Pietro Parolin Explained

Type:cardinal
Honorific-Prefix:His Eminence
Pietro Parolin
Honorific-Suffix:OMRI
Cardinal Secretary of State
Appointed:15 October 2013
Predecessor:Tarcisio Bertone, SDB
Other Post:Cardinal-Bishop of Santi Simone e Giuda Taddeo a Torre Angela
Member of the Council of Cardinal Advisers
Ordination:27 April 1980
Ordained By:Arnoldo Onisto
Consecration:12 September 2009
Consecrated By:Benedict XVI
Cardinal:22 February 2014
Created Cardinal By:Francis
Rank:Cardinal-Bishop
Birth Date:17 January 1955
Birth Place:Schiavon, Veneto, Italy
Religion:Roman Catholicism
Alma Mater:Pontifical Gregorian University
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy
Motto:Latin: Quis nos separabit a caritate Christi?
(Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?)
Coat Of Arms:Coat of arms of Pietro Parolin.svg
Pietro Parolin
Dipstyle:His Eminence
Offstyle:Your Eminence
Relstyle:Cardinal

Pietro Parolin OMRI (pronounced as /it/, paɾoˈliŋ/; born 17 January 1955) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. A cardinal since February 2014, he has served as the Vatican's Secretary of State since October 2013 and a member of the Council of Cardinal Advisers since July 2014. Before that, he worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See for thirty years, where his assignments included terms in Nigeria, Mexico and Venezuela, as well as more than six years as Undersecretary of State for Relations with States.

He speaks native Italian, fluent English and French, and near-native Spanish.

Early life

Parolin was born in Schiavon, Province of Vicenza, the son of a hardware store manager and an elementary school teacher. He has one sister and a brother. When he was ten years old, his father died in a car accident.[1] After he was ordained on 27 April 1980, he took up graduate studies in canon law at the Pontifical Gregorian University and in diplomacy at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. He entered the Holy See's diplomatic service in 1986 at the age of 31.

He served for three years in the Nunciature of Nigeria where he became familiar with the problems in Christian-Muslim relations.

At the Nunciature of Mexico from 1989 to 1992, he contributed to the final phase of the work begun by Archbishop Girolamo Prigione which led to the legal recognition of the Catholic Church in 1992 and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Mexico after 130 years. These negotiations led to Mexico officially shedding the country's secular and anti-clerical imprint, which extended to its Constitution.[1] [2]

Working in Rome, he was country director for Spain, Andorra, Italy, and San Marino.

Undersecretary of State for Relations with States

Parolin was Undersecretary of State for Relations with States from 30 November 2002 to 17 August 2009.

Parolin has also been at the forefront of Vatican efforts to approve and implement the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). Addressing the International Atomic Energy Agency on 18 September 2006, at its headquarters in Vienna, Parolin referred to this treaty as "the basis to pursue nuclear disarmament and an important element for further development of nuclear energy applications for peaceful purposes." He said: "Since this treaty is the only multilateral legal instrument currently available, intended to bring about a nuclear weapons-free world, it must not be allowed to be weakened. Humanity deserves no less than the full cooperation of all states in this important matter." Concerning international negotiations with respect to Iran's nuclear program, he said "that the present difficulties can and must be overcome through diplomatic channels, making use of all the means that diplomacy has at its disposal and considers necessary to eliminate all the elements which objectively impede mutual trust."[3]

In September 2007 at the opening of the UN he argued that, "We often hear in the halls of the United Nations of 'the responsibility to protect'. The Holy See believes that applies also in the context of climate change. States have a shared 'responsibility to protect' the world's climate through mitigation/adaptation, and above all a shared 'responsibility to protect' our planet and ensure that present and future generations be able to live in a healthy and safe environment."[4]

Parolin represented the Vatican in a variety of sensitive assignments, including trips to North Korea and Vietnam[5] as well as the 2007 Annapolis Conference on the Middle East convened by the Bush administration to revive Israeli-Palestinian peace talks.[6]

As the Vatican's "deputy foreign minister" he dealt with all the sensitive dossiers on the Holy See's relations with Vietnam (he was partly responsible for paving the way to full diplomatic relations between the two) and the legal issues between the Vatican and Israel which remain unresolved. At the beginning of Pope Benedict's pontificate, direct contact was re-established with China.[1]

