Pieter Hugo Explained

Pieter Hugo
Birth Date:29 October 1976
Birth Place:Johannesburg, South Africa
Occupation:Photographer
Yearsactive:2002–present

Pieter Hugo (born 1976)[1] is a South African photographer who primarily works in portraiture.[2] He lives in Cape Town.[3]

Hugo has had four monographs published. He has had solo exhibitions at Museu Coleção Berardo, Lisbon (2018), Museum für Kuns und Kulturgeschichte, Dortmund, Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Germany, National Portrait Gallery, London, Ludwig Museum, Budapest, Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane, Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow and the South African National Gallery, Cape Town. He has been included in group exhibitions at the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Seoul, the Rijksmuseum, the Netherlands, Tate Modern, London, DeVos Art Museum, Marquette, Michigan, and Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Santiago, Chile.

Early life

Hugo was born in Johannesburg, South Africa.[1]

Career

He began his career working in the film industry in Cape Town, before undertaking a two-year residency at Fabrica research centre, Treviso, Italy.[4]

Hugo has had four monographs published: Pieter Hugo: The Hyena and Other Men (2008), Pieter Hugo: Selected Works (2009), This Must Be the Place (2012), and Pieter Hugo: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea (2017).

He has produced fashion photography features for Arena Homme Plus,[5] Re-Edition Magazine,[6] Document Journal,[7] System Magazine[8] and AnOther Man.[9] He has also collaborated on publications with Louis Vuitton and Hood By Air.[10]

Hugo has contributed to publications such as The New Yorker,[11] Zeit magazine, Le Monde and The New York Times Magazine.[12] In May 2015 he was invited to guest edit the supplement DeLuxe for the Dutch newspaper NRC.nl.[13]

In 2011 Hugo collaborated with Michael Cleary, co-directing the music video for South African musician Spoek Mathambo's cover version of Joy Division's "She's Lost Control". For the video, Hugo won the Young Director Award at the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity.[14] [15] In 2015 he directed the music video for "Dirty", a song by South African musical artists Dookoom.[16]

Work

Hugo's work is governed by a self-taught approach to photography.[17] [18] He is one of a generation of post-Apartheid photographers that seeks to confront photography's history of representing marginalised and disempowered people. His work aims to challenge preconceptions around the representation of groups of people 'other' to the Western European norm.[19]

Hugo's first major work Looking Aside (2006) depicts portraits of people "whose appearance makes us look aside"[20] – the blind, people with albinism, the aged, his family and himself. Each of these portraits has the subject posed in a sterile studio setting, under crisp light against a blank background.

His Rwanda 2004: Vestiges of a Genocide (2011) was described by the Rwanda Genocide Institute as offering "a forensic view of some of the sites of mass execution and graves that stand as lingering memorials to the many thousands of people slaughtered."[21] Hugo's most recognized work is The Hyena & Other Men (2007), which has received a great deal of attention.[22] His series Messina/Mussina (2007) was made in the town of Musina on the border between Zimbabwe and South Africa,[23] after Colors magazine asked Hugo to work on an AIDS story. Nollywood (2009) consists of pictures of the Nigerian film industry.[24] For Permanent Error (2011) Hugo photographed the people and landscape of an expansive dump of obsolete technology in Ghana. There is a Place in Hell for Me and My Friends (2012) depicts Hugo's family and friends from South Africa in digitally manipulated black and white portraits that aim to explore the contradictions of racial classification based on skin colour.[25] Kin (2014) places even greater emphasis on the photographer's family and community[26] which Hugo describes as "an engagement with the failure of the South African colonial experiment and my sense of being 'colonial driftwood'."[27]

