETP) to study the thermal properties of the ionosphere
- an ion mass spectrometer (OIMS) to characterize the ionospheric ion population
- a charged particle retarding potential analyzer (ORPA) to study ionospheric particles
- two radio science experiments to determine the gravity field of Venus
- a radio occultation experiment to characterize the atmosphere
- an atmospheric drag experiment to study the upper atmosphere
- a radio science atmospheric and solar wind turbulence experiment
- a gamma ray burst (OGBD) detector to record gamma ray burst events
Instrument details| scope=col | Name | scope=col | Complete designation | scope=col | Type | scope=col | Manufacturer | scope=col | Responsible scientist | scope=col | Mass | scope=col | Electrical consumption |
|---|
| OCPP | Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimeter | Photo polarimeter | GISS | J. Hansen (later L. Travis) | 5kg (11lb) | 5.4 W |
| ORAD | Orbiter Radar Mapper Instrument | Radar | MIT | G. Pettengill | 9kg (20lb) | 18 W |
| OIR | Orbiter Infrared Radiometer | Infrared radiometer | JPL | F. Taylor | 5.9kg (13lb) | 5.2 W |
| OUVS | Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer | Ultraviolet spectrometer | LASP | A.I.F. Stewart | 3.1kg (06.8lb) | 1.7 W |
| ONMS | Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer | Neutral mass spectrometer | GSFC | H. Neimann | 3.8kg (08.4lb) | 12 W |
| OPA | Orbiter Plasma Analyzer | Analzer plasma | ARC | J. Wolfe (later A. Barnes) | 3.9kg (08.6lb) | 5 W |
| OMAG | Orbiter Magnetometer | Magnetometer | UCLA | C. Russell | 2kg (04lb) | 2.2 W |
| OEFD | Orbiter Electric Field Detector | Measure the electric fields of Venus | TRW | F. Scarf | 0.8kg (01.8lb) | 0.7 W |
| OETP | Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe | Electron temperature gauge | GSFC | L. Brace | 2.2kg (04.9lb) | 4.8 W |
| OIMS | Orbiter Ion Mass Spectrometer | Ion mass spectrometer | GSFC | H. Taylor | 3kg (07lb) | 1.5 W |
| ORPA | Orbiter Retarding Potential Analyzer | Ion charge meter | LPARL | W. Knudsen | 2.8kg (06.2lb) | 2.4 W |
| OGBD | Orbiter Gamma-Ray Burst Detector | Gamma-ray burst detector | LASL | W. Evans | 2.8kg (06.2lb) | 1.3 W |
| align="center" rowspan="6" | - | S and X-Band Radio Occultation Studies of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere o | Venus (ORO) | Radio science | align="center" | - | A. Kliore (JPL) | – | align="center" rowspan="6" | - |
| Orbiter Dual-Frequency Experiments (OGPE) | align="center" | - | T. Croft (SRI) |
| Atmospheric and Solar Wind Turbulence Experiment (OTUR) | align="center" | - | T. Croft (JPL) |
| Orbiter Atmospheric Drag Experiment (OAD) | align="center" | - | G. Keating (LRC) |
| Orbiter Internal Density Distribution Experiment (OIDD) | align="center" | - | R. Phillips (JPL) |
| Orbiter Celestial Mechanics Experiment (OCM) | align="center" | - | I. Shapiro (MIT) |
| LASP: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (University of Boulder, Colorado); UCLA: University of California in Los Angeles; JPL: Jet Propulsion Laboratory; MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; GSFC: Goddard Space Flight Center GISS: Goddard Institute for Space Studies; LRC: Langley Research Center; ARC: Ames Research Center; LASL: Los Alamos National Laboratory; SRI: Stanford Research Institute | |
The spacecraft conducted radar altimetry observations allowing the first global topographic map of the Venusian surface to be constructed.