During his time as undersecretary Parolin scored some significant breakthroughs, such as cementing ties between the Holy See and Vietnam,[7] re-establishing direct contact with Beijing in 2005 and helping secure the liberation of 15 British navy personnel captured by Iranian forces in the Persian Gulf in April 2007.[8]

Nuncio

On 17 August 2009 Pope Benedict XVI appointed Parolin Titular Archbishop of Aquipendium and Apostolic Nuncio to Venezuela.[9] He was consecrated a bishop on 12 September 2009 by Benedict XVI, with Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone and William Cardinal Levada as co-consecrators. The Venezuela assignment was expected to be difficult, since conflicts between the State and the Church in Venezuela were on the rise as President Hugo Chávez attempted to advance his socialist revolution.[10]

Secretary of State

On 31 August 2013, Pope Francis appointed Parolin Secretary of State, replacing Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone. Parolin took office on 15 October.[11] [12]

Parolin became, at 58, the youngest Secretary of State since 1929, when Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) was appointed to the position at the age of 53. He said: "The pope's initiatives have given the secretary of state an impetus and have also created a new diplomatic momentum." When asked if he would be spearheading a new diplomatic offensive for peace, he noted that it was a complicated question but said, "Yes, I hope that we can recoup" that drive. "We have this great advantage in respect to other churches, to other religions: We can count on an international institutional presence through diplomacy," he said.[13]

On 16 December, Parolin was named to a five-year renewable term as a member of the Congregation for Bishops.[14] On 19 February 2014 he was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches.[15]

Parolin became Francis’ first cardinal when he was made Cardinal-Priest of Santi Simone e Giuda Taddeo a Torre Angela at a papal general consistory on 22 February 2014.[16] He attended meetings of the Council of Cardinal Advisers on a regular basis and in July 2014 became the council's ninth member.[17]

In 2014 Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro invited Cardinal Parolin to mediate talks between his government and opposition in hopes of stemming violence that has killed dozens in the nation's worst unrest in a decade. He asked that Parolin, a former nuncio to Venezuela, be named a "good faith witness" to a dialogue the parties had agreed upon after two months of protests. Venezuela's opposition coalition had indicated that current nuncio, Archbishop Aldo Giordano, would be attending the first formal talks. Henrique Capriles, the opposition's two-time presidential candidate who narrowly lost an election to Maduro the year before, confirmed he would take part in the discussions.[18]

In December 2014 Cardinal Parolin asked the U.S. to find an "adequate humanitarian solution" for prisoners held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, a reflection of Pope Francis' concern that prisoners be treated with dignity and not be subject to inhumane treatment. Parolin made the request during a Vatican meeting with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry. The Vatican said they discussed the U.S. commitment to closing the facility and that Parolin expressed the Holy See's desire that "favourable attention be paid to finding adequate humanitarian solutions for current inmates".[19]

The Holy See was credited with playing a major role in the reestablishment of U.S.-Cuba relations.[20] [21] Parolin moderated the October 2014 meeting between Cuban and U.S. officials as their negotiations neared an agreement.[22] In 2015, Cardinal Parolin was asked whether the normalisation of Cuba – U.S. relations pointed toward a new "golden age" of Vatican diplomacy. He said that "the president of the United States has already thanked the Pope for the support he has given to this important step" and said: "Holy See diplomacy is always there, to help to build bridges". Parolin also said the Holy See's diplomacy "is now more active…(not only) waiting, but also proposing (solutions for peace), since there are so many conflicts."[23]

Parolin called for an intervention in Libya to stop a possible alliance between the country's Islamic government and the Islamic State. Parolin spoke about the chaos there after ISIS beheaded 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians, describing the incident as "terrifying" and the situation "grave". He stressed the need for "a quick response". Parolin added that "any armed intervention must be carried forward under the framework of international law" and "under the umbrella of the United Nations".[24] [25]

In May 2015, after the passage of the Marriage Equality Referendum in Ireland, which extended marriage rights to same-sex couples, Parolin said: "I was very saddened by this result. I don't think we can speak only about a defeat for Christian principles, but a defeat for humanity."[26] [27] In June 2015, he visited Abu Dhabi to inaugurate Saint Paul's Church in Musaffah, the city's second Catholic parish.[28]