The Journey (2014) is a series of infrared images of sleeping passengers taken on a sixteen-hour flight from Johannesburg to Atlanta. Hugo prefaces the work which was presented both as an exhibition (2014) and newspaper format publication (2015)[28] with a reflective monologue on the way that infrared images from the first invasion during the Iraq War have shifted associations with the medium from wildlife photography to conflict zones, and how contemporary surveillance has effectively challenged notions of the privacy and ownership of one's representation.  In the Spring of 2014, Hugo was commissioned by Creative Court[29] to work in Rwanda for its "Rwanda 20 Years: Portraits of Reconciliation" project.[30] The project was displayed in The Hague in the Atrium of The Hague City Hall for the 20th commemoration of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. A selection of the photos have also been displayed in New York at the exhibition Post-Conflict which was curated by Bradley McCallum, artist in residence for the Coalition for the International Criminal Court.[31] [32] The project served as the impetus for the photographic series 1994 (2017) which explores the post-revolutionary era in both South Africa and Rwanda through a series of portraits of children from both countries.[33] [34]

Flat Noodle Soup (2016) chronicles Hugo's lengthy engagement with the city of Beijing, exploring how concerns with expressing personal identity within societal norms and pressures are universal and trans-national.[27] La Cucaracha is a 2019 body of work made during four trips to Mexico over a two-year period. The photographic series explores Hugo's perception of the flamboyant and violent environment of Mexico with overt art historical references to the nation's visual canon of precolonial customs and revolutionary ideology.[35]

Personal life

As of 2013, Hugo was married to film editor Tamsyn Reynolds, with whom he has two children.[36] [37]