The instruments can also be classified by what they are meant to measure or analyze:[7]
- Composition and structure of the atmosphere
- Large Probe Mass Spectrometer (LNMS)
- Large Probe Gas Chromatograph (LGC)
- Bus Neutral Mass Spectrometer (BNMS)
- Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ONMS)
- Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (OUVS)
- Large/Small Probe Atmosphere Structure (LAS/SAS)
- Atmospheric Propagation Experiments (OGPE)
- Orbiter Atmospheric Drag Experiment (OAD)
- Clouds
- Large/Small Probe Nephelometer (LN/SN)
- Large Probe Cloud Particle Size Spectrometer (LCPS)
- Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimenter (OCPP)
- Thermal balance
- Large Probe Solar Flux Radiometer (LSFR)
- Large Probe Infrared Radiometer (LIR)
- Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer (SNFR)
- Orbiter Infrared Radiometer (OIR)
- Dynamics
- Differential Long Baseline Interferometry (DLBI)
- Doppler Tracking of Probes (MWIN)
- Atmospheric Turbulence Experiments (MTUR/OTUR)
- Solar wind and ionosphere
- Bus Ion Mass Spectrometer (BIMS)
- Orbiter Ion Mass Spectrometer (OIMS)
- Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe (OETP)
- Orbiter Retarding Potential Analyzer (ORPA)
- Orbiter Magnetometer (OMAG)
- Orbiter Plasma Analyzer (OPA)
- Orbiter Electric Field Detector (OEFD)
- Orbiter Dual-Frequency Occultation Experiments (ORO)
- Surface and interior
- Orbiter Radar Mapper (ORAD)
- Orbiter Internal Density Distribution Experiments (OIDD)
- Orbiter Celestial Mechanics Experiments (OCM)
- High-energy astronomy
- Orbiter Gamma Burst Detector (OGBD)
Observations of Comets
From its orbit of Venus, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter was able to observe Halley's Comet when it was unobservable from Earth due to its proximity to the sun during February 1986. UV spectrometer observations monitored the loss of water from the comet's nucleus at perihelion on February 9.[8]
The extended mission allowed the spacecraft controllers to make several comet observations that were never part of the original mission objectives. The tilt of the spacecraft was altered during these comet observations so that the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (OUVS) could view the comets rather than Venus. Comets Encke (April 13–16, 1984), Giacobini-Zinner (September 8–15, 1985), Halley (December 27, 1985 - March 9, 1986), Wilson (March 13 - May 2, 1987), NTT (April 8, 1987), and McNaught (November 19–24, 1987) were all observed in this way.[7]
See also
References
Bibliography
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- 1748519. Clouds of Venus: A Preliminary Assessment of Microstructure. Robert G.. Knollenberg. D. M.. Hunten. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 70–74. 1979Sci...205...70K. 10.1126/science.205.4401.70. 17778906. 36125836.
- 1748520. Cloud Images from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter. L. D.. Travis. D. L.. Coffeen. A. D.. Del Genio. J. E.. Hansen. K.. Kawabata. A. A.. Lacis. W. A.. Lane. S. S.. Limaye. W. B.. Rossow. P. H.. Stone. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 74–76. 1979Sci...205...74T. 10.1126/science.205.4401.74. 17778907. 43906539.
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- 1748522. Absorption of Sunlight in the Atmosphere of Venus. Martin G.. Tomasko. Lyn R.. Doose. Peter H.. Smith. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 80–82. 1979Sci...205...80T. 10.1126/science.205.4401.80. 17778909. 2060/19830010359. 35649934. free.
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- 1748526. Venus: Preliminary Topographic and Surface Imaging Results from the Pioneer Orbiter. Gordon H.. Pettengill. Peter G.. Ford. Walter E.. Brown. William M.. Kaula. Harold. Masursky. Eric. Eliason. George E.. McGill. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 90–93. 1979Sci...205...90P. 10.1126/science.205.4401.90. 17778913. 12582229.
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- 1748528. Ionosphere of Venus: First Observations of Day-Night Variations of the Ion Composition. Harry A.. Taylor. Henry C.. Brinton. Siegfried J.. Bauer. Richard E.. Hartle. Paul A.. Cloutier. Robert E.. Daniell. Thomas M.. Donahue. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 96–99. 1979Sci...205...96T. 10.1126/science.205.4401.96. 17778915. 11269827.
- 1748529. Initial Observations of the Nightside Ionosphere of Venus from Pioneer Venus Orbiter Radio Occultations. A. J.. Kliore. I. R.. Patel. A. F.. Nagy. T. E.. Cravens. T. I.. Gombosi. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 99–102. 17778916. 1979Sci...205...99K. 10.1126/science.205.4401.99. 10322619.
- 1748530. Empirical Models of the Electron Temperature and Density in the Nightside Venus Ionosphere. L. H.. Brace. R. F.. Theis. H. B.. Niemann. H. G.. Mayr. W. R.. Hoegy. A. F.. Nagy. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 102–105. 1979Sci...205..102B. 10.1126/science.205.4401.102. 17778917. 25337442.
