Pileus (hat) explained

The pileus (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πῖλος, Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: pîlos; also Latin: pilleus or Latin: pilleum in Latin) was a brimless felt cap worn in Ancient Greece, Etruria, Illyria (especially Pannonia),^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} later also introduced in Ancient Rome. The pileus also appears on Apulian red-figure pottery.

The pilos together with the petasos were the most common types of hats in Archaic and Classical era (8th–4th century BC) Greece. In the 5th century BC, a bronze version began to appear in Ancient Greece and it became a popular infantry helmet. It occasionally had a horsehair crest.^[5] The Greek pilos resembled the Roman and Etruscan pileus, which were typically made of felt. The Greek Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πιλίδιον (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: pilidion) and Latin Latin: pilleolus were smaller versions, similar to a skullcap.

Similar caps were worn in later antiquity and the early medieval ages in various parts of Europe, as seen in Gallic and Frankish dress.^[6] The Albanian traditional felt cap, the plis, worn today in Albania, Kosovo and adjacent areas, originated from a similar felt cap worn by the ancient Illyrians.

A pointed version called pileus cornutus served as a distinguishing sign for the Jewish people in the Holy Roman Empire for five centuries (12th–17th centuries).^[7]

Name

The word for the cap in antiquity was pil(l)eus or pilos, indicating a kind of felt. Greek πῖλος, Latin Latin: pellis, Albanian Albanian: plis, as well as Old High German German, Old High (ca.750-1050);: filiz and Proto-Slavic *pьlstь are considered to come from a common Proto-Indo-European root meaning "felt".^[8]

History

Ancient Greece

Pilos hat

The pilos (Greek: πῖλος, felt^[9]) was a typical conical hat in Ancient Greece among travelers, workmen and sailors, though sometimes a low, broad-rimmed version was also preferred, known as petasos.^[10] It could be made of felt or leather. The pilos together with the petasos were the most common types of hats in Archaic and Classical era (8th–4th century B.C.) Greece.^[11]

Pilos caps often identify the mythical twins, or Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, as represented in sculptures, bas-reliefs and on ancient ceramics. Their caps were supposedly the remnants of the egg from which they hatched.^[12] The pilos appears on votive figurines of boys at the sanctuary of the Cabeiri at Thebes, the Cabeirion.^[13]

In warfare, the pilos type helmet was often worn by the peltast light infantry, in conjunction with the exomis, but it was also worn by the heavy infantry.

In various artistic depictions in the middle Byzantine period soldiers are seen wearing pilos caps.^[14]

Pilos helmet

From the 5th century B.C the Greeks developed the pilos helmet which derived from the hat of the same name.^[15] This helmet was made of bronze in the same shape as the pilos which was presumably sometimes worn under the helmet for comfort, giving rise to the helmet's conical shape.^[16] Some historians theorize that the pilos helmet had widespread adoption in some Greek cities such as Sparta,^[17] however, there is no primary historical source or any archeological evidence that would suggest that Sparta or any other Greek state would have used the helmet in a standardized fashion for their armies. What led historians to believe that the helmet was widespread in places such as Sparta was, amongst other reasons, the supposed advancement of battlefield tactics that required that infantry have full vision and mobility.^[17] However, many other types of Greek helmet offered similar designs to the pilos when it came to visibility, such as the konos or the chalcidian helmets.

Etruria

Being of Greek origin the Pilos helmet was worn in the late Etruscan Period by the local armies in the region.^[18]

Illyria

A so-called "Illyrian cap" was also known as "Panonian pileus" in the period of the Tetrarchy.^[1] As such during the period of the Emperor-soldiers the influences of the Illyrian provinces of the Roman Empire were evident, such as the wide use of the Pannonian pileus.^[3]