Publications

Publications by Hugo

Books and catalogues

Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions

Group exhibitions

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Pieter Hugo. Pieter Hugo. 1 February 2016.
  2. News: Hugh Montgomery . Africa united: Photographer Pieter Hugo casts a new light on tired stereotypes of his home continent Features Culture . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/africa-united-photographer-pieter-hugo-casts-a-new-light-on-tired-stereotypes-of-his-home-continent-2264048.html . 26 May 2022 . subscription . live . . 9 April 2011 . 1 February 2016.
  3. Leah Ollman (9 February 2007), Photography that goes only skin deep Los Angeles Times.
  4. Web site: Pieter Hugo on artnet. Artnet.com. 1 February 2016.
  5. Web site: Arena Homme + – Pieter Hugo. 5 July 2019. We Folk. en-GB.
  6. Web site: Re-Edition Magazine with Ellie Grace Cumming – Pieter Hugo. 5 July 2019. We Folk. en-GB.
  7. Web site: Pieter Hugo Archives. 5 July 2019. Document Journal. en-US.
  8. Web site: System Magazine issue No. 5. 5 July 2019. System Magazine. en-GB.
  9. Web site: Another Man X Nike- Pieter Hugo – Morocco. 5 July 2019. Baker Kent. en-US.
  10. Web site: We Folk. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160822112518/https://www.wefolk.com/recent-work/pieter-hugo-ph-amp-hba. 22 August 2016. 30 July 2016.
  11. News: Search The New Yorker. en-US. The New Yorker. 5 July 2019.
  12. Web site: Pieter Hugo on designer Garth Walker. 5 July 2019. Aperture Foundation NY. en-US.
  13. Web site: Pieter Hugo Afrika in foto's. 5 July 2019. Issuu. en.
  14. Web site: Van Wyk. Lisa. 24 June 2011. Pieter Hugo wins Young Director Award at Cannes. 10 December 2018. Mail & Guardian.
  15. Web site: 2011. Spoek Mathambo "Control". 10 December 2018. Young Director Award.
  16. Web site: 20 October 2015. Texx and the City interview Dookoom about 'Dirty' music video (directed by Pieter Hugo).
  17. Web site: Pieter Hugo. Widewalls. 10 July 2019.
  18. News: Africa as you've never seen it. O'Hagan. Sean. 19 July 2008. The Observer. 5 July 2019. en-GB. 0029-7712.
  19. News: Sean O'Hagan . Africa as you've never seen it Art and design . . 1 February 2016.
  20. Web site: Looking Aside . 7 June 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606090339/http://www.pieterhugo.com/looking-aside/ . 6 June 2011.
  21. Web site: Rwanda 2004: Vestiges of a Genocide. 7 June 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110529174635/http://www.pieterhugo.com/rwanda-2004-vestiges-of-a-genocide/ . 29 May 2011.
  22. Web site: 5B4: The Hyena & Other Men by Pieter Hugo . 5b4.blogspot.com . 30 November 2007 . 1 February 2016.
  23. Web site: Messina/Musina . Pieter Hugo . 7 June 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110521050753/http://www.pieterhugo.com/messina-musina/ . 21 May 2011.
  24. Web site: Nollywood . Pieter Hugo . 7 June 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606090219/http://www.pieterhugo.com/nollywood/ . 6 June 2011.
  25. Web site: Pieter Hugo and Damien Poulain compile a striking book of undead friends. 11 December 2012. It's Nice That. 5 July 2019.
  26. Web site: Pieter Hugo: Kin – Photographs by Pieter Hugo. LensCulture. Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson . LensCulture. 5 July 2019.
  27. Web site: STEVENSON. STEVENSON. STEVENSON. en. 5 July 2019.
  28. Web site: PIETER HUGO, THE JOURNEY, 2015. 16 July 2020. en-US.
  29. Web site: Creative Court . Creative Court . 1 February 2016.
  30. Web site: Creativecourt . Rwanda20years.org . 1 February 2016.
  31. Web site: Coalition launches Arts Initiative to enrich dialogue on global justice . Ciccglobaljustice.wordpress.com . 8 April 2014 . 1 February 2016.
  32. Web site: Kinz + Tillou Fine Art – RECENT: Bradley McCallum PORTRAITS OF JUSTICE & Post Conflict Exhibition – RECENT: Bradley McCallum PORTRAITS OF JUSTICE & Post Conflict . Ktfineart.com . 1 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150215195205/http://www.ktfineart.com/home/?object_id=192&show=home . 15 February 2015 . dead.
  33. Web site: Children Facing the Future: Pieter Hugo's "1994" – Photographs by Pieter Hugo. LensCulture. Pieter Hugo . LensCulture. 5 July 2019.