Cardinal Parolin has stressed the importance of continuity. He believes Pope Francis simply tries to guide the church to be the church of Christ and that he is not starting a revolution. He defends the importance of unchangeable dogmas and asserts the relevance of sacred tradition. He said celibacy is a discipline that could be changed but that it cannot simply be dismissed as outdated.[29] In a keynote speech at the Pontifical Gregorian University in February 2016, Cardinal Parolin defended celibacy as a "gift" that must be received and nurtured with "joyful perseverance" and criticized the suggestion that the shortage of vocations be addressed by modifying the requirement of priestly celibacy.[30] In May 2016 Parolin visited Estonia to mark the 25th anniversary of the reintroduction of diplomatic relations between Estonia and the Holy See. He spoke at the University of Tartu on the precise meaning of their international relations.[31]

Parolin was appointed a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments in October 2016.

Following the resignation of Marie Collins from the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors, Parolin said she quit because she wanted to "shake the tree" in the Vatican. Collins said some members of the Church's administration, the Roman Curia, have hindered and blocked the commission's efforts, naming the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Parolin called the lack of cooperation from some Vatican offices "shameful".[32]

Parolin told Italy's La Stampa the flow of migrants and refugees into Europe is testing "the spirit of solidarity and subsidiarity" of the European Union, and acknowledged the large number of people fleeing to the continent poses a security problem. "Terrorism certainly finds fertile ground in poverty, lack of jobs, and social marginalization", he said, adding that since World War II, Europe has tried to "free itself" from its cultural heritage and values, and this has created a vacuum in which young people cannot find the answers to their existential questions.[33]

In 2017, Parolin became the Vatican's first Secretary of State in 19 years to visit Moscow.[34] In a 2018 interview, Cardinal Joseph Zen said "Pope Francis does not know the real Communist Party in China, but Parolin should know. He was there [in the Secretariat of State] so many years, so he must know. He may be happy to encourage the pope to be optimistic about the negotiations ... but that's dangerous. Pope Francis needs someone to calm him down from his enthusiasm." He added that "It seems the Secretary of State wants to have a solution anyway. He is so optimistic. That's dangerous. I told the pope that he [Parolin] has a poisoned mind. He is very sweet, but I have no trust in this person. He believes in diplomacy, not in our faith."[35] [36] Parolin countered that "no personal point of view can be considered as an exclusive interpreter of what is good for Chinese Catholics" and said: "If someone is asked to make a sacrifice, small or great, it must be clear to everyone that this is not the price of a political exchange, but falls within the evangelical perspective of a greater good, the good of the Church of Christ."[37]

Parolin has been called papabile, a candidate to succeed Francis as pope.[38] [39] [40]

Pope Francis raised him to the rank of Cardinal Bishop effective 28 June 2018.[41]

In October 2018, Parolin said that Paul VI rejected a version of Humane Vitae that "was limited to a rigorous reaffirmation of doctrine to which Christians and all people were asked to adhere docilely and without reservation". Post-publication debates, Cardinal Parolin said, made it impossible for many people to see its accent on mercy.[42]

In 2019, Parolin defended the Holy See-China agreement on the appointment of bishops. "We signed this agreement to help advance religious freedom, to find normalization for the Catholic community there, and then for all other religions to have space and a role to play in society which is recognized," Parolin told journalists on 3 April. Steve Bannon said that he might lead a lawsuit to compel the Holy See to release the text of the deal under the terms of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.[43]

In 2015 Parolin was ex officio a member of the Commission of Cardinals of the Institute for the Works of Religion. On 21 September 2020, at the end of its five-year mandate a new board makeup was announced, omitting the Secretary of State, thus Pope Francis did not confirm Parolin in the role.[44] On 15 October 2020, he confirmed Parolin's membership of the Council of Cardinals.[45]

Following the Taliban victory in Afghanistan in August 2021, Pope Francis appointed him to engage in talks with the Taliban in order to discourage them from taking reprisal measures on civilians who worked with the coalition.[46]