The Albanian traditional felt cap (Albanian: [[plis]], cognate of pilos^[8] and pileus) originated from a similar felt cap worn by the Illyrians.^{[19] [20]} The 1542 Latin dictionary Latin: De re vestiaria libellus, ex Bayfio excerptus equated an Albanian hat with a kyrbasia, and described it as a "tall pileus [hat] in the shape of a cone" (Latin: pileus altus in speciem coni eductus).^[21]

An Illyrian wearing a pileus has been hesitantly identified on a Roman frieze from Tilurium in Dalmatia; the monument could be part of a trophy base erected by the Romans after the Great Illyrian Revolt (6–9 BCE).^[22]

A cylindrical flat-topped felt cap made of fur or leather originated in Pannonia, and came to be known as the Pannonian cap (pileus pannonicus).^{[23] [24] [25] [3] [1]}

Rome

The Roman pileus resembled the Greek pilos and was often made of felt. In Ancient Rome, a slave was freed in a ceremony in which a praetor touched the slave with a rod called a vindicta and pronounced him to be free. The slave's head was shaved and a pileus was placed upon it. Both the vindicta and the cap were considered symbols of Libertas, the goddess representing liberty.^[26]

The rod and hat were part of a legal ritual of manumission. A 3rd-party adsertor libertatis (liberty asserter, neither slaver or enslaved) would state: Hunc Ego hominem ex jure Quiritum liberum esse aio (I declare this man is free) while using the "vindicta" (one of multiple manumission types). The legal ritual was explicitly designed to be anti-slavery in the interest of self-empowerment of all members of society, even those legally unable to pursue it directly e.g. the enslaved, and to guarantee that liberty was permanent.^[27]

One 19th-century dictionary of classical antiquity states that, "Among the Romans the cap of felt was the emblem of liberty. When a slave obtained his freedom he had his head shaved, and wore instead of his hair an undyed pileus."^[28] Hence the phrase servos ad pileum vocare is a summons to liberty, by which slaves were frequently called upon to take up arms with a promise of liberty (Liv. XXIV.32). The figure of Liberty on some of the coins of Antoninus Pius, struck A.D. 145, holds this cap in the right hand.^[29]

In the period of the Tetrarchy, the Pannonian cap (pileus pannonicus) was adopted as the main military cap of the Roman army, until the 6th century AD; it was worn by lightly armed or off-duty soldiers, as well as workmen. It often appears in Roman artwork, in particular mosaics, from the late 3rd century AD. The earliest preserved specimen of the hat was found at the Roman quarry of Mons Claudianus, in the eastern desert of Egypt, and is dated to 100–120 AD; it has a dark-green color, and looks like a low fez or pillbox hat.^[30]

Later periods and variants

Similar caps were worn in later antiquity and the early medieval ages in various parts of Europe, as seen in Gallic and Frankish dress, in particular of the Merovingian and Carolingian era.^[6]

See also

• Phrygian cap
• Attic helmet
• Barbute
• Boar's tusk helmet
• Boeotian helmet
• Kegelhelm
• Witch hat
• Zucchetto

References

Citations

Bibliography

• Book: Sumner, Graham . Roman Military clothing (2) AD 200 to 400 . 2003. 978-1841765594.

Further reading

• Sekunda, Nicholas and Hook, Adam (2000). Greek Hoplite 480–323 BC. Osprey Publishing.

External links

• Institute of France – Greek Costume (PDF in French)
• Antiquitas – Casque corinthien et pilos
• A Brief History of Greek Helmets by Jesse Obert – AncientPlanet Online Journal Vol. 2 (2012), 48 – 59
• Biretta . 3 . 980. "similar to the pileus or pileolus (skull-cap)"