  34. Web site: Pieter Hugo 1994. Prestel Publishing. de. 5 July 2019.
  35. O'Toole. Sean. 15 September 2019. Mexico, According to Mr Hugo. The Sunday Times. 15 September 2019. 36.
  36. Web site: 14 July 2020. Pieter Hugo: Melancholy etched in the flesh. 17 October 2013. Mail & Guardian.
  37. Web site: 14 July 2020. KIN – Pieter Hugo. pieterhugo.com.
  38. Web site: Event View – Calendar – Iziko Museums. Iziko.org.za. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050333/http://www.iziko.org.za/calendar/event/standard-bank-young-artist-for-visual-art-2007-pieter-hugo-messina-musina. 3 December 2013. dead. 1 February 2016.
  39. Web site: 2008: Year in Review. Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam. 11 July 2018.
  40. Web site: Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art – pieter Hugo. Herzliyamuseum.co.il. 1 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20120402103608/http://www.herzliyamuseum.co.il/english/april-2010/april-10/pieter-hugo. 2 April 2012. dead.
  41. Web site: Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow Exhibitions Pieter Hugo – The Hyena and Other Men. Pieter Hugo. Mamm-mdf.ru. 1 February 2016.
  42. Web site: e x t r a s p a z i o. Extraspazio.it. it. 1 February 2016.
  43. Web site: Exhibitions. Institute of Modern Art. https://web.archive.org/web/20110222140834/http://www.ima.org.au/pages/exhibitions.php?archive=true&year=2010. 22 February 2011. dead. 7 June 2011.
  44. Web site: Pieter Hugo – Portraits. 19 October 2008. Ffotogallery.org. 1 February 2016.
  45. Web site: Tinglado 2 Espai d'art contemporani. Tinglado2.tarragona.cat. 1 February 2016.
  46. Web site: Yossi Milo Gallery – Pieter Hugo. www.yossimilo.com.
  47. Web site: Forest Centre Culturel. 26 August 2010. PDN Photo of the Day. 1 February 2016.
  48. Web site: Scotiabank CONTACT Photography Festival. Scotiabank CONTACT Festival. Scotiabankcontactphoto.com. 1 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160311182113/http://scotiabankcontactphoto.com/Public-Installations/619. 11 March 2016. dead.
  49. Web site: Pieter Hugo: This Must Be The Place – Válogatott munkák 2003–2012 LUDWIG MÚZEUM – Kortárs Művészeti Múzeum. 20 January 2013. Ludwigmuseum.hu. 1 February 2016.
  50. Web site: South African Art Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20160401173134/https://issuu.com/picturelibrary/docs/south_african_art_times_february_20. 1 April 2016. dead. 26 May 2016.
  51. Web site: News Release: TAYLOR WESSING PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT PRIZE ANNOUNCES CHANGES FOR 2015...UNSEEN PIETER HUGO PHOTOGRAPHS FORM FIRST IN FOCUS DISPLAY – National Portrait Gallery. www.npg.org.uk.
  52. http://www.artistikrezo.com/2015011918562/art/photo-et-video/portrait-intime-de-lafrique-du-sud-par-pieter-hugo.html "Portrait intime de l'Afrique du Sud par Pieter Hugo"
  53. Web site: Pieter Hugo: Between the Devil and the deep blue Sea – Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg. www.kunstmuseum-wolfsburg.de. 7 July 2019.
  54. Web site: Exhibition Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com. photography-now.com. 7 July 2019.
  55. Web site: Pieter Hugo. Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea. en.museuberardo.pt. en. 7 July 2019.
  56. Web site: Magazine. Wallpaper*. 11 December 2018. Pieter Hugo's fascinating photographs bring Mexican culture to life. 29 June 2020. Wallpaper*.
  57. Web site: Pieter Hugo：Africa To China. Pekin Fine Arts. en-US. 7 July 2019.
  58. News: Sean. O'Hagan. 29 June 2020. The big picture: Pieter Hugo turns his camera on Mexico. The Guardian. 2 February 2020. 0261-3077. www.theguardian.com.
  59. Web site: Life Less Ordinary: Performance and Display in South African Art . Ffotogallery.org . 19 June 2010 . 1 February 2016.
  60. Web site: Event View – Calendar – Iziko Museums . Iziko.org.za . 1 February 2016.
  61. Web site: After A . Reportage Atri Festival . 13 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100621134418/http://www.reportageatrifestival.it/eng/?p=141 . 21 June 2010 .
  62. Web site: Triennale di Milano – Home . Triennale.org . 1 February 2016.