- 1748531. Thermal Structure and Energy Influx to the Day- and Nightside Venus Ionosphere. W. C.. Knudsen. K.. Spenner. R. C.. Whitten. J. R.. Spreiter. K. L.. Miller. V.. Novak. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 105–107. 1979Sci...205..105K. 10.1126/science.205.4401.105. 17778918. 26084728.
- 1748532. Comparison of Calculated and Measured Ion Densities on the Dayside of Venus. A. F.. Nagy. T. E.. Cravens. R. H.. Chen. H. A.. Taylor. L. H.. Brace. H. C.. Brinton. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 107–109. 1979Sci...205..107N. 10.1126/science.205.4401.107. 17778919. 28832064.
- 1748533. Venus Ionosphere: Photochemical and Thermal Diffusion Control of Ion Composition. Siegfried J.. Bauer. Thomas M.. Donahue. Richard E.. Hartle. Harry A.. Taylor. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 109–112. 1979Sci...205..109B. 10.1126/science.205.4401.109. 17778920. 32579568.
- 1748534. Absorption of Whistler Mode Waves in the Ionosphere of Venus. W. W. L.. Taylor. F. L.. Scarf. C. T.. Russell. L. H.. Brace. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 112–114. 1979Sci...205..112T. 10.1126/science.205.4401.112. 17778921. 45428203.
- 1748535. Initial Pioneer Venus Magnetic Field Results: Nightside Observations. C. T.. Russell. R. C.. Elphic. J. A.. Slavin. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 114–116. 1979Sci...205..114R. 10.1126/science.205.4401.114. 17778922. 24494352.
- 1748536. Electron Observations and Ion Flows from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Plasma Analyzer Experiment. D. S.. Intriligator. H. R.. Collard. J. D.. Mihalov. R. C.. Whitten. J. H.. Wolfe. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 116–119. 1979Sci...205..116I. 10.1126/science.205.4401.116. 17778923. 42935022.
- 1748537. Gamma-Ray Burst Observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter. W. D.. Evans. J. P.. Glore. R. W.. Klebesadel. J. G.. Laros. E. R.. Tech. R. E.. Spalding. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 119–121. 1979Sci...205..119E. 10.1126/science.205.4401.119. 17778924. 38916824.
- 1748508. Pioneer Venus Results: An Overview. T. M.. Donahue. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 41–44. 1979Sci...205...41D. 10.1126/science.205.4401.41. 17778895. 1600807.
- 1748509. Encounter with Venus: An Update. Lawrence. Colin. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 44–46. 1979Sci...205...44C. 10.1126/science.205.4401.44. 17778896. 26297893.
- 1748510. Thermal Contrast in the Atmosphere of Venus: Initial Appraisal from Pioneer Venus Probe Data. Alvin. Seiff. Donn B.. Kirk. Richard E.. Young. Simon C.. Sommer. Robert C.. Blanchard. John T.. Findlay. G. M.. Kelly. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 46–49. 1979Sci...205...46S. 10.1126/science.205.4401.46. 17778897. 24774892.
- 1748511. Composition and Structure of the Venus Atmosphere: Results from Pioneer Venus. J. H.. Hoffman. R. R.. Hodges. M. B.. McElroy. T. M.. Donahue. M.. Kolpin. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 49–52. 17778898. 1979Sci...205...49H. 10.1126/science.205.4401.49. 20713222.
- 1748512. Laboratory Corroboration of the Pioneer Venus Gas Chromatograph Analyses. V. I.. Oyama. G. C.. Carle. F.. Woeller. J. B.. Pollack. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 52–54. 1979Sci...205...52O. 10.1126/science.205.4401.52. 17778899. 40293580.
- 1748513. Venus Upper Atmosphere Neutral Gas Composition: First Observations of the Diurnal Variations. H. B.. Niemann. R. E.. Hartle. A. E.. Hedin. W. T.. Kasprzak. N. W.. Spencer. D. M.. Hunten. G. R.. Carignan. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 54–56. 1979Sci...205...54N. 10.1126/science.205.4401.54. 17778900. 21839920.
- 1748514. Implications of the Gas Compositional Measurements of Pioneer Venus for the Origin of Planetary Atmospheres. James B.. Pollack. David C.. Black. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 56–59. 1979Sci...205...56P. 10.1126/science.205.4401.56. 17778901. 13281057.