Notes and References

1. Book: Wagner, Hendrik. Das spätantike Rom und die stadtrömische Senatsaristokratie (395–455 n. Chr.): Eine althistorisch-archäologische Untersuchung. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 2021. 9783110727630. 375. Zu erkennen an der „illyrischen Kappe", dem sog. pileus Pannonicus, bekannt u. a. von der bekannten Tetrarchengruppen in Venedig und dem Ambulatio-Mosaik von Piazza Armerina. Auch auf den Sarkophagen tragen die Soldaten, die Petrus Oder Paulus in Haft nehmen, diese Kopfbedeckung (z. B. lunius-Bassus-Sarkophag)..
2. Book: Cleland . Liza . Davies . Glenys . Llewellyn-Jones . Lloyd . 88 . Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z . 2007 . Routledge . 978-0-203-93880-5. Pannonia and Illyria also appear to have been especially associated with hats. Plautus (...) lampoons an Illyrian hat so big the wearer looks like a mushroom. The pilleus Pannonicus, a pill-box hat adopted from Pannonia by Roman soldiers in the late third century AD, came to be worn almost exclusively by the late imperial military..
3. Book: Rocco, Marco. L'esercito romano tardoantico: persistenze e cesure dai Severi a Teodosio I. Studi e progetti: scienze umanistiche. Libreria Universitaria. 2012. 9788862922302. 557. Soprattutto durante il periodo degli imperatori-soldati prevalgono nettamente gli influssi delle province illiriche, che si esplicano nell'ampia diffusione del pilleus pannonico, delle ring-buckle belts e della tunica a maniche lunghe chiamata dalmatica..
4. Book: Campbell . Duncan B. . 34 . Spartan Warrior 735–331 BC . 2012 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 978-1849087018.
5. Ober . Jesse . A Brief History of Greek Helmets . AncientPlanet Online Journal . 2012 . 2 . 15 . 1 August 2019 . en.
6. Book: Yarwood . Doreen . Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Costume . 1 January 2011 . Courier Corporation . 978-0-486-43380-6 . 65 . en . The Greek pilos... Carolingian dress..
7. LUBRICH . NAOMI . The Wandering Hat: Iterations of the Medieval Jewish Pointed Cap . Jewish History . 2015 . 29 . 3/4 . 203–244 . 10.1007/s10835-015-9250-5 . 24709777 . 159821873 . 6 May 2022 . 0334-701X.
8. Book: Vladimir Orel. Albanian Etymological Dictionary. 1998. 334. Brill Academic Pub. 9004110240.
9. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpi%3Dlos2 πῖλος
10. Book: Sacks . David . Murray . Oswyn . A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World . 1995 . Oxford University Press . 9780195112061 . 62 . registration . en . "Travelers, workmen, and sailors might wear a conical cap known as a pilos; travelers, hunters, and other sometimes wore the low, broad-rimmed hit (petasos).
11. Book: Lee . Mireille M. . Body, Dress, and Identity in Ancient Greece . 12 January 2015 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-107-05536-0 . 160 . en . The pilos... periods..
12. [John Tzetzes]
13. [Walter Burkert]
14. Book: Diamanti . Charikleia . Vassiliou . Anastasia . En Sofía mathitéfsantes: Essays in Byzantine Material Culture and Society in Honour of Sophia Kalopissi-Verti . 19 December 2019 . Archaeopress Publishing Ltd . 978-1-78969-263-1 . 229 . en . Most of them... πίλος..
15. Book: Everson . Tim . Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour From the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great . 18 November 2004 . The History Press . 978-0-7524-9506-4 . 55 . en . the Greeks also developed the Pilos, Boeotian and Thracian helmets, which soon supplanted the former in popularity. The Pilos helmet derived from a felt cap called the Pilos..
16. Nick Sekunda,The Spartan Army, p.30
17. Jesse Obert, A Brief History of Greek Helmets, p.16
18. Book: D’Amato . Raffaele . Salimbeti . Andrea . The Etruscans: 9th–2nd Centuries BC . 20 September 2018 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 978-1-4728-2832-3 . 50 . en. The pilos helmet, of Greek origin, ... .