A communiqué from Cardinal Parolin on the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, without naming Vladimir Putin, said that while the worst-case scenario was unfolding, "there is still time for goodwill, there is still room for negotiation, there is still room to exercise a wisdom that prevents partisan interests from prevailing, that protects the legitimate aspirations of all and spares the world the folly and horrors of war".[47] The previous day Pope Francis had urged politicians to make an exercise of conscience before God for their actions over Ukraine, and declared 2 March, Ash Wednesday, as an international day of fasting and prayer for peace.[48]

In May 2022, Cardinal Parolin stated that supplying weapons to Ukraine to help it defend itself is morally legitimate, "There is a right to armed defence in the case of aggression."[49]

In 2023, Cardinal Parolin said there was a need for dialogue with the German bishops after a recent vote in favour of blessing same-sex unions, insisting that the move does not align with official Catholic doctrine, "A local, particular church cannot make a decision like that which involves the discipline of the Universal Church. There must certainly be a discussion with Rome and the rest of the Churches in the world ... to clarify what are the decisions to make," Parolin said.[50]

In July 2023, he visited Armenia and Azerbaijan to promote peace talks between the two states.[51] He participated in the Global Faith Leaders COP28 Summit in Abu Dhabi on 6–7 November 2023,[52] and read the Pope's climate change statement at COP28 on his behalf, the Pope being unable to attend due to ill-health.[53]

On the 2024 Israel–Hamas war, Cardinal Parolin stated Israel had a right to self-defence but this "must be proportional, and with 30,000 dead it certainly isn’t,”. The Israeli Embassy to the Holy See called his remarks, “a deplorable declaration.”[54]

Parolin has said both parties to a deal with Chinese authorities on episcopal appointments hope that it will be renewed for a third time when it expires in late 2024.[55]

Cardinal Parolin visited Ukraine to close a popular Marian pilgrimage, and met with civil and ecclesial authorities amid the Holy See’s continued push for peace. Parolin’s 19–24 July trip marks his first official visit since the Russia invasion of Ukraine.[56] [57]