- 1748515. Ultraviolet Night Airglow of Venus. A. Ian. Stewart. Charles A.. Barth. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 59–62. 17778902. 1979Sci...205...59S. 10.1126/science.205.4401.59. 12841902.
- 1748516. Short-Term Cyclic Variations and Diurnal Variations of the Venus Upper Atmosphere. G. M.. Keating. F. W.. Taylor. J. Y.. Nicholson. E. W.. Hinson. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 62–64. 1979Sci...205...62K. 10.1126/science.205.4401.62. 17778903. 23057356.
- 1748517. Temperature, Cloud Structure, and Dynamics of Venus Middle Atmosphere by Infrared Remote Sensing from Pioneer Orbiter. F. W.. Taylor. D. J.. Diner. L. S.. Elson. D. J.. McCleese. J. V.. Martonchik. J.. Delderfield. S. P.. Bradley. J. T.. Schofield. J. C.. Gille. M. T.. Coffey. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 65–67. 1979Sci...205...65T. 10.1126/science.205.4401.65. 17778904. 2023608.
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- 1748519. Clouds of Venus: A Preliminary Assessment of Microstructure. Robert G.. Knollenberg. D. M.. Hunten. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 70–74. 1979Sci...205...70K. 10.1126/science.205.4401.70. 17778906. 36125836.
- 1748520. Cloud Images from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter. L. D.. Travis. D. L.. Coffeen. A. D.. Del Genio. J. E.. Hansen. K.. Kawabata. A. A.. Lacis. W. A.. Lane. S. S.. Limaye. W. B.. Rossow. P. H.. Stone. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 74–76. 1979Sci...205...74T. 10.1126/science.205.4401.74. 17778907. 43906539.
- 1748521. Nature of the Ultraviolet Absorber in the Venus Clouds: Inferences Based on Pioneer Venus Data. James B.. Pollack. Boris. Ragent. Robert. Boese. Martin G.. Tomasko. Jacques. Blamont. Robert G.. Knollenberg. Larry W.. Esposito. A. Ian. Stewart. Lawrence. Travis. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 76–79. 1979Sci...205...76P. 10.1126/science.205.4401.76. 17778908. 28250903.
- 1748522. Absorption of Sunlight in the Atmosphere of Venus. Martin G.. Tomasko. Lyn R.. Doose. Peter H.. Smith. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 80–82. 1979Sci...205...80T. 10.1126/science.205.4401.80. 17778909. 2060/19830010359. 35649934. free.
- 1748523. Preliminary Results of the Pioneer Venus Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer Experiment. V. E.. Suomi. L. A.. Sromovsky. H. E.. Revercomb. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 82–85. 1979Sci...205...82S. 10.1126/science.205.4401.82. 17778910. 22181310.
- 1748524. Venus Winds Are Zonal and Retrograde Below the Clouds. C. C.. Counselman. S. A.. Gourevitch. R. W.. King. G. B.. Loriot. R. G.. Prinn. 6 July 1979. Science. 205. 4401. 85–87. 1979Sci...205...85C. 10.1126/science.205.4401.85. 17778911. 39737494.
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External links
Notes and References
- Web site: Pioneer Venus Orbiter/Pioneer Venus 1/Pioneer 12 . NASA's Solar System Exploration website . December 1, 2022.
- Web site: Satellite Catalog . Jonathan. McDowell . Jonathan's Space Page . live . 2003-10-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20031011062901/http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt .
- Web site: NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details. nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 2018-05-02.
- Web site: Pioneer 12 (Pioneer Venus Orbiter, PVO) . Gunter . Krebs . Gunter's Space Page . live . 2005-01-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20050112064044/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/pioneer-12.htm .
- Web site: Pioneer Venus 1 . NASA . Solar System Exploration . dead . 2006-10-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061004114707/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Venus&MCode=Pioneer_Venus_01&Display=ReadMore . 2013-08-16 .
- Web site: Pioneer Venus Project Information . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . 2016-08-17 .
- Web site: PVO Mission Document . NASA.
- Web site: Pioneer Venus Observations during Comet Halley's Inferior Conjunction . C.T. . Russell . J.G. . Luhmann . F.L. . Scarf . University of California, Los Angeles . 1985 . dead . 2009-02-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090227202025/http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/personnel/russell/papers/pioneerVenus_conjunct.pdf . 2013-08-16 .