  63. Web site: Counterlives . Ackland Art Museum . 13 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120326040618/http://www.ackland.org/OnView/archive/CCM1_041102 . 26 March 2012 .
  64. Web site: Today What's On Victoria and Albert Museum . Vam.ac.uk . 16 June 2015 . 1 February 2016.
  65. News: Mark . Gevisser . Mark Gevisser . Figures & Fictions at the V&A . 23 April 2011 . 28 February 2017 . The Guardian. London.
  66. Web site: Les Rencontres de Bamako. isabelwilcox. 14 November 2011. Happening Africa. en-US. 10 July 2019.
  67. Web site: The Global Contemporary. Art Worlds After 1989 – Announcements – e-flux. www.e-flux.com. en. 10 July 2019.
  68. Web site: 2011: The Eye is a Lonely Hunter, Images of Humankind. 24 January 2018. Ravi Agarwal. en-US. 10 July 2019.
  69. Web site: ARS 11 at KIASMA will Change Your Perceptions About Africa and Contemporary Art. artdaily.com. 10 July 2019.
  70. Web site: STEVENSON Pieter Hugo. archive.stevenson.info. 10 July 2019.
  71. Web site: "Il corpo metafora di un'esperienza": a Foligno fino al 12 giugno. LaStampa.it. IT. 10 July 2019.
  72. News: Ten Contact shows to see. 10 July 2019.
  73. Web site: Beguiling: The Self and the Subject Opens Saturday at Cape Town's Irma Stern Museum. Sunday Times Books LIVE @ Sunday Times Books LIVE. en. 10 July 2019.
  74. Web site: [lang_de]Alles Kannibalen? [lang_de] [lang_en] All Cannibals? [lang_en]]. 26 May 2011. me Collectors Room Berlin. en. 10 July 2019.
  75. Web site: Rio de Janeiro : Paraty em Foco Photo Festival. 26 September 2011. The Eye of Photography Magazine. en-US. 10 July 2019.
  76. Web site: Bienal de Fotografía de Lima (FOLI), presentan el FOLILAB. 28 March 2012. Serperuano.com. 10 July 2019.
  77. Web site: Press. fototriennale.dk. 10 July 2019.
  78. Web site: Exhibition Photobiennale Moscow 2012 - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com. photography-now.com. 10 July 2019.
  79. Web site: The National Art Gallery, A Shining Gem on Rwesero Hill : Rozenberg Quarterly. 10 July 2019.
  80. Web site: art-agenda. www.art-agenda.com. en. 10 July 2019.
  81. Web site: Pieter Hugo /best photographers. Times. The PasseNger. 3 January 2013. it-IT. 10 July 2019.
  82. Web site: Africa, there and back at Folkwang Museum Essen - Artmap.com. artmap.com. 10 July 2019.
  83. Web site: New Photography Book Depicts the South African Social Landscape. africasacountry.com. en-US. 10 July 2019.
  84. Web site: Deutsche Börse Photography Prize 2012. www.deutscheboersephotographyfoundation.org. 10 July 2019.
  85. News: 'Distance and Desire': 'Encounters With the African Archive' '(Part II: Contemporary Reconfigurations)'. Cotter. Holland. 24 January 2013. The New York Times. 10 July 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
  86. Web site: Nothing to declare? – Weltkarten der Kunst nach '89. www.adk.de. de. 12 July 2019.
  87. Web site: Aesthetica Magazine – Nothing to declare? World maps of art since '89 at Akademie der Künste in Berlin. Aesthetica Magazine. en-GB. 12 July 2019.
  88. Web site: Aesthetica Magazine – Landmark: the Fields of Photography, London. Aesthetica Magazine. en-GB. 12 July 2019.
  89. Web site: Either / Or www.nikolajkunsthal.dk. www.nikolajkunsthal.dk. 12 July 2019.
  90. Web site: Jasper de Beijer THE GLORIOUS RISE AND FALL....(AND SO ON). en. 12 July 2019.
  91. Web site: Distance and Desire: Encounters with the African Archive Contemporary And. www.contemporaryand.com. de. 12 July 2019.
  92. Web site: TRANSITION, SOCIAL LANDSCAPE. d'Arles. Les Rencontres. www.rencontres-arles.com. 12 July 2019.
  93. Web site: Present Tense: Photos from the South of Africa – Announcements – e-flux. www.e-flux.com. en. 12 July 2019.
  94. Book: Art & textiles fabric as material and concept in modern art from Klimt to the present. Böhme. Hartmut. Brüderlin. Markus. Brock. Bazon. Gordon. Beverly. Heinen. Ulrich. Martin. Jean-Hubert. Petit. Emmanuel. Ruhkamp. Uta. Salm-Salm. Marie-Amélie zu. 2013. Hatje Cantz. 9783775736275. Ostfildern. English. 917156688.
  95. Web site: Public Intimacy at Yerba Buena Center San Francisco - Artmap.com. artmap.com. 12 July 2019.
  96. Web site: Apartheid & After. Huis Marseille. en-US. 12 July 2019.