Distinctions

See also

References

Additional sources

External links

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Notes and References

  1. News: The talents of the priest and diplomat Fr. Pietro Parolin. Vatican Insider. 30 August 2013. 31 August 2013. 21 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150321012643/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/curia-curia-curia-27477. live.
  2. Web site: Kard. Parolin otrzymał najwyższe odznaczenie Meksyku – Artykuł . Niedziela.pl . 11 July 2014 . 10 April 2017 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060157/http://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/10455/Kard-Parolin-otrzymal-najwyzsze . live .
  3. News: Holy See Insists on Need for Nuclear Disarmament . 31 May 2018 . Zenit . 5 October 2006 . 18 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180718165859/https://zenit.org/articles/holy-see-insists-on-need-for-nuclear-disarmament/ . live .
  4. Holy See Press Office . Intervention by the Holy See at the High-Level Event on Climate Change Entitled 'The Future is in Our Hands: Addressing the Leadership Challenge of Climate Change'. Pietro. Parolin. 24 September 2007 . New York. 25 August 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160825184152/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/2007/documents/rc_seg-st_20070924_ipcc_en.html . live .
  5. News: Francis reboots Vatican system with new Secretary of State. National Catholic Reporter. 31 August 2013. 11 July 2017. 2 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130902201159/http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-reboots-vatican-system-new-secretary-state. live.
  6. News: Allen. John L. Jr.. Parolin to represent the Holy See at Annapolis. 11 July 2017. National Catholic Reporter. 26 November 2007. 20 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180720051639/https://www.ncronline.org/news/parolin-represent-holy-see-annapolis. live.
  7. News: Religious freedom, diplomatic relations in talks between Holy See and Hanoi. Asia News (PIME). 20 February 2009. 31 May 2018. 12 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612122119/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=14541. live.
  8. News: 18 December 2014. Cardinal Parolin Played Key Role in U.S.-Cuba Negotiations. National Catholic Register. 31 May 2018. 21 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180721125012/http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/cardinal-parolin-played-key-role-in-u.s.-cuba-negotiations#ixzz3NOfdqss4. live.
  9. Rinunce e nomine, 17.08.2009 . . 17 August 2009 . 24 June 2019 . 27 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190427144258/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2009/08/17/0515/01206.html . live .
  10. News: Pope sends top diplomat to deal with Chavez . John L. Jr. . Allen . 18 August 2009 . National Catholic Reporter . 28 June 2018 . 12 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612232733/https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/pope-sends-top-diplomat-deal-chavez . live .
  11. Web site: Il Papa nomina Mons. Pietro Parolin nuove segretario di stato. Vatican Radio. it. 31 August 2013. 31 August 2013. 12 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131212112903/http://it.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/08/31/il_papa_nomina_mons._pietro_parolin_nuovo_segretario_di_stato/it1-724390. live.
  12. News: Povoledo. Elisabetta. Pope Appoints Diplomat as Vatican Secretary of State. 11 July 2017. New York Times. 31 August 2013. 26 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190726114549/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/world/europe/pope-fills-key-vatican-post.html. live.
  13. News: 11 July 2017 . Vatican's new top diplomat ready to ramp up network for peace . . 9 September 2013 . Carol . Glatz . 11 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170811210313/http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2013/vatican-s-new-top-diplomat-ready-to-ramp-up-network-for-peace.cfm . dead .
  14. Holy See Press Office . Rinunce e Nomine, 16.12.2013 . 16 December 2013 . 30 May 2018 . 13 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232359/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2013/12/16/0845/01901.html . live .
  15. News: Zenit . Pope Confirms Cardinal Sandri as Prefect of the Congregation for Oriental Churches . 30 May 2018 . 19 February 2015 . 28 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180628154649/https://zenit.org/articles/pope-confirms-cardinal-sandri-as-prefect-of-the-congregation-for-oriental-churches/ . live .
  16. Consistoro Ordinario Pubblico per la Creazione dei Nuovi Cardinali: Assegnazione dei Titoli o delle Diaconie ai Nuovi Porporati, 22.02.2014 . 22 February 2014 . 30 May 2018 . Holy See Press Office . it . 6 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181006012632/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2014/02/22/0130/00280.html . live .
  17. News: La Stampa . 30 May 2018 . 2 July 2014 . Pope and "C9" express esteem for Von Freyberg and changes are on the horizon for the IOR . 21 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180721171635/http://www.lastampa.it/2014/07/02/vaticaninsider/eng/the-vatican/pope-and-c-express-esteem-for-von-freyberg-and-changes-are-on-the-horizon-for-the-ior-F5x47KBXXJYRwKZBI11drK/pagina.html . live .
  18. News: Venezuela reaches out to Vatican No. 2 to mediate crisis. Reuters. 6 July 2021. 21 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220121102756/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-protests-idUSBREA381VW20140409. live.
  19. News: Vatican asks US to find 'humanitarian solution' for Guantánamo prisoners . The Guardian . 15 December 2014 . 16 December 2016 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090543/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/15/vatican-us-humanitarian-solution-guantanamo-prisoners . live .
  20. News: Renewed US-Cuba relations biggest success in Vatican diplomacy in decades. John Hooper. The Guardian. 16 December 2016. 19 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141219141230/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/17/pope-us-cuba-vatican-diplomacy. live.