19. Book: Stipčević, Aleksandar. The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. 1977. 0815550529. History and Culture Series. 89. It is generally agreed, and rightly so, that the modern Albanian cap originates directly from the similar cap worn by the Illyrians, the forefathers of the Albanians..
20. Book: Qosja, Rexhep. Recherches albanologiques: Folklore et ethnologie. Instituti Albanologijik i Prishtinës. 1982. 52. Ne kuadrin e veshjeve me përkime ilire, të dokumentuara gjer më tani hyjnë tirqit, plisi, qeleshja e bardhë gjysmësferike, goxhufi-gëzofi etj.. 14 April 2013.
21. Book: Bernis, Carmen . Actes du XXIIe Congrés International d'Histoire de l'Art, Budapest, 1969: Évolution générale et développements régionaux en histoire de l'art . 1969 . . Rósza . György . 1 . 1972 . 706 . fr . Échanges pendant la Renaissance entre les modes espagnoles et les modes de l'Europe centrale et orientale (hongroise, albanaise et turque) . Le dictionnaire latin BAYFIO. «De re vestiaria», publié à Paris en 1542, constitue un témoignage intéressant du fait que les occidentaux consideraient le chapeau albanais comme un chapeau haut. Ce dictionnaire décrit la «cibaria» [kyrbasia] comme un chapeau albanais ou comme un «pileus altus in speciem coni eductus»..
22. Book: Polito, Eugenio. Fulgentibus armis: introduzione allo studio dei fregi d'armi antichi. L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER. 1998. 9788870629927. 61, 155–156. it.
23. Book: Schrenk, Sabine . Textiles in Situ: Their Find Spots in Egypt and Neighbouring Countries in the First Millennium CE . 2006 . Abegg-Stiftung . 978-3-905014-29-7 . 154 . en.
24. Book: Summer . Graham . Arms and Armour of the Imperial Roman Soldier . D'Amato . Raffaele . 2009 . . 978-1-84832-512-8 . 218 . en.
25. Book: Cooper, Stephen Andrew . Marius Victorinus' Commentary on Galatians . 2005 . . 978-0-19-152077-8 . 74 . en.
26. Book: Cobb, T.R.R.. Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb. 285, 285n2. An inquiry into the law of Negro slavery in the United States of America. Philadelphia. 1858. T. & J.W. Johnson.
27. Book: Leage, Richard William . 53-54, 53n2 . Roman Private Law, Founded on the 'Institutes' of Gaius and Justinian - 3rd edition . 1920 . Macmillan and Company, limited. The law was meant to increase liberty rather than continue to allow society to stagnate in the Byzantinian dynasty (Justinian is credited with the policy while "restoring the empire"). By legally declaring the intrinsic liberty of the person, even on fictional grounds e.g. manumissio censu (freedom due to census-based citizenship that didn't exist due to being enslaved), slaves were allowed to improve their condition. By declaring it intrinsic, the anti-class-mobility slavers could pretend to agree to it. The pronouncement would be repeated by the enslaver if they agreed. (With optional Pileus?) In case of enslaver silence, they would be compelled to agree by the praetor. Over time the ritual became more universal, simpler, and redundant; it could be performed without a 3rd party present or even manumissio minus justa (without fair hearing). All kinds of manumission (including the use of the Vindicta and the Pileus) were collectively manumissiones legitimae (legit). Nevertheless it implied guaranteed freedom permanently due to lack of assistance by the praetors to renegers wanting to re-enslave.
28. πίλεον λευκόν, Diodorus Siculus Exc. Leg. 22 p. 625, ed. Wess.; Plaut. Amphit. I.1.306; Persius, V.82
29. Yates, James. Entry "Pileus" in William Smith's A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (John Murray, London, 1875).
30. Book: Bender Jørgensen, Lise . https://books.openedition.org/cdf/5234 . The Eastern Desert of Egypt during the Greco-Roman Period: Archaeological Reports . 2018 . . 9782722604889 . Brun . Jean-Pierre . en . Textiles from Mons Claudianus, ‘Abu Sha’ar and other Roman Sites in the Eastern Desert. . Faucher . Thomas . Redon . Bérangère.