  97. Web site: Present Tense: Fotografias do sul de Africa COLECTIVA ARTECAPITAL.NET. www.artecapital.net. 12 July 2019.
  98. Web site: Here Africa / Ici l'Afrique at Château de Penthes – Announcements – e-flux. www.e-flux.com. en. 12 July 2019.
  99. Web site: Animalis, Exposición, Fotografía, jul 2014. ARTEINFORMADO. 30 June 2014. ARTEINFORMADO. es. 12 July 2019.
  100. Web site: T.R.I.P.: Travel Routes in Photography BAB. Mahdil. Maison. eng.babelmed.net. en. 12 July 2019.
  101. Clark. Ed. Locke. Hew. Arni. Claire. N. Pushpamala. Hugo. Pieter. 4 October 2014. Prospect.3: Notes for Now. Southern Review. en. 50. 4. 594–602. 2168-5541.
  102. Web site: Prix Pictet 2015 – " Disorder ". agence. GAYA-La nouvelle. www.mam.paris.fr. fr. 12 July 2019.
  103. Web site: Venues announced for Prix Pictet Disorder global tour Prix Pictet The global award in photography and sustainability. www.prixpictet.com. 12 July 2019.
  104. Web site: I Will Go There, Take Me Home The MAC Belfast. themaclive.com. en. 12 July 2019.
  105. Web site: Beastly / Tierisch, 30. May 2015 – 4. Oct 2015, Fotomuseum Winterthur. en.artoffer.com. 12 July 2019.
  106. Web site: Strange Worlds – Fondazione Fotografia. www.fondazionefotografia.org. 12 July 2019.
  107. Web site: 'A Closer Look' at more of Paul Allen's art collection at Pivot. 8 December 2016. The Seattle Times. en-US. 12 July 2019.
  108. Web site: Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism, Tel Aviv Museum of Art. Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism. en-US. 12 July 2019.
  109. Web site: Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism – Tel Aviv Museum of Art. www.tamuseum.org.il. 12 July 2019.
  110. Web site: MAST Foundation : Work in Motion Exhibition. 12 July 2019. mast.org.
  111. Web site: Good Hope. South Africa and The Netherlands from 1600 – Exhibitions – past – What's on. Rijksmuseum. en. 12 July 2019.
  112. Web site: 10 years old – Fondazione Fotografia. www.fondazionefotografia.org. 12 July 2019.
  113. Web site: Fotografia Europea 2017 Fabrica Photography. en-US. 12 July 2019.
  114. Book: Bria, Ginevra. Africa, raccontare un mondo = Africa, telling a world. 2017. 9788836637553. 1002281292.
  115. Web site: AFRICA. Telling a world Contemporary And. www.contemporaryand.com. de. 12 July 2019.
  116. Web site: opening of the exhibitions: Dangerous Art. Haifa Museums – Six Museums in One Frame. en. 12 July 2019.
  117. Web site: Another Kind of Life: Photography on the Margins Barbican. www.barbican.org.uk. en. 12 July 2019.
  118. Web site: Events Detail. seattleartmuseum.org. 12 July 2019.
  119. Web site: Troubled Intentions Ahead: Confusing Public and Private – 3rd Beijing Photo Biennial exhibition ARTLINKART Chinese contemporary art database. www.artlinkart.com. 12 July 2019.
  120. Web site: Confusing Public and Private：The 3rd Beijing Photo Biennial CAFA Art Museum. www.cafamuseum.org. 12 July 2019.
  121. Web site: Exhibition Civilization: The Way We Live Now - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com. photography-now.com. 12 July 2019.
  122. Web site: Hacer Noche/Crossing Night / Afro-Mexican. douw. 26 February 2019. Art Africa Magazine. en-GB. 12 July 2019.
  123. Web site: Recent Histories. Huis Marseille. en-US. 12 July 2019.
  124. Web site: Unseen: 35 Years of Collecting Photographs. 29 June 2020. Getty Museum. en.
  125. Web site: Here we are today A View of the World in Photography & Video Art Bucerius Kunst Forum. www.buceriuskunstforum.de. 12 July 2019.
  126. Web site: 5 February 2020. CROSSING NIGHT: REGIONAL IDENTITIES x GLOBAL CONTEXT. 29 June 2020. MOCAD. en-US.
  127. Web site: Incarnations. 29 June 2020. BOZAR. en.
  128. Web site: Through an African Lens: Sub-Saharan Photography from the Museum's Collection. 13 June 2020. The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.
  129. Web site: Civilisation, Photography, Now. 9 July 2020. Auckland Art Gallery. en.
  130. Web site: MUSAC. 9 July 2020. musac.es. en.
  131. Web site: Allied with Power: African and African Diaspora Art from the Jorge M. Pérez Collection. 9 July 2020. pamm.org.

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