  21. News: Cardinal Parolin: on Holy See's role in US/Cuba agreement. Vatican Radio. 28 December 2014. 3 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150103173739/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/12/18/cardinal_parolin_on_holy_see%E2%80%99s_role_in_us_cuba_agreement/1115269. live.
  22. News: New York Times . 11 July 2017 . 17 December 2014 . Pope Francis Is Credited With a Crucial Role in U.S.-Cuba Agreement . Jim . Yardley . Gaia . Piangiani . 19 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170619001954/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/breakthrough-on-cuba-highlights-popes-role-as-diplomatic-broker.html . live .
  23. News: Top Vatican Official: Washington, NYC likely stops on papal trip. Catholic News Agency. 5 February 2015. 5 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150205120316/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/top-vatican-official-washington-nyc-likely-stops-on-papal-trip-82648/. live.
  24. News: Vatican Secretary of State urges 'quick response' to crisis in Libya. Catholic News Agency. 26 February 2015. 26 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150226140829/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-secretary-of-state-urges-quick-response-to-crisis-in-libya-22037/. live.
  25. News: Cardinal Parolin: Action needed in Libya, but through the United Nations. Vatican Radio. 18 February 2015. 11 July 2017. 7 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150707155353/http://www.news.va/en/news/cardinal-parolin-action-needed-in-libya-but-throug. live.
  26. News: Vatican says Ireland gay marriage vote is 'defeat for humanity' . The Guardian . 27 May 2015 . 16 December 2016 . 29 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191029091042/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/26/vatican-ireland-gay-marriage-referendum-vote-defeat-for-humanity . live .
  27. News: Financial Times . Vatican cardinal calls Irish gay vote 'defeat for humanity' . 27 May 2015 . 27 May 2015 . 29 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150529010631/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/11f5b8f8-03df-11e5-8585-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3bJvcyq29 . live .
  28. News: Second catholic church in Abu Dhabi inaugurated. 12 November 2015. Khaleej Times. 12 June 2015. 2 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151202055010/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/second-catholic-church-in-abu-dhabi-inaugurated. live.
  29. News: Allen . John L. Jr. . New Secretary of State Parolin on celibacy, democracy . National Catholic Reporter . 11 September 2013 . 9 April 2017 . 28 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170728202227/https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/parolin-celibacy-democracy . live .
  30. News: Cardinal Parolin: scrapping celibacy is no solution to vocations crisis . The Tablet . 9 February 2016 . 9 April 2017 . 28 January 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170128175920/http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/3036/0/cardinal-parolin-scrapping-celibacy-is-no-solution-to-vocations-crisis . live .
  31. News: Card. Parolin defines diplomatic relations of the Holy See . Vatican Radio . 11 May 2016 . 9 April 2017 . 9 August 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160809060000/http://www.news.va/en/news/card-parolin-defines-diplomatic-relations-of-the-h . live .
  32. News: McElwee. Joshua J.. Cardinal Muller responds to Collins and defends not answering survivors' letters. 11 July 2017. National Catholic Reporter. 6 March 2017. 14 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170314172357/https://www.ncronline.org/news/accountability/cardinal-muller-responds-collins-and-defends-not-responding-survivors-letters. live.
  33. News: CRUX . 11 July 2017 . Top Vatican official says Europe in a 'deep malaise' . 22 March 2017 . 20 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170420153533/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/03/22/top-vatican-official-says-europe-deep-malaise/ . live .
  34. News: The Vatican's secretary of state visits Moscow for the first time in 19 years. 26 August 2017. The Economist. 25 August 2017. 25 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170825212730/https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2017/08/religious-diplomacy. live.
  35. News: Cardinal says pope's top diplomat has 'poisoned mind' on China . 30 May 2018 . Crux . 16 October 2017 . Christopher . White . 31 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180831193537/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/10/16/cardinal-says-popes-top-diplomat-poisoned-mind-china/ . live .
  36. News: Cardinal Zen attacks Vatican efforts to rehabilitate government-appointed Chinese bishops . Crux . 30 May 2018 . 29 January 2018 . Charles . Collins . 18 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180218065843/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2018/01/29/cardinal-zen-attacks-vatican-efforts-rehabilitate-government-appointed-chinese-bishops/ . live .
  37. News: Catholic Herald . Cardinal Parolin defends Vatican's strategy in China . 30 May 2018 . 31 January 2018 . 2 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180602024224/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2018/01/31/cardinal-parolin-defends-vaticans-strategy-in-china/ . live .
  38. News: Un Cardenal "papabile" visita México. AFN Tijuana. 30 May 2018. Agencia Fronteriza de Noticias. 17 July 2014. es. 12 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612112921/http://www.afntijuana.info/editoriales/29644_un_cardenal_papabile_visita_mexico. live.
  39. News: How Cardinal Parolin won the Vatican civil war. 30 May 2018. Catholic Herald. 9 November 2017. Mark. Drew. 25 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180525074026/http://catholicherald.co.uk/issues/november-10th-2017/how-cardinal-parolin-won-the-vatican-civil-war/. live.
  40. News: E dopo Francesco? ecco tre candidati . 30 May 2018 . L'Espresso . 4 October 2017 . it . Sandro . Magister . 12 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612214146/http://espresso.repubblica.it/opinioni/settimo-cielo/2017/10/04/news/e-dopo-francesco-ecco-tre-candidati-1.311419 . live .